**Epidemiological factors**

**7. Morbidity and mortality from DKA**

Other rare causes of morbidity and mortality include:

ral sinus thrombosis, basilar artery thrombosis)

**•** Rhinocerebral or pulmonary mucormycosis

**•** Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

**•** Pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema

significant residual morbidity [29]

**•** Severe hypophosphatemia

**•** Peripheral venous thrombosis

**•** Aspiration pneumonia

**•** Pulmonary edema

**•** Rhabdomyolysis

**•** Acute renal failure

**7.1. Cerebral edema**

**•** Acute pancreatitis [30]

cerebral edema include [13,14,29]:

**•** Hypokalemia

306 Type 1 Diabetes

**•** Hyperkalemia

**•** Hypoglycemia

**•** Sepsis

The mortality rate from DKA in children is 0.15% to 0.30% [11,12]. Cerebral edema accounts for 60% to 90% of all DKA deaths [13,14]. Ten % to 25% of survivors of cerebral edema have

**•** Other central nervous system complications (disseminated intravascular coagulation, du‐

Cerebral edema is responsible for the majority of deaths related to DKA in children, and sig‐ nificant neurologic morbidity persists in many of the survivors. The incidence of cerebral edema in national population studies is 0.5–0.9% and the mortality rate is 21–24%.The pathogenesis of both its initiation and progression is unclear and incompletely understood, although a number of mechanisms have been proposed. These include cerebral ischemia and hypoxia, fluid shifts caused by inequalities in osmolarity between the extravascular and intravascular intracranial compartments, increased cerebral blood flow, and altered mem‐ brane ion transport. Demographic factors that have been associated with an increased risk of

