**Meet the editors**

Dr. Alan Escher, PhD, is Executive Vice President of Technology Development at SEKRIS Biomedical, Inc. (Redlands, California), a biotechnology company that develops innovative DNA immunotherapies for the treatment of inflammatory disorders like type 1 diabetes and organ transplant rejection. Dr. Escher was previously Associate Professor and Associate Director of the

Center for Transplant Immunology Research at the Loma Linda University School of Medicine in Loma Linda, California. His training includes a PhD in Microbiology from Cornell University and a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Alberta.

Dr. Alice Li, MD-PhD, has been a faculty member at the Loma Linda University School of Medicine where she investigated DNA vaccines for type 1 diabetes and transplantation for more than a decade. Dr. Escher and Dr. Li have co-authored multiple research articles and reviews on DNA-based immunotherapies for diabetes and allotransplantation.

Contents

**Preface IX**

Desailloud

Chapter 3 **Update of Type 1 Diabetes 73** Mohamed M. Jahromi

Chapter 4 **Genes Involved in Type 1 Diabetes 91**

**Section 3 Beta-Cell Function and Dysfunction 113**

Chapter 5 **Beta-Cell Function and Failure 115**

Soltani Nepton

**Differences 127**

and Mauricio Krause

**Section 2 Genetics 71**

**Section 1 Epidemiology and Etiology 1**

Chapter 1 **The Epidemiology of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus 3** Thomas Frese and Hagen Sandholzer

Chapter 2 **Viruses and Type 1 Diabetes: Focus on the Enteroviruses 25**

Marina Bakay, Rahul Pandey and Hakon Hakonarson

Chapter 6 **The Impact of Inflammation on Pancreatic β-Cell Metabolism,**

**Function and Failure in T1DM and T2DM: Commonalities and**

Philip Newsholme, Kevin Keane, Paulo I Homem de Bittencourt Jr.

Didier Hober, Famara Sané, Karena Riedweg, Ilham Moumna, Anne Goffard, Laura Choteau, Enagnon Kazali Alidjinou and Rachel
