**Section 5 Patient Care 431**

Chapter 7 **Beta Cell Function After Islet Transplantation 167**

Chapter 9 **Biochemical Evaluation of Oxidative Stress in Type 1**

Chapter 11 **Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Clinical Practice Guidelines 293**

Chapter 12 **Distinctive Characteristics and Specific Management of**

**Infarction, Stroke and Renal Failure 313**

Baqiyyah Conway and Amanda Peltier

Elena Matteucci and Ottavio Giampietro

Chapter 16 **The Effect of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus on the Dento-Craniofacial Complex 401**

Chapter 15 **Antioxidants in Decelerating Diabetic Nephropathy 387** Wen-Chin Lee, Chau-Jong Wang and Huei-Jane Lee

Chapter 14 **Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy and Circadian Misalignment**

**Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Patients with Acute Myocardial**

Aleksandar Jovanovic, Snezana Markovic-Jovanovic, Vladan Peric

Mona Aly Abbassy, Ippei Watari, Ahmed Samir Bakry and Takashi

**1 Diabetes 195** Jixin Zhong

**VI** Contents

**Diabetes 223**

V. Crawford

Chapter 10 **Diabetic Ketoacidosis 251**

Mustafa Cesur and Irmak Sayin

Shereen Abdelghaffar

and Radojica Stolic

**in Type 1 Diabetes 359**

Chapter 13 **Diabetic Neuropathy 331**

Ono

**Section 4 Complications 249**

Morihito Takita, Nigar Seven, Marlon F. Levy and Bashoo Naziruddin

Donovan A. McGrowder, Lennox Anderson-Jackson and Tazhmoye

Chapter 8 **Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress in the Pathogenesis of Type**


Preface

ing the disease.

The discovery of the hormone insulin by Frederick Banting and colleagues in the early 1920's is one of the greatest medical breakthroughs and has saved millions of lives over the years. The significance of the discovery is underscored by the fact that type 1 diabetics still have an absolute requirement for daily injections of insulin to live. Clearly, today's insulin treatments have attained levels of sophistication that have greatly improved clinical out‐ come compared to early days. Nevertheless, there are still complications associated with current standard of care and there is a pressing need for new means of treating and prevent‐

This book consists of a collection of chapters that provide a broad overview of our current knowledge of different aspects of type 1 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease and the result of the dysfunction and ultimately destruction of insulin-secreting pancreatic beta cells, which is mediated by immune cells of the host that have lost tolerance for the beta cells. We still do not know how the autoimmune process is initiated. A body of evidence points to multiple genetic and environmental factors, and it is likely that different combina‐ tions of these factors can cause disease onset. Insulin must be administered once critical beta cell function is lost but the treatment does not faithfully mimic changes in physiological lev‐ els of the hormone, which can result in severe complications. Much can and should be done to help individuals coping with the consequences of type 1 diabetes, in particular children who are a main target of the disease. On a higher note, it is anticipated that the clinical com‐ plications and loss of quality of life experienced by individuals with type 1 diabetes will be greatly alleviated and possibly eliminated with upcoming therapies that stop pathological autoimmunity and replace beta cells mass using different means. All these important topics are covered in the book, which we hope you will find a valuable source of information.

> Editor : **Alan Escher**

> > Co-Editor : **Alice Li**

SEKRIS Biomedical Inc., Redlands, California, USA

Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
