**4. Monitoring of individual immunosuppressive agents**

#### **4.1. Cyclosporine (CsA)**

The introduction of CsA in the early 1980s was immediately associated with an enhanced one year renal allograft survival; however, the argument for the therapeutic monitoring to optimize efficacy and safety, has been discussed in the last 25 years and it is still debated [74].

#### *4.1.1. Therapeutic monitoring*
