**6. Conclusion**

The diagnosis and therapy follow-up of AR in transplant recipients demands for non-invasive and serial imaging approaches *in vivo.* Molecular and cellular imaging has significant potential for transplantation medicine as it may serve for monitoring the graft. With more optimal trac‐ ers as they are numerously being developed, PET (and other devices) may serve as valuable tools for the diagnosis and management of renal AR. In this term, these techniques will find their share to impact on detection of AR, graft function, assessment of therapy response as well as of the progression of lesions and therefore on graft´s prognosis.

Taken the new developments in molecular imaging into account, non-invasive methods in‐ cluding ultrasound, magnetic resonance, as well as SPECT and PET get increasingly helpful for research. Currently, nearly all of these promising new approaches are still at an experi‐ mental stage and have to evidence their potential in humans in daily routine in the future.
