**23. Soybean resistant protein**

genic protein accumulated to 0.3% and 4% of total soluble protein in potato tubers and *Nic‐ otiana benthamiana* leaves, respectively. Both rSBAs were able to resist degradation in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. High yield and purity of rSBA can be obtained by af‐

Glyceollins produced from daidzein in soybeans cultured with fungi exert antifungal and can‐ cer preventive actions [23]. Isoflavones and metabolites serve as a mixed agonist/antagonist for estrogen. Glyceollins suppress some cancer cells via anti-estrogenic activity. Estrogenic effects of glyceollins have been demonstrated using E-screen assay and pS2 expression. Glyceollins ex‐ hibited higher affinity for estrogen receptor beta than estrogen receptor alpha. After *Aspergillus sojae* infection glyceollins were more efficiently produced de novo in minced soybean than in half-sliced soybean. Hence glyceollins may be useful for preventing or alleviating postmeno‐ pausal complications due to potent estrogenic activity, and their production could be varied de‐

The ERF-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motif is vital for transcriptional repres‐ sion. The soybean protein GmERF4 contains one AP2/ERF domain, two putative nuclear lo‐ calization signal regions and one EAR motif. It is preferentially localized in the nuclei of onion epidermis cells and bound specifically to the GCC box and DRE/CRT element *in vitro*. Its expression was inducible by soybean mosaic virus, salt, cold, drought, ethylene, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid, and inhibited by abscisic acid. Constitutive expression of GmERF4 in transgenic tobacco plants enhanced tolerance to salt and drought stresses compared with wild-type plants, but did not elicit detectable resistance against bacterial infection [24].

Contradictory reports are available on the influence of source of dietary protein and soy iso‐ flavones on blood pressure. Therefore, Gilani et al. conducted a study to examine whether the source of dietary protein (casein vs. soybean protein, washed by alcohol to eliminate most isoflavones), dietary extracted soybean isoflavones and anthocyanins modulate the lifespan of Stroke-prone Spontaneously Hypertensive rats. The survival times and survival rates of animals fed casein and soybean protein diets were not statistically different. Howev‐ er, there was a significant effect of isoflavone or anthocyanins supplementation on survival times and survival rates. Death occurred significantly earlier in the isoflavones- or anthocya‐

finity column chromatography using N-acetylgalactosamine as a specific ligand [22].

A Comprehensive Survey of International Soybean Research - Genetics, Physiology, Agronomy and Nitrogen

pending upon processing prior to fungal inoculation [23].

**21. EAR-motif-containing gene GmERF4**

**20. Glyceollins**

Relationships

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**22. Isoflavones**

nins-supplemented groups [25].

The effect of soybean resistant protein on cholesterol levels in serum and the liver and fecal steroid excretion was examined. The protein downregulated hepatic cholesterol, probably because of elevated excretion of cholesterol and bile acids. The serum cholesterol level was not different as between resistant protein and other soy-derived proteins [26].
