Preface

Unlike to fossil energy sources, renewable energy sources such as sunlight and wind are existed in widespread geographical areas of the world and provide important opportunities for energy efficiency. Higher growth rate in production of renewable energy and technologi‐ cal diversification of energy sources will contribute a significant energy security and sub‐ stantial economic benefits to many nations. Consequently, in developing countries, projects related to renewable energy can directly contribute to poverty alleviation via providing the energy needed for setting up businesses and employment. Also, renewable energy technolo‐ gies can make indirect assistances to poverty alleviation by providing energy for cooking, space heating, and lighting. Renewable energy can also contribute to education by provid‐ ing electricity to schools.

The recent studies indicate that renewable energy sources have been grown at an average annual rate of 1.7% since 1990s. It is slightly less than the annual growth rate of world's' Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) which is 1.9%. Especially, the average annual growth rate of wind power is the highest with 25%. However, the production still remains small due to its very low base in 1990s. Most of the production and growth of solar and wind energy are committed by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. With 10.4% of annual growth rate, renewable municipal waste, biogas and liquid biomass were recorded as the second highest growing energy sources. Having an annual growth rate of 1.2%, the primary solid biomass is the largest contributor to renewable ener‐ gy in the world and has experienced the slowest growth among the renewable energy sour‐ ces. Most of the solid biomass is produced in the Nnon-OECD countries, but its growth is comparable forto OECD and non-OECD countries. The annual growth rate of solar photo‐ voltaics and solar thermal is 9.8%. The average annual growth rate of hydropower in non-OECD countries (3.7%) was larger than in OECD countries (0.4%) between 1990 and 2007.

Sustainable energy is the provision of energy that meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of the future. Renewable energy technologies are important con‐ tributors to sustainable energy which utilize renewable energy sources, such as hydroelec‐ tricity, solar energy, wind energy, wave power, geothermal energy, and tidal power. They generally contribute to world's energy security by reducing dependence on fossil fuel re‐ sources, improving energy efficiency, and providing opportunities for mitigating green‐ house gases.

Sustainable development has evolved to integrate economic, social and environmental aims. Sustainable development has emerged as the key challenge for the 21st Ccentury. Both the opportunities and the lack of progress were highlighted during the Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002. Decision-makers are looking for sustainable

development in order to provide practical approaches for addressing traditional issues as well as the newer challenges.

Energy is important for economical and social development and enhanced quality of life in all nations. However, if technology were to remain stable and if overall quantities were to increase substantially, much of the world's energy could not be sustained under the current production and consumption ways. There is an urgent need to control atmospheric emis‐ sions of greenhouse and other gases/substances for efficiency in energy production, trans‐ mission, distribution, and consumption in the country. As policymakers and investors all around the world are aware of the electricity's critical role in improving living standards and sustaining economic growth, electricity supply infrastructures in many developing countries are being rapidly expanded.

The book is divided into nineeight sections;: Energy Utilization, Conservation and Social Consideration, Modeling and Analysis, Wind Power, Biomass, Ocean Energy, Geothermal, Bio Fuels, Fuel Cell and Integrated System. Each section has a number of chapters address‐ ing various issues related to renewable energy.

A number of experts have provided progressive contributions for the development of this book. The editor and Cthe co-editor of the book are thankful for their supportive and con‐ tinuous efforts in completing this book. This book mightwould not be existed if thereit wasn't for was no their remarkable contributions. Finally, the editors would like to kindly thank to all InTech peoplestaff for their invitation and enthusiasm from the first to the fi‐ nal stage of this book.

> Editor **Dr. Hasan Arman** Professor, Geology Department College of Science United Arab Emirates University Al Ain, United Arab Emirates

**Section 1**

**Energy Utilization, Conservation and Social**

**Consideration**

Co-editor **Ibrahim Yuksel** Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Faculty of Tecnology Sakarya University Sakarya, Turkey **Energy Utilization, Conservation and Social Consideration**

development in order to provide practical approaches for addressing traditional issues as

Energy is important for economical and social development and enhanced quality of life in all nations. However, if technology were to remain stable and if overall quantities were to increase substantially, much of the world's energy could not be sustained under the current production and consumption ways. There is an urgent need to control atmospheric emis‐ sions of greenhouse and other gases/substances for efficiency in energy production, trans‐ mission, distribution, and consumption in the country. As policymakers and investors all around the world are aware of the electricity's critical role in improving living standards and sustaining economic growth, electricity supply infrastructures in many developing

The book is divided into nineeight sections;: Energy Utilization, Conservation and Social Consideration, Modeling and Analysis, Wind Power, Biomass, Ocean Energy, Geothermal, Bio Fuels, Fuel Cell and Integrated System. Each section has a number of chapters address‐

A number of experts have provided progressive contributions for the development of this book. The editor and Cthe co-editor of the book are thankful for their supportive and con‐ tinuous efforts in completing this book. This book mightwould not be existed if thereit wasn't for was no their remarkable contributions. Finally, the editors would like to kindly thank to all InTech peoplestaff for their invitation and enthusiasm from the first to the fi‐

Editor

Co-editor **Ibrahim Yuksel**

**Dr. Hasan Arman**

College of Science

Faculty of Tecnology Sakarya University Sakarya, Turkey

Professor, Geology Department

United Arab Emirates University Al Ain, United Arab Emirates

Associate Professor, Civil Engineering

well as the newer challenges.

X Preface

countries are being rapidly expanded.

nal stage of this book.

ing various issues related to renewable energy.

**Chapter 1**

**Present Situation and Future Prospect of**

İbrahim Yüksel, Kamil Kaygusuz and Hasan Arman

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54319

neither sustainable nor acceptable [3].

GW (53%) of this capacity is in developing countries [3,4].

**1. Introduction**

**Energy Utilization and Climate Change in Turkey**

Sustainable development has emerged as the key challenge for the 21st Century. The Johan‐ nesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002 highlighted both the opportuni‐ ties and the lack of progress since the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, a decade previously. Decision-makers are looking to sustainable development to provide practical approaches that could address traditional issues as well as the newer challenges. Although no universally accepted practical definition of sustainable development exists as yet, the concept has evolved to integrate economic, social and environmental aims [1,2]. Recent increases in energy prices are likely to be the precursor of a longer term trend. While they will encourage much needed energy efficiency and stimulate investment, they pose severe difficulties for expanding access to modern energy services to the one third of people who still do not have it, or whose access is inadequate for economic development. An energy system embodying such inequities is

However, developing the remaining hydropower potential offers many challenges and pressures from some environmental action groups over its impact has tended to increase over time. Hydropower throughout the world provides 17% of our electricity from an installed capacity of some 730 GW is currently under construction, making hydropower by far the most important renewable energy for electrical power production. The contribution of hydropower, especially small hydropower (SHP) to the worldwide electrical capacity is more of a similar scale to the other renewable energy sources (1-2% of total capacity), amounting to about 47

Affordable energy services are among the essential ingredients of economic development, including eradication of extreme poverty as called for in the United Nations Millennium Development Goal (MDGs). Modern energy services-mainly provided by liquid and gaseous

> © 2013 Yüksel et al.; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

© 2013 Yüksel et al.; licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
