**Section 7 Fuel Cell 329**

Chapter 6 **Modeling of Photovoltaic Cell Using Free Software Application for Training and Design Circuit in Photovoltaic**

Chapter 7 **Steady State Modeling of Three Phase Self–Excited Induction**

Chapter 8 **Maximum Power Extraction from Utility-Interfaced Wind**

Ali M. Eltamaly, A. I. Alolah and Hassan M. Farh

Chapter 9 **Comparative Analysis of Endowments Effect Renewable Energy Efficiency Among OECD Countries 193** Tser-Yieth Chen, Tsai-Lien Yeh and Yi Hsuan Ko

Chapter 10 **Wind Speed Regionalization Under Climate Change**

Chapter 11 **Biomass Conversion to Energy in Tanzania: A Critique 239**

Chapter 12 **Ocean's Renewable Power and Review of Technologies: Case**

Chapter 13 **ORC-Based Geothermal Power Generation and CO2-Based EGS for Combined Green Power Generation and CO2**

Ehsan Enferad and Daryoush Nazarpour

**Generator Under Unbalanced/Balanced Conditions 141**

Masoomeh Fakhry, Mohammad Reza Farzaneh, Saeid Eslamian and

Miguel Pareja Aparicio, José Pelegrí-Sebastiá, Tomás Sogorb and

**Solar Energy 121**

A. Alsalloum and A. I. Alolah

Vicente Llario

**VI** Contents

**Turbines 159**

**Section 3 Wind Power 213**

**Section 4 Biomass 237**

**Section 5 Ocean Energy 271**

**Section 6 Geothermal 301**

**Conditions 215**

Rouzbeh Nazari

Mashauri Adam Kusekwa

**Study Waves 273**

**Sequestration 303** Basel I. Ismail

	- **Section 8 Integrated System 363**

Preface

ing electricity to schools.

house gases.

Unlike to fossil energy sources, renewable energy sources such as sunlight and wind are existed in widespread geographical areas of the world and provide important opportunities for energy efficiency. Higher growth rate in production of renewable energy and technologi‐ cal diversification of energy sources will contribute a significant energy security and sub‐ stantial economic benefits to many nations. Consequently, in developing countries, projects related to renewable energy can directly contribute to poverty alleviation via providing the energy needed for setting up businesses and employment. Also, renewable energy technolo‐ gies can make indirect assistances to poverty alleviation by providing energy for cooking, space heating, and lighting. Renewable energy can also contribute to education by provid‐

The recent studies indicate that renewable energy sources have been grown at an average annual rate of 1.7% since 1990s. It is slightly less than the annual growth rate of world's' Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) which is 1.9%. Especially, the average annual growth rate of wind power is the highest with 25%. However, the production still remains small due to its very low base in 1990s. Most of the production and growth of solar and wind energy are committed by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. With 10.4% of annual growth rate, renewable municipal waste, biogas and liquid biomass were recorded as the second highest growing energy sources. Having an annual growth rate of 1.2%, the primary solid biomass is the largest contributor to renewable ener‐ gy in the world and has experienced the slowest growth among the renewable energy sour‐ ces. Most of the solid biomass is produced in the Nnon-OECD countries, but its growth is comparable forto OECD and non-OECD countries. The annual growth rate of solar photo‐ voltaics and solar thermal is 9.8%. The average annual growth rate of hydropower in non-OECD countries (3.7%) was larger than in OECD countries (0.4%) between 1990 and 2007. Sustainable energy is the provision of energy that meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of the future. Renewable energy technologies are important con‐ tributors to sustainable energy which utilize renewable energy sources, such as hydroelec‐ tricity, solar energy, wind energy, wave power, geothermal energy, and tidal power. They generally contribute to world's energy security by reducing dependence on fossil fuel re‐ sources, improving energy efficiency, and providing opportunities for mitigating green‐

Sustainable development has evolved to integrate economic, social and environmental aims. Sustainable development has emerged as the key challenge for the 21st Ccentury. Both the opportunities and the lack of progress were highlighted during the Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002. Decision-makers are looking for sustainable
