**11. Glossary**

markets and necessary infrastructure must be developed with the realization that the largescale commoditization of biomass resources can have negative impacts to poor households that rely on it for their basic needs. Hence, measures must be taken to ensure that the poor have an opportunity to participate in, and benefit from, the development of biomass markets.

In addition, high efficiency conversion technologies and advanced fuel production systems for methanol, ethanol and hydrogen must be demonstrated and commercialized in the coun‐ try. Meanwhile, and experiences in industrialized countries should be shared openly. Fur‐ ther, projects must not be concentrated in one region alone. Biomass is obviously a resource that intimately depends on local environmental factors, and experiences gained in other countries will not wholly apply. The benefits of modernized bioenergy systems will only be enjoyed globally if efforts are made to gain experience in a wide variety of ecological and

Biomass can play a major role in reducing the reliance on fossil fuels by making use of ther‐ mo-chemical conversion technologies. In addition, the increased utilization of biomassbased fuels will be instrumental in safeguarding the environment, generation of new job opportunities, sustainable development and health improvements in rural areas. The devel‐ opment of efficient biomass handling technology, improvement of agro-forestry systems and establishment of small and large-scale biomass-based power plants can play a major role in rural development. Biomass energy could also aid in modernizing the agricultural economy. A large amount of energy is expended in the cultivation and processing of crops like sugarcane, coconut, and rice which can met by utilizing energy-rich residues for elec‐ tricity production. The integration of biomass-fuelled gasifier in coal-fired power stations would be advantageous in terms of improved flexibility in response to fluctuations in bio‐ mass availability and lower investment costs. The growth of the bioenergy industry can also

Biomass plays an important role for the energy sustainable development in the country; the potential of biomass is huge, however, its conversion to modern energy is still low. Thus, the

**•** Some difficulties which are still faced in the increase of biomass conversions should be

**•** Academic and Research institution should play an important role in accelerating biomass

**•** The Research and Development collaboration among researchers in East Africa communi‐

**•** A biomass user network among East African community should be established to deal

ty (EAC) members and SADC region should be developed and realized.

be achieved by laying more stress on green power marketing.

socioeconomic venues.

266 New Developments in Renewable Energy

**10. Recommendations**

with biomass utilization.

minimized..

following recommendations are proposed:

utilization and conversion to modern energy.

URT-United Republic of Tanzania

REA- Rural Energy Agency

RETs-Renewable Energy Technologies

TANESCO- Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited

HFO- Heavy fuel Oil

GPD- Gross Domestic Product

C-Carbon

H-Hydrogen

N-Nitrogen

O-Oxygen

Cl-Chlorine

S-Sulphur

CH4-Methane gas

CO- Carbon monoxide

CO2-Carbon dioxide

NGOs-Non – Government Organizations

CMSW- City and Municipal Solid Waste

MSW-Municipal solid waste

MEM-Ministry of Energy and Minerals

CHP- Combined Heat and Power

Anaerobic- Digestion Combustible gas called biogas produced from biogas through low temperature biological processes

Bagasse-The fibre residue that remain after juice extraction from sugarcane

Bioenergyhe- conversion of biomass into useful forms of energy such as heat, electricity and liquid fuels

Biogas-The common name for a gas produced by the biological process of anaerobic (with‐ out air) digestion of organic material

Biomass-Organic, non-fossil material of biological origin constituting an exploitable ener‐ gy source

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)-The gas formed in the ordinary combustion of carbon, given out in the breathing of animals, burning of fossil fuel, etc. Human sources are very small in relation to the natural cycle

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Biomass Conversion to Energy in Tanzania: A Critique

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/ 52956

269

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Commercial Energy-Energy supplied on commercial terms; distinguished from non-com‐ mercial energy comprising fuelwood, agricultural waste and animal dung collected usually by the user

Energy crops-Crops designed either exclusively for biomass energy feedstock or for the coproduction of energy and other agricultural products

Ethanol-Clean burning high efficiency fuel produced from fermentation of biomass that can substitute for conventional liquid petroleum fuels such as gasoline and kerosene

Fossil Fuel-A device that produces electricity directly from chemical reactions in a galvanic cell wherein the reactants are replenished

Gasification-Combustible gas called producer-gas produced from biomass through a high temperature thermochemical process. Involves burning biomass without sufficient air for full combustion, but with enough air to convert the solid biomass into a gaseous fuel

Methane (CH4)-Gas emitted from coal seams, natural wetlands, rice paddies, enteric fermen‐ tation (gases emitted by ruminant animals), biomass burning, anaerobic decay or organic waste in landfill sites, gas drilling and venting, and the activities of termites

Photovoltaic-The use of lenses or mirrors to concentrate direct solar radiation onto small areas of solar cells, or the use of flat-plate photovoltaic modules using large arrays of solar cells to convert the sun's radiation into electricity

*UNIT*

MW-MegaWatt
