**Author details**

renewable electricity generation technologies analyzed are; PV, wind, solar thermal with storage, geothermal, biomass gasifier, MSW/landfill gas, biogas and mini hydropower.

According to the result of financial analysis based on the current VCM conditions, carbon finance opportunities for Turkish renewable projects under the voluntary market would be limited to wind power projects with high speed wind potential and also limited to landfill and biogas projects with financial viability. PV, solar thermal, wind projects with moderate or lower wind speed potential, geothermal, biomass gasifier and mini hydro projects are not projected to be financially attractive even with additional VER revenues based on the VER prices of 2020. The potential electricity generation through those projects is estimated to be around 40,000 MW. The national target for installed capacity for wind projects by 2023 is 20,000 MW but, if the current feed-in-tariff prices are not to be increased, the highest available carbon prices in voluntary market will not be sufficient to enable investments of the wind projects with low speed potential. Hence, the investments would be limited to the 8,000 MW wind power projects which are financially attractive based on their high speed wind potential. The additional 12,000 MW wind capacity are projected to be utilized if CDM/JI like carbon scheme will be applicable by 2020, will result additional reduction of 19 million tCO2e emissions considering baseline emissions. In addition to the wind, the entire geothermal energy potential for electricity generation (510 MW) and biomass gasifier as well as most of mini hydro (10 MW) potentials can be utilized with any carbon scheme leading emission reduction prices by 2020.

Turkey's high rate of energy-related carbon emissions growth is expected to accelerate, with emissions climbing from 57 million tons in 2000 to almost 210 million tons in 2020. Carbon intensity in Turkey is higher than the western developed nation average. Energy-intensive, inefficient industries remain under government control with soft budged constraints, contri‐

But the country has made significant progress in reducing local air pollution, particularly in large cities. Nevertheless, significant efforts still need to be made to ensure existing standards are met and to prepare for further reductions in air pollution. The potential long-term impacts of the liberalization process on air pollution and on GHG emissions should be investigated and monitored in order to optimize policy outcomes. The recent construction of a power plant based on fluidized bed combustion technology is laudable. Further adoption of such cleaner coal plants and more efficient technologies would help Turkey meet more stringent air pollution standards. Similar to other industrializing countries, with the increases in energy consumption and economical growth, energy related environmental problems are rapidly

Developing countries are likely the most vulnerably to this change because of their less favourable economic circumstances, weaker institutions and more restricted access to capital, technology and information. Given rapid growth of economies and populations, there are a number of implications for developing countries that indicate a need to curb GHGs and thereby

**11. Conclusions**

16 New Developments in Renewable Energy

growing in Turkey.

buting to undisciplined energy use in Turkey.

İbrahim Yüksel1\*, Kamil Kaygusuz2 and Hasan Arman3

\*Address all correspondence to: yukseli2000@yahoo.com

1 Sakarya University, Technology Faculty, Department of Civil Engineering, Sakarya, Turkey

2 Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Chemistry, Trabzon, Turkey

3 United Arab Emirates University, Faculty of Science, Department of Geology, Al-Ain, UAE
