**11. Conclusions**

Turkey's high rate of energy-related carbon emissions growth is expected to accelerate, with emissions climbing from 57 million tons in 2000 to almost 210 million tons in 2020. Carbon intensity in Turkey is higher than the western developed nation average. Energy-intensive, inefficient industries remain under government control with soft budged constraints, contri‐ buting to undisciplined energy use in Turkey.

But the country has made significant progress in reducing local air pollution, particularly in large cities. Nevertheless, significant efforts still need to be made to ensure existing standards are met and to prepare for further reductions in air pollution. The potential long-term impacts of the liberalization process on air pollution and on GHG emissions should be investigated and monitored in order to optimize policy outcomes. The recent construction of a power plant based on fluidized bed combustion technology is laudable. Further adoption of such cleaner coal plants and more efficient technologies would help Turkey meet more stringent air pollution standards. Similar to other industrializing countries, with the increases in energy consumption and economical growth, energy related environmental problems are rapidly growing in Turkey.

Developing countries are likely the most vulnerably to this change because of their less favourable economic circumstances, weaker institutions and more restricted access to capital, technology and information. Given rapid growth of economies and populations, there are a number of implications for developing countries that indicate a need to curb GHGs and thereby to lessen the impact of climate change. Great efforts have been made in reforming energy pricing, promoting energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy sources. With some possible options, the paper concludes that the reduction of emissions can only be achieved when policies are supportive and well targeted, standards and incentives are realistic and flexible, and the public is actively responsive to environmental degradation.
