*5.1.4. Economic and environmental implications of biomass*

**Condition Residue type**

Coffee husk

Sisal leaf

Moisture 8.80 7.80 10.10 8.50 10.10 7.50 8.10 9.10 9.00

Sisal pole

59.20 64.60 83.20 80.20 79.30 84.10 79.60 81.20 75.8

14.60 14.20 14.30 12.60 14.60 12.80 12.60 15.30 20.1

26.20 21.20 2.50 7.20 6.10 3.10 7.80 3.50 4.2

Sisal pole

Sisal Pole

13.24 13.93 18.34 17.23 17.20 17.35 16.24 17.38 17.33

**Agro Residues Cellulose Hemicellulose Lignin Theoretical ethanol yield per litres**

C 35.60 37.80 49.40 47.00 47.00 48.00 45.60 47.50 48.10 H 4.50 5.00 6.10 5.70 6.00 6.00 5.60 5.90 5.90 N 0.19 0.55 0.81 0.14 1.66 0.10 0.19 0.28 0.15 O 33.40 35.40 41.20 39.90 39.10 42.70 39.30 42.50 42.40 Cl 0.08 0.09 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 1.33 0.18 0.07 S 0.02 0.05 0.07 0.03 0.13 0.03 0.16 0.13 0.02

Sisal boles

Sisal boles

Sisal Boles Palm branch

Palm branch

Palm Branch Palm Stem

Palm Stem

Palm Stem Sugarcane Bagasse

Sugarcane Bagasse

Sugarcane Bagasse

Rice Bran

**Table 4.** Proximate analysis (%), dry basis –Source CEET (2008)

**Table 5.** Ultimate analysis (%), dry basis- Source CEET (2008)

Rice Bran

**Elements Residue type**

Coffee Husk

Rice straw 41.36 20.36 12.06 39.75 Rice Husk 44.06 17.85 17.20 392.33 Maize cob 36.80 27.90 11.15 418.21 Maize husk 43.39 19.58 22.82 407.03 Ground nut straw 36.55 13.94 31.28 319.96 Sugarcane baggage 33.60 29.00 18.50 404.64

Rice Bran

**Elements Residue type**

Coffee husk

Sisal leaf

Sisal Leaf

Rice husk

252 New Developments in Renewable Energy

Rice husk

Rice husk

**Table 6.** Heating values

**Table 7.** Other chemical component

HHV [MJ/kg]

Volatile Matter

Fixed Carbon

Ash Content Advantages of using crop residues as energy source are twofold: economic and environmental.

*Economic:* For the farmer, agricultural residues can be a cash crop. Traditionally, farmers burnt agricultural residue or left them in the field. The market ability of crop residues will boost local/village economies by providing jobs and services.

*Environment:* the burning of agricultural residues causes air pollution, soil erosion and a de‐ crease in soil biological activity, which eventually leads to low yields. Burning of agricultur‐ al residues yield smoke and other pollutants, which adversely affect air quantity, visibility and human and environmental health
