**8. References**


http://www.ankn.uaf.edu/publications/culturalstandards.pdf


**Part 3** 

**Innovation in the Design Process** 


*https://www.sabs.co.za/content/uploads/files/Nigeria.pdf* 


**Part 3** 

**Innovation in the Design Process** 

98 Industrial Design – New Frontiers

Egonwa, O. (1995). Patterns and Trends of Stylistic Development in Contemporary Nigerian

Egonwa O. (2001). The Evolution of the Concept of Natural Synthesis. *USO- Nigerian Journal* 

Etsename, L. E. (2007). A Socio-Cultural Exposition of the Fulani Nomads in Nigeria. *Art* 

Irivwuri, G. O. (2010). An Appreciation of the State of Visual Arts in Nigeria (1900-1970).

Mamza, P. M. (2007). Contemporary Issues in Fine and Applied Arts in Nigeria.

Oloidi O. (1986). Growth and Development of Art Education in Nigeria (1900-1960).*Trans-*

Ogunduyile, S. R. & Akinbogun, T. L. (2006). *Industrial Design Status and Challenges to* 

Ogunduyile, S. R. (2007). Industrial Design Concept in Nigeria and the Challenges to

Ogunduyile, S. R. (2007). Challenges of Curriculum Development and Implementation in

Ojo, E. B. (1991). Some Aspect of Yoruba Myths and Cosmogonies in Contemporary Printmaking. Unpublished MFA Thesis, University of Benin, pp. 80. Pulos, A. J. (1978). *Opportunities in Industrial Design*. VGM Career Horizons, a Division of

Sheba, E. (1993). Art and Creativity: A Quest for Meaning, In: *Diversity of Creativity in* 

Umar, A. (2010). Thirty Years of Industrial Design in Nigeria. A Paper presented on the

Ubangida, M. B. (2004). An Evaluation of Art Programmes in Some Selected Secondary

Wangboje, S. (1969). Some Issues on Art Education in Africa: the Nigerian Experience. INSEA-Education through Art and Humanism in a Technological Age, pp. 74-84. William B. (1973). *African Art in Cultural Perspective: An Introduction*, W.W. Norton, New

*Nigeria*, B. Campbell, R. I. Ibigbami, P.S.O. Aremu & Agbo Folarin, (Ed.), 167-172,

occasion of 3 Decades Anniversary Celebration of Industrial Design: Conference, Exhibition and Home Coming Events held at the Department of Industrial Design,

Schools in Taraba States, Nigeria. Unpublished M. A. Thesis, Department of Fine

National Development. A Paper presented at the Network of Industrial Design

Industrial Design: A Case Study of Nigeria and South Africa, In: *Rethinking the Humanities in Africa*, B. Akinrinade, D. Fashina, D. Ogungbile, J. O. Famakinwa (Ed.), 221-237, Obafemi Awolowo University, ISBN 978-978-080-221-7, Ile-Ife, Nigeria Oloidi, O. (1995). Art and Naturalism in Colonial Nigeria, In *Seven Stories about Modern Art* 

Hank, K.; Edward, D. and Belliston, L. (1978). *Design Yourself*, William Kanfman Inc., USA Kayode, O. F. (2010). Relationship between the Use of Advertisement and Consumers Urge

*Mediterraneo* (An International Journal on African Art), Via Gamberi 4, 400317

to Purchase Products in Lagos State. A Paper Presented at 1st International Conference, School of Environmental Technology , Held at the Federal University

Art. *Kurio-Africana*, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 3-12

Sasso Marconi ( BO), Issue 58, pp. 46-54

*Anthropologist*, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 113-117

*of Arts*, Vol. 3, No.1 & 2, pp. 52-59, ISSN 1117-9993

of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, 25th-27th October, 2010

*African Journal of History*, Vol. 15, pp. 108-126

*National Development in Nigeria,* Retrieved from *https://www.sabs.co.za/content/uploads/files/Nigeria.pdf* 

Meeting, South Africa

*Multidisciplinary Journal of Research Development*, Vol. 8, No. 4

*in Africa*, H. Jane (Ed.), 193, White Chapel Gallery, London

National Textbook Company, Stokie, Illinois, U.S.A.

Bols Creation, ISBN 978-32078-0-6

Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

York, pp. 3

Arts, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

**6** 

*Portugal* 

**Biologically Inspired Design:** 

 **Methods and Validation** 

*Universidade da Beira Interior* 

Carlos A. M. Versos and Denis A. Coelho

Design inspired by nature, bionic design, biomimetism, biomimicry, or biologically inspired design, despite having been a source of inspiration for design activities for a long time, have recently, under pressure from sustainability concerns, gained a role as part of a standard set of approaches to deal with design problems. Nature provides an important model to find solutions to the ecological crisis. The aim of this chapter is to establish a comparison among a set of design methods, meant to guide industrial designers in carrying out activities leading to bio-inspired design. The results of literature review are presented, with emphasis drawn on existing documented approaches to design inspired by nature, and the presentation of the methods, on which a comparative analysis is established. The parameters for the comparative analysis are set out, based on five general goals that are considered applicable to design problems, within the realm of industrial design. The presentation and explanation of the comparisons is followed by a discussion on their implications for theory

The present day's urgency in achieving environmental sustainability has promoted renewed interest on gathering inspiration from nature in order to create novel design concepts. Design endeavours in several technical disciplines may lead to ground-breaking new concepts when natural systems are considered as a source of inspiration. The focus of this chapter is on joining a bio-inspired approach to the creation of industrial design engineering concepts with a systematic approach to design. The conduction of industrial design engineering projects is inherently structured and supported by methods set forth in the systematic design literature (e.g. Hales 1991, Hubka & Eder 1992, Roozenburg & Eekels 1995, Pahl & Beitz 1996, Ulrich & Eppinger 2004). Hence, in order to be useful and of practical value to the generation of industrial design engineering concepts, bio-inspired design methods should be able to fit into design endeavours that follow a systematic

The main purpose of bionics is to carry out a benchmark of nature, of what it created, tested and has evolved over millions of years, in order to improve what man creates artificially (Benyus 1997). A number of design methods, intended especially to guide industrial designers in carrying out the development of biologically inspired design, have been proposed. The chapter establishes a comparative analysis between five methods, retrieved from literature. The methods are presented in similar depth, and the parameters of analysis

**1. Introduction** 

and practice.

approach to design.
