**Author details**

hour with a detection threshold of 106 bacteria/mL. More recently, the same group described a multipurpose LW immunosensor for the detection of bacteria, virus and proteins [82]. They successfully detected bacteriophages and proteins down to 4 ng/mm2 and *E.coli* bacte‐

Andrä et al. used a LW sensor to investigate the mode of action and the lipid specificity of human antimicrobial peptides [83]. They analyzed the interaction of those peptides with model membranes. These membranes, when attached to the sensor surface, mimic the cyto‐ plasmic and the outer bacterial membrane. A LW immunosensor was used in 2008 by Bisoffi et al. [84] to detect Coxsackie virus B4 and Sin Nombre Virus (SNV), a member of the hanta‐ virus family. They described a robust biosensor that combines the sensitivity of SAW at a frequency of 325 MHz with the specificity provided by monoclonal and recombinant anti‐ bodies for the detection of viral agents. Rapid detection (within seconds) for increasing virus concentrations was reported. The biosensor was able to detect SNV at doses lower than the load of virus typically found in a human patient suffering from hantavirus cardiopulmonary

In 2009, it was shown the possibility to graft streptavidin-gold molecules onto a LW sensor surface in a controlled way and was demonstrated the capability of the sensor to detect nano-particles in aqueous media by Fissi et al. [85]. In 2010, a complementary metal–oxide semiconductor CMOS-LW biosensor for breast cancer biomarker detection was presented by Tigli et al. [36]. This biosensor was fabricated using CMOS technology and used gold as guiding layer and as interface material between the biological sensing medium and the

LW devices were used as sensors for okadaic acid immono-detection through immobilized specific antibodies by Fournel et al. [76]. They obtained three times higher frequency shifts with the okadaic acid than with an irrelevant peptide control line. A LW based bacterial bio‐ sensor for the detection of heavy metal in liquid media was reported in 2011 by Gammoudi et al. [86]. Whole bacteria (*E. coli*) were fixed as bioreceptors onto the acoustic path of the sensor coated with a polyelectrolyte multilayer using a layer by layer electrostatic self-as‐ sembly procedure. Changes of bacteria viscoelastic equivalent parameters in presence of

A LW-based wireless biosensor for the simultaneous detection of Anti- Dinitrophenyl-KLH (anti-DNP) immunoglobulin G (IgG) was presented by Song et al. in 2011 [87]. They used poly(methyl-methacrylate) (PMMA) guiding layer and two sensitive films (Cr/Au). A LW sensor whose phase shifts as a function of the immobilized antibody quantity, combined with an active acoustic mixing device, was proposed by Kardous et al. [88] in 2011. They as‐ sessed that mixing at the droplet level increases antibodies transfer to a sensing area surface and increases the reaction kinetics by removing the dependency with the protein diffusion coefficient in a liquid, while inducing minimum disturbance to the sensing capability of the Love mode. LW sensors have been also used to study the properties of protein layers [40],

DNA [89,90] and detect the adsorption and desorption of a lipid layer [91].

authors stated that whole bacteria can be detected in less than one hour.

cells in a 500 µL chamber, with good specificity and reproducibility. The

ria up to 5.0 × 105

302 State of the Art in Biosensors - General Aspects

syndrome.

transducer.

toxic heavy metals were monitorized.

María Isabel Rocha Gaso1,2, Yolanda Jiménez1 , Laurent A. Francis2 and Antonio Arnau1

\*Address all correspondence to: marocga@doctor.upv.es

1 Wave Phenomena Group, Department of Electroic Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain

2 Sensors, Microsystems and Actuators Laboratory of Louvain (SMALL), ICTEAM Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium

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**Provisional chapter**

#### **Nanostructured Biosensors: Influence of Adhesion Layer, Roughness and Size on the LSPR: A Parametric Study Nanostructured Biosensors: Influence of Adhesion Layer, Roughness and Size on the LSPR: A Parametric Study**

Sameh Kessentini and Dominique Barchiesi Sameh Kessentini and Dominique Barchiesi

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52906
