**Author details**

Mirko van der Baan1 , David Eaton2 and Maurice Dusseault3

\*Address all correspondence to: Mirko.vanderBaan@ualberta.ca

1 University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

2 University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

3 University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

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**Chapter 22**

**Blue Shift in the Spectrum of Arrival Times of Acoustic**

**Signals Emitted during Laboratory Hydraulic Fracturing**

We discuss a method of detecting localised fracturing that potentially requires only one channel. The method is based on the notion that the fracture propagation involves generation of acoustic events from its contour. It is proposed that the number of events (microcracks) generated at each step of fracture propagation could be proportional to the fracture size to a certain power called the localisation exponent. This dependence of the number of generated events on the fracture size (the event coherence) leads to a shift to higher frequency (the "blue shift") in the combined spectrum of the events as compared to the spectrum of randomly generated events. This concept was applied to the results of a laboratory test in which hydraulic fracture was driven by injecting glycerine into a 200x200x120mm block of polycrystalline gabbro. We show that there is indeed a blue shift in the spectrum of the arrival times at any one sensor that seems to correspond with the growth of a localized hydraulic fracture. The localisation exponent is able to distinguish between the cases of the fracture contour length roughly proportional to, and more slowly than proportional to, the nominal fracture radius.

Hydraulic fracturing is a technique often used in subsurface geotechnical engineering for production stimulation in petroleum and geothermal reservoirs, for caving stimulation in the mining industry, and for stress measurements in the Earth's crust. Since the size and orienta‐ tion of the hydraulic fracture and the number of fractures induced by a given injection depend on potentially complicated conditions of rock mass structure and the stress state, they are often

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2013 Dyskin et al.; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

© 2013 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Arcady V. Dyskin, Elena Pasternak, Andrew P. Bunger and James Kear

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/56448

**Abstract**

**1. Introduction**

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter


**Chapter 22**
