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390 Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing

Hydraulic fracturing has received abundant media attention in recent years due to a rapid increase in the use of the technique in combination with horizontal drilling technology to produce oil and gas resources from tight reservoirs. Hydraulic fracturing techniques are also used in a variety of other applications that are unrelated to oil and gas production, includ‐ ing tunnel and dam construction, enhanced geothermal energy, carbon sequestration, groundwater remediation, block cave mining, rock burst mitigation, and water well devel‐ opment.

Environmental concerns associated with large-scale hydraulic fracturing in oil and gas reser‐ voirs have resulted in political efforts to ban the technique with legislation now in place in certain states in the US and countries around the world. Concerns include soil and ground‐ water contamination and induced seismicity. A clear understanding of how hydraulic frac‐ turing techniques are used in various applications is important to avoid unintended consequences of any regulations aimed at hydraulic fracturing in the oil and gas industry. The methodology for each application varies widely in terms of scale, pressures applied, ad‐ ditives, and fracture propagation. Mining rock stress measurements, for instance, focus pri‐ marily on the breaking strength of rock, and can be conducted with a small-volume highpressure pump that produces only a few liters/minute. The total volume of water injected may be on the order of tens or hundreds of liters. A typical oil and gas well hydraulic frac‐ ture treatment, on the other hand, requires millions of litres of injected proprietary fluid and proppant in order to propagate and maintain the fracture effectively into the reservoir. Though both applications are termed "hydraulic fracturing", they differ greatly in terms of potential impacts to the environment.

This paper characterizes a range of hydraulic fracturing applications in terms of the objec‐ tives, techniques, and potential for environmental concerns associated with the standard

© 2013 Adams and Rowe; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2013 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

methods. A nomenclature that clearly differentiates discrete applications is presented that is intended to help prevent the lumping of all hydraulic fracturing techniques into a single basket.

**•** Block Cave Mining (Hydraulic Pre-conditioning)

**•** Geothermal (hot dry rock, or "enhanced' geothermal) **•** Carbon Sequestration (Carbon Capture and Storage)

**•** Conventional oil and gas production

**•** Coalbed Methane Development

**2. Hydraulic fracturing applications**

**2.2. Block cave mining (Hydraulic pre-conditioning)**

**2.1. Water well production enhancement**

**•** Coal Mine Methane Drainage

**•** Rock burst mitigation

of which would be:

mass.

India.

in the injected water.

**•** Rock Stress Determination for Geotechnical Design (Tunnels, Dams, Foundations)

Differentiating Applications of Hydraulic Fracturing

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/56114

393

All of the above use a process they term "hydraulic fracturing". The most general definition

Hydraulic fracturing is a process whereby a fluid (often water with or without additives) at high pressure is applied to a borehole to create a fracture (or fractures) in the surrounding rock

Before entering further discussion concerning definitions and terminology it is instructive to

As studied and described by W. H. Williamson, D. R. Woolley [3] in the 1970s, hydraulic fracturing has long been used as a method to improve the yield of water wells in fractured rock aquifers. It is widely used for domestic wells in many regions of the USA (for exam‐ ple, New England, Texas, Washington) and in some other locations such as Andhra Pradesh,

In water well hydraulic fracturing, often referred to as hydrofracking, a section of the well is isolated using packers and water is introduced to generate pressures up to approximately 3000 psi (207 bar) to wash out existing fractures and propagate them to connect with others within the aquifer. Since the pressure is quite limited it is doubtful if this process generates any new fractures though may do in some circumstances. The volume of water introduced per fracture is typically less than 1000 litres. This process generally does not use any proppant or additives

Block caving is an underground mass mining method where the extraction of the ore depends largely on the action of gravity. A shaft and horizontal galleries are driven to below the ore

take a more detailed look at each of the various applications listed above.

**Keywords:** hydraulic fracturing, rock stress measurements, applications
