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**Chapter 8**

**Advances and Applications of Tracer**

Ivan Viegas, Rui de Albuquerque Carvalho, Miguel Ângelo Pardal and John Griffith Jones

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

**1.1. Relevance of carbohydrate metabolism studies in fish**

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54053

**1. Introduction**

**Measurements of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Fish**

The zebrafish *Danio rerio* has long been used as an animal model for developmental studies due to a number of desirable characteristics for lab study including its short generation time, large number of offspring, transparent embryos, and *ex utero* development of the embryo. This setting proved to be particularly useful for research on vertebrate development [1] and modeling of human disease [2], namely the hematopoietic [3, 4] and the cardiac systems [5, 6]. However, the use of fish for scientific studies has evolved substantially in the last 30 years. The direction of metabolic fish studies changed drastically with the advent of modern aquaculture and a high demand for models to study nutrition, physiology and metabolism. Capture of fish products in the end of the 1990's represented almost 75% of total production but since 2001 that has leveled at around 90 million tons. Meanwhile, aquaculture produc‐ tion has been increasing at an average annual growth rate of 6.2% from 38.9 million tons in 2003 to 52.5 million tons in 2008 [7]. Aquaculture in 2009 already accounted for 38% of the 145 million tones of total fish products, 81% of which were for human consumption [8]. It is estimated that by 2030, half of the production for human consumption will be derived from aquaculture while the harvest of wild fish will not show any significant growth [9]. Farming of aquatic species has existed for many thousands of years: in ancient Asia, carp were left to grow in ponds and rice paddies and later harvested. Similar practices were thought to take place in ancient Egypt with tilapia and in southern Europe in a polyculture regime, includ‐ ing mullet *Mugil* spp, sole *Solea* spp, seabass *Dicentrarchus labrax* and gilthead seabream *Spa‐ rus aurata* [10]. These artisanal methods, with little or no active manipulation of the animals

> © 2013 Viegas et al.; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

© 2013 Viegas et al.; licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
