**Author details**

Leon Grayfer1 and Miodrag Belosevic1,2\*

\*Address all correspondence to: mike.belosevic@ualberta.ca

1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Canada

2 School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Canada

#### **References**


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**Abbreviations**

78 New Advances and Contributions to Fish Biology

**Author details**

Leon Grayfer1

**References**

factor; **TNFR:** tumor necrosis factor receptor.

and Miodrag Belosevic1,2\*

\*Address all correspondence to: mike.belosevic@ualberta.ca

2 School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Canada

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1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Canada

**ConA:** concanavalin A; **GAS:** γ-IFN-activated sequence; **Jak:** janus activated kinase; **ICE:** IL-1 cleaving enzyme; **IFN:** interferon; **IFNGR:** interferon gamma receptor; **IL:** interleukin; **IL-1R:** interleukin-1 receptor; **IL-1RAcP:** IL-1R associated protein; **iNOS:** inucible nitric ox‐ ides synthase; **IRAK:** IL-1R associated kinase; **IRF:** interferon regulatory factor; **MAF:** mac‐ rophage activating factor(s); **NK:** natural killer; **NLS:** nuclear localization signal; **NO:** nitric oxide; **NTR:** neurotropin receptor; **PBL:** peripheral blood leukocyte; **PHA:** phytohemagluta‐ nin; **PKC:** protein kinase C; **PKM:** primary kidney macrophage; **PMA:** phorbol myrystate acitate; **PRR:** pattern recognition receptor; **rg:** recombinant goldfish; **RNI:** reactive nitrogen intermediates; **ROI:** reactive oxygen intermediates; **Stat:** signal transducer of activation tran‐ scription factor; **TACE:** TNFα cleaving enzyme; **TLR:** toll-like receptor; **TNF:** tumor necrosis

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**Chapter 3**

**Regulation of Teleost Macrophage and Neutrophil Cell**

Macrophages and neutrophils are the sentinel cells of the innate immune response of verte‐ brates, such as bony fish (teleosts). As phagocytic myeloid cells, they are involved in homeo‐ static mechanisms, wound healing, and the detection, elimination and clearance of foreign entities including tumors, virus-infected cells and invading pathogens. Furthermore, macro‐ phages and neutrophils are responsible for producing hundreds of bioactive molecules that are important in pathogen recognition and destruction, cellular communication and activa‐ tion, initiation of an adaptive immune response and later, resolution of an inflammatory re‐ sponse and tissue repair. Neutrophils and macrophages, while essential to survival, have a finite lifespan. Therefore, a manufacturing centre, the hematopoietic niche, is needed for the production of myeloid cells. The hematopoietic niche must maintain basal myeloid cell pro‐ duction levels during homeostasis, yet retain the flexibility to ramp-up cell production in re‐ sponse to physiological demands, such as pathogenic insult. The development of macrophages (monopoiesis) and neutrophils (granulopoiesis) is collectively known as mye‐ lopoiesis, and is regulated by the complex interaction of colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), their receptors, and intracellular transcription factor machinery that control lineage fate de‐

Over the past 50 years, research using the mouse model system has culminated in the identi‐ fication of the site(s) of myelopoiesis, the progenitor cell types that give rise to mature mye‐ loid cells, the extracellular and intracellular cues required, and a detailed understanding of the complex intracellular and extracellular milieu of factors that drive this tightly controlled

> © 2013 Katzenback et al.; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

> © 2013 Katzenback et al.; licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Development by Growth Factors and Transcription**

Barbara A. Katzenback, Fumihiko Katakura and

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

**Factors**

Miodrag Belosevic

**1. Introduction**

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53589

cisions and terminal differentiation events.

