**Author details**

Javier Sánchez-Hernández1,2\*, María J. Servia3 , Rufino Vieira-Lanero2 and Fernando Cobo1,2 \*Address all correspondence to: javier.sanchez@usc.es

1 Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, University of San‐ tiago de Compostela, Spain

2 Station of Hydrobiology "Encoro do Con", Castroagudín s/n, Vilagarcía de Arousa, Ponte‐ vedra, Spain

3 Department of Animal Biology, Vegetal Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Universi‐ ty of A Coruña, Spain

## **References**

behaviour and/or morphological constraints such as gape size [29,91]. Also, terrestrial prey are present primarily on the stream surface and although tend to be absent from the diets of benthic feeders such as *B. bocagei* (Figure 10), terrestrial inputs may constitute an important food resource for freshwater fish species and especially for brown trout. Thus, the utilization of allochthonous food resources such as terrestrial invertebrates by fishes may reduce competi‐

Thirdly, diel segregation is possible among fish species, and this may also lead to reduced interspecific competition between fish [29,92,93]. According to macroinvertebrate trait analyses, sticklebacks (*Gasterosteus aculeatu*s Linnaeus, 1758) and *P. duriense* show a slight preference for prey that drift during the day, whilst age-0 *S. trutta* seem to prefer to feed at dusk, whereas *Achondrostoma arcasii* (Steindachner, 1866) differs from the other three species due to its preference to feed on prey on organisms with weak or no tendency to drift [29]. However, the "diel drift behaviour" of macroinvertebrate prey of brown trout and three sympatric cyprinids is similar [30]. Hence, the differences in the diel feeding behaviour among sympatric fish species might only be adopted in highly competitive communities, where food

To summarize, the present study supports the hypothesis differences in the feeding habits and habitat utilization of different age classes of trout could reduce competition for food, by allowing food resource partitioning. Hence, age-related diet shifts occur at five different levels: (1) diet composition changes with fish age; (2) prey selection varies with fish age, probably due to prey-size selection which is in turn dependent on the size-frequency distribution of the available prey; (3) mean prey size increases with fish size and age; (4) habitat utilization for feeding may be different among age classes; (5) niche breadth tends to increase with age and fish size. Finally, also the stomach fullness can vary among age classes. However, additional studies are needed in order to clarify whether stomach fullness varies during the ontogeny in

Dr. Adrian Seymour and Josué Sánchez are acknowledged for valuable comments and

, Rufino Vieira-Lanero2

and Fernando Cobo1,2

tion facilitating the partitioning of resources [30].

290 New Advances and Contributions to Fish Biology

is a more limiting resource.

**6. Conclusion**

brown trout.

**Acknowledgements**

**Author details**

grammar corrections on the manuscript.

Javier Sánchez-Hernández1,2\*, María J. Servia3


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