Contents



A. P. Sizykh and V. I. Voronin


Preface

made by researches throughout the world.

tibiotic susceptibilities and plant sexual reproduction.

more scientific progress in biological sciences.

Biological sciences focus on the general question of the nature life at different temporal and spatial scales. Such diverse areas as bioscience, ecology, plant biology, genetics, biogeogra‐ phy and conservation biology are all part of what are called biological sciences. During the last decades, there has been unprecedented scientific progress in many of these biological disciplines, explaining the need for more publications that report the work and progress

*Current Progress in Biological Research* is a book that focuses on presenting recent scientific advances made in a variety of biological disciplines, including biogeography, plant biology, evolutionary biology, pest control, as well as health and biosciences. Each chapter presented in this book has been carefully selected in an attempt to present original studies conducted by excellent researchers from different parts of the world. The quality of the research that characterizes each one of the chapters composing this book is of high-class. In terms of its content, the book is subdivided into two sections and 16 chapters. The first section of the book, *"Biogeography, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology"*, includes 9 chapters dealing with top‐ ics such as historical biogeography, spatial distribution of organisms, genomic rearrange‐ ment and evolution as well as in vitro propagation of critically endangered species. The second section of the book, *""Biosciences, Genetic and Health"*, is divided into 7 chapters that covered a variety of topics including plant karyology, microorganisms and pest control, an‐

*Current Progress in Biological Research* is a well-documented book that is suitable for aca‐ demics, graduate students and other scientists who wish to enhance their knowledge in bio‐ logical sciences. It is our hope that this book will stimulate discussion that will result in

> **Dr. Marina Silva-Opps** Associate Professor Department of Biology

University of Prince Edward Island

## Preface

Chapter 8 **Historical and Ecological Factors Affecting Regional Patterns of Endemism and Species Richness: The Case of Squamates**

**Rhaponticoides mykalea (Hub.-Mor.) by Axillary Shoot**

**Concentrations of Growth Regulators on the Regeneration of**

**(Bacterial Toxin Application and Effect of Environmental**

**Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) Strains**

Göksel Doğan, Gülümser Acar Doğanlı, Yasemin Gürsoy and

Yong Huang, Xianguang Guo and Yuezhao Wang

Chapter 9 **In vitro Propagation of Critically Endangered Endemic**

**in China 169**

**VI** Contents

**Proliferation 203**

Feyza Candan

**niloticus) 277**

**Factors) 287** Canan Usta

Yelda Emek and Bengi Erdag

**Section 2 Biosciences, Genetics and Health 215**

Chapter 10 **Some Observations on Plant Karyology and Investigation Methods 217**

Dilek Tekdal and Selim Cetiner

Hikmet Y. Çoğun and Mehmet Şahin

Chapter 14 **Callose in Plant Sexual Reproduction 319**

Nazime Mercan Doğan

Mustafa Yildiz

Chapter 13 **Microorganisms in Biological Pest Control — A Review**

Meral Ünal, Filiz Vardar and Özlem Aytürk

**Obtained from Denizli Hospital 345**

Chapter 16 **Plant Responses at Different Ploidy Levels 363**

Chapter 15 **Antibiotic Susceptibilities and SDS-PAGE Protein Profiles of**

Chapter 11 **The Effects of Different Combinations and Varying**

**Selected Turkish Cultivars of Melon 257**

Chapter 12 **The Effect of Lead and Zeolite on Hematological and Some Biochemical Parameters in Nile Fish (Oreochromis**

Biological sciences focus on the general question of the nature life at different temporal and spatial scales. Such diverse areas as bioscience, ecology, plant biology, genetics, biogeogra‐ phy and conservation biology are all part of what are called biological sciences. During the last decades, there has been unprecedented scientific progress in many of these biological disciplines, explaining the need for more publications that report the work and progress made by researches throughout the world.

*Current Progress in Biological Research* is a book that focuses on presenting recent scientific advances made in a variety of biological disciplines, including biogeography, plant biology, evolutionary biology, pest control, as well as health and biosciences. Each chapter presented in this book has been carefully selected in an attempt to present original studies conducted by excellent researchers from different parts of the world. The quality of the research that characterizes each one of the chapters composing this book is of high-class. In terms of its content, the book is subdivided into two sections and 16 chapters. The first section of the book, *"Biogeography, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology"*, includes 9 chapters dealing with top‐ ics such as historical biogeography, spatial distribution of organisms, genomic rearrange‐ ment and evolution as well as in vitro propagation of critically endangered species. The second section of the book, *""Biosciences, Genetic and Health"*, is divided into 7 chapters that covered a variety of topics including plant karyology, microorganisms and pest control, an‐ tibiotic susceptibilities and plant sexual reproduction.

*Current Progress in Biological Research* is a well-documented book that is suitable for aca‐ demics, graduate students and other scientists who wish to enhance their knowledge in bio‐ logical sciences. It is our hope that this book will stimulate discussion that will result in more scientific progress in biological sciences.

> **Dr. Marina Silva-Opps** Associate Professor Department of Biology University of Prince Edward Island

**Section 1**

**Biogeography, Ecology and Evolutionary**

**Biology**

**Biogeography, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology**

**Chapter 1**

**Areas of Endemism: Methodological and Applied**

**Biogeographic Contributions from South America**

The geographic distribution of organisms is the subject of Biogeography, a field of biology that naturalists have carried out for over two centuries [1-6]. From the observation of animal and plant distribution, diverse questions emerge; the description of diversity gradients; delimita‐ tion of areas of endemism; identification of ancestral areas and search of relationships among areas, among others, have become major issues to be analyzed, worked out and solved. In this way, biogeography has turned into a multi-layered discipline with both theoretical and

However, at the beginning it was closely related to systematics. Taxonomists were the ones who took a keen interest in the geographical distribution of taxa. In other words, because the connection is so close, several analytical tools applied to the treatment of biogeographical problems are adaptations or modifications from methods oriented to solve systematics questions. This apparent panacea may also represent one important analytical obstacle for biogeography. Although some biogeographical questions require systematic information to be solved, the object of study of biogeography, that is, spatial distribution of taxa, as well as its concepts and problems, are different from those of systematics. Hence, methods taken from systematics are not appropriate for the treatment of biogeographical problems. The need for its own methods and its own analytical framework have promoted prolific theoretical discussions and methodological developments throughout the last 20 years. In this context, the concept of areas of endemism is being widely debated and several methods have been proposed to attempt to identify these patterns. Areas of endemism have a central role in biogeography as they are the analytical units in historical biogeography, and are also consid‐ ered quite relevant for biodiversity conservation [7]. It is the aim of this chapter to introduce

> © 2013 Casagranda and de Grosso; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2013 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Dra Dolores Casagranda and

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/55482

**1. Introduction**

Dra Mercedes Lizarralde de Grosso

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

analytical frameworks and far-reaching objectives.
