**Acknowledgement**

AJS is a member of the Scottish Alliance for Geoscience Environment and Society (SAGES) and AK was a SAGES-associated PhD student with AJS. KZ undertook his MSc research

<sup>\*</sup> Corresponding Author

project with AJS. AF is currently undertaking his MSc with AJS and YYD; his preliminary bioinformatics results are presented here and will be published at a later date. Funding from the Royal Society of Edinburgh through the International Exchange Programme supported the collaboration between AJS and OM for this project. The University of Abertay Dundee is a charity registered in Scotland, No: SC016040.

Cellulose Expression in *Pseudomonas fluorescens* SBW25 and Other Environmental Pseudomonads 21

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**Chapter 2** 

© 2013 Rojas, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2013 Rojas, licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Effect of Polymorphism on the Particle** 

Cellulose is the most abundant natural linear polymer. It consists of 1,4-linked-β-D-glucose units and is known to exist in the following distinct allomorphs: I (from algae and bacteria), I (from superior plants), II (the most stable form produced by mercerization), IIII and IIIII (prepared from ammonia at -30 ºC), and IVI and IVII (produced at 260 ºC in glycerol). Each allomorph differs in its physicochemical properties [1,2]. Cellulose III is formed when native cellulose is treated with liquid ammonia at low temperatures, whereas cellulose IV is obtained by treatment of regenerated cellulose at high temperatures (Figure 1) [3]. However,

Of these, the cellulose I (MCCI) allomorph is the most prevalent form and cellulose II is the most stable form [4]. MCCI can be converted to MCCII, but not vice versa [5,6]. As shown in Figure 2, in cellulose I (MCCI), the chain orientation is exclusively parallel [3], whereas in

Commercial microcrystalline cellulose (MCCI) contains the cellulose I lattice. It is obtained from wood pulp by treatment with dilute strong mineral acids (HCl, H2SO4, HNO3) at boiling temperatures until the degree of polymerization levels-off [7,8]. The acid hydrolyzes the less ordered regions of the polymer chains, leaving the crystalline regions intact. This

Since the 1970s, microcrystalline cellulose I (MCCI) has been the dominant excipient used for direct compression due to its good diluent and binding properties and low moisture content. The strong binding properties of MCCI are due to hydrogen bonding among the plastically deforming cellulose particles. However, it suffers from sensitivity to lubricants

cellulose II (MCCII) the chains are arranged in an anti-parallel orientation.

**and Compaction Properties** 

**of Microcrystalline Cellulose** 

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

the last two forms have no pharmaceutical applications.

MCCI is also called hydrolyzed cellulose or hydrocellulose.

John Rojas

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/56591

**1. Introduction** 

