**Meet the editor**

Prof Oluwafemi O. Oguntibeju is an Associate Professor and Group Leader (Nutrition and Chronic Disease Research Unit) at the Oxidative Stress Research Centre in the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health & Wellness, Cape Peninsula University of Technology Bellville, South Africa. He lectures and supervises postgraduate students and collaborates with national

and international scientists. Over the years, he has been involved in the field of nutrition and HIV/AIDS and related-public health issues but more recently on diabetes. He has published over 90 scientific papers in peer-reviewed journals, presented over 30 papers at national and international conferences and reviewed manuscripts for over 30 international scientific journals. He has received various awards such as the Gold Research Excellence Award at his current university. Prof O. O. Oguntibeju is a National Research Foundation (NRF) C-rated researcher and holds a master degree in Biochemistry from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria and a doctoral degree in Biomedical Science at the Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, South Africa. He is a Chartered Scientist (CSci, UK) and Fellow of the Institute of Biomedical Science, London. He enjoys reading and music and he is married to Faustina and has four children.

Contents

**Preface VII** 

Shahriar Ahmadpour

Chapter 2 **Bio-Chemical Aspects, Pathophysiology of Microalbuminuria and Glycated** 

> **A Complex Relationship 45**  Daniela Pedicino, Ada Francesca Giglio,

Gordana Đorđević and Sanjin Rački

**by Gestational Diabetes Mellitus 97** 

Michal Straka and Michaela Straka-Trapezanlidis

Chapter 4 **Diabetic Nephropathy 71** 

Chapter 5 **Wavelet Image Fusion Approach** 

G. Malathi and V. Shanthi

Chapter 6 **Periodontitis and Diabetes Mellitus 117** 

Chapter 1 **CNS Complications of Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 (Type 1 Diabetic Encephalopathy) 1** 

**Hemoglobin in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 19** 

Božidar Vujičić, Tamara Turk, Željka Crnčević-Orlić,

**for Classification of Ultrasound Placenta Complicated** 

Vincenzo Alessandro Galiffa, Francesco Trotta and Giovanna Liuzzo

Manjunatha B. K. Goud, Sarsina O. Devi, Bhavna Nayal and Saidunnisa Begum

Chapter 3 **Type 2 Diabetes, Immunity and Cardiovascular Risk:** 

## Contents

#### **Preface XI**



Preface

The book "Pathophysiology and complications of diabetes mellitus" is organized into six chapters and focused mainly on the pathophysiology and complications of diabetes mellitus. This book provides expert contributions in terms of experience and scientific knowledge on the subject. Students, scientists, teaching academics and various health professionals would find this book very informative and useful. The references cited in each chapter definitely act as additional and vital source of information for readers.

Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health & Wellness Sciences,

Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville,

**Oluwafemi O. Oguntibeju** 

South Africa

## Preface

The book "Pathophysiology and complications of diabetes mellitus" is organized into six chapters and focused mainly on the pathophysiology and complications of diabetes mellitus. This book provides expert contributions in terms of experience and scientific knowledge on the subject. Students, scientists, teaching academics and various health professionals would find this book very informative and useful. The references cited in each chapter definitely act as additional and vital source of information for readers.

> **Oluwafemi O. Oguntibeju**  Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health & Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa

**Chapter 1** 

© 2012 Ahmadpour, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 Ahmadpour, licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**CNS Complications of Diabetes Mellitus Type 1** 

Diabetes mellitus type1 (T1D) or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is an endocrine metabolic disorder which is defined by absolute or partial lack of insulin and hyperglycemia (1).Traditionally the complications of diabetes were classified as acute complications like diabetic keto acidosis (DKA) and chronic complications. Chronic complications comprise vascular and nonvascular complications. The vascular complications are further subdivided into microvascular (retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy) and macrovascular complications (coronary artery disease, CAD, and cerebrovascular disease) (2). Despite the first record of diabetes-related cognitive dysfunctions in 1922 (3), for a long period diabetic nephropathy, peripheral neuropathy, and retinopathy were considered as late diabetes microvascular complications and it was believed that central nervous system (CNS) as an insulin independent organ, spares from diabetic complications. However in recent decades studies have provided evidence that indicate the deleterious effects of T1DM on structure and functions of the brain (4-6). Duration related or chronic effects of T1DM on the brain, T1DM encephalopathy, are manifested at the all levels of CNS from microscopic to macroscopic level. Macroscopically neuroimaging studies have demonstrated a high incidence of abnormalities like temporal lobe sclerosis, decreases in white matter volume in parahippocampus, temporal and frontal lobes as well as decreased gray matter volumes of the thalami, hippocampi, and insular cortex, decreased gray matter densities of superior and middle temporal gyri and frontal gyri (7, 8).In experimental models of T1DM a vast spectrum of neuronal changes have been reported. These pathological abnormalities include synaptic and neuronal alterations, degeneration, increased cerebral microvasular permeability, and neuronal loss which collectively can lead to cognitive impairment and higher risk of development dementia (9- 11). Although the mechanisms through which hyperglycemia might mediate these effects are not completely understood it seems hyperglycemia increases oxidative stress in

**(Type 1 Diabetic Encephalopathy)** 

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Shahriar Ahmadpour

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/49990

**1. Introduction** 
