**5. Conclusion**

Neurotrophin signaling via BDNF/TrkB-TK+ is critical for neuronal viability and function. Further research into this topic area is required to determine when changes in BDNF/TrkB-TK+ signaling begin to occur and whether changes in TrkB-Shc expression, function, and in‐ teraction with TrkB-TK+ at different stages of the disease process, in response to Aβ, or in response to other amyloidogenic factors may be protective or deleterious.

[2] Patapoutian A and Reichardt LF. Trk receptors: mediators of neurotrophin action.

Neurotrophin Signaling and Alzheimer's Disease Neurodegeneration − Focus on BDNF/TrkB Signaling

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53364

191

[3] Bartkowska K, Turlejski K, and Djavadian RL. Neurotrophins and their receptors in early development of the mammalian nervous system. Acta Neurobiologiae Experi‐

[4] Scott SA, et al. Nerve growth factor in Alzheimer's disease: increased levels through‐ out the brain coupled with declines in nucleus basalis. Journal of Neuroscience

[5] Teipel SJ, et al. Measurement of basal forebrain atrophy in Alzheimer's disease using

[6] Goedert M, et al. Nerve growth factor mRNA in peripheral and central rat tissues and in the human central nervous system: lesion effects in the rat brain and levels in

[7] Jette N, Cole MS, and Fahnestock M. NGF mRNA is not decreased in frontal cortex from Alzheimer's disease patients. Brain Research Molecular Brain Research

[8] Hock C, et al. Region-specific neurotrophin imbalances in Alzheimer disease: de‐ creased levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and increased levels of nerve growth factor in hippocampus and cortical areas. Archives of Neurology 2000;57(6)

[9] Connor B, et al. Trk receptor alterations in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Research Mo‐

[10] Ghosh A, Carnahan J, and Greenberg ME. Requirement for BDNF in activity-de‐

[11] Lowenstein DH and Arsenault L. The effects of growth factors on the survival and differentiation of cultured dentate gyrus neurons. Journal of Neuroscience 1996;16(5)

[12] Lindholm D, et al. Autocrine-paracrine regulation of hippocampal neuron survival by IGF-1 and the neurotrophins BDNF, NT-3 and NT-4. European Journal of Neuro‐

[13] Alderson RF, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor increases survival and differen‐ tiated functions of rat septal cholinergic neurons in culture. Neuron 1990;5(3)

[14] Knusel B, et al. Promotion of central cholinergic and dopaminergic neuron differen‐ tiation by brain-derived neurotrophic factor but not neurotrophin 3. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1991;88(3) 961-965.

[15] McAllister AK, Katz LC, and Lo DC. Neurotrophin regulation of cortical dendritic

growth requires activity. Neuron 1996;17(6) 1057-1064.

pendent survival of cortical neurons. Science 1994;263(5153) 1618-1623.

Current Opinion in Neurobiology 2001;11(3) 272-280.

Alzheimer's disease. Brain Research 1986;387(1) 85-92.

mentalis 2010;70(4) 454-467.

MRI. Brain 2005;128(Pt 11) 2626-2644.

lecular Brain Research 1996;42(1) 1-17.

1995;15(9) 6213-6221.

1994;25(3-4) 242-250.

846-851.

1759-1769.

297-306.

science 1996;8(7) 1452-1460.
