**7. Concluding remark and future direction**

NFκB signaling is a key mediator for numerous niche factors that regulate various stages or phases of neural induction and neurogenesis. The classical pathway of NFκB activation plays important role in regulating selfrenewal/multipotency and early differentiation of NSCs and ES/iPS cells. During neural induction both *in vitro* and *in vivo*, NFκB signaling is required. However, further studies are needed to determine the expression and function of NFκB signaling during the formation of embryoid body and neural rosette (Figure 5). The upstream regulation and downstream mechanism will be important targets to better under‐ stand the essential role of NFκB signaling in initiating early differentiation of both neural induction and neurogenesis. These studies will open a potential avenue for the development of therapeutics for the treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Emerging evidence suggests that non-classical and atypical NFκB pathways are implicated in ES cell differentiation [101, 102, 111]. It will be important to evaluate the differ‐ ent role of three NFκB pathways during neuronal fate decision.

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