**3. Apoptosis signal pathway**

4 Apoptosis and Medicine

latest research about this.

**2. Apoptosis research time line** 

and highlights about apoptosis in Table1

<sup>2002</sup>Sydney Brenner, Horvitz and John E suston

**Table 1.** History and highlights about apoptosis research

Year Scientist Research

translocate into the nuclear and cause many high molecular weight DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation in cells, this type of apoptosis is in the caspase-independent manner. [65] No mater the typeI, Type II or type III PCD, the apoptosis will assist the host to defense the outer or inner aliens and toxic compounds and help the organism survive.

In this chapter, we will key on the apoptosis signal pathway and some ligands have the clue with apoptosis and mainly on concluded the apoptosis on two aspects, from in vivo and in vitro cells, and we can clarify the network of this cell death and give the conclusion of the

Cell death is essential for body homeostasis, currently years research, cell death can be classified as necrosis, apoptosis, pyroptosis. Necrosis is the first to be found, and then in the 1972 year, the apoptosis term began to be used; several years ago, pyroptosis was been known by the symbol of formation hole in cell membrane and released inflammatory factors. Apoptosis research started in the nineteen century. According to the past research, we collect and analyze the research of apoptosis and give the following summary of history

1842 Carl Vogt First describe the principle of apoptosis 1885 Walter Flemming Give more precise description of PCD

1972 John Foxton Ross Kerr Initially used the apoptosis term

1965 John Foxton Ross Kerr Distinguish the apoptosis used by electronic

In 2002 year, the Nobel Prize in medicine was awarded to the Sydney Brenner, Horvitz and John E suston, according they contribute to the apoptosis research. They make a stone research work in organ development research and genetic systemic regulation programme cell death. Sydney Brenner's contribution is the construction of nematode of C.elegan model. And subsequently, suston found the cell lineage of C.elegan and found the first gene(Nuc-1) related with apoptosis. Now the C.elegan is still the classic model to research apoptosis and organ development research, Now, apoptosis has been found in the tumor development, and it has been clear that alteration of apoptotic pathways is a common feature of tumors, enabling cancer cells to survive chemotherapeutic interventions, so apoptosis signal pathway molecular become attractive targets in cancer therapy. Beside involving in the tumor development, apoptosis have been found in many other diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, stroke and so on. Here, we review the

microscopy

research area.

Awarded to Nobel prize in medicine according they contribute in apoptosis Apoptosis is triggered by multi-signal pathways and regulated by multi-complicated extrinsic and intrinsic ligands. The process of apoptosis is controlled by diversity cell signals pathway and involved in regulation of cell fate death or survival. There are two major apoptosis pathways distinguished according to whether caspases are involved or not. The mitochondria, as the cross-talk organelles, can connect the different apoptosis pathway.
