**10. References**


in heat sensitive and resistant cell lines. *Journal of Cellular Biochemistry,* 103(1), pp. 212- 220.

Becker, E. B. & Bonni, A. (2004). Cell cycle regulation of neuronal apoptosis in development and disease. *Progress in Neurobiology,* 72(1), pp. 1-25.

268 Apoptosis and Medicine

**Author details** 

**Acknowledgement** 

**10. References** 

mechanical head injury, involving brain swelling and compression, as well as due to asphyxia, CO intoxication, fire fatality, and hyperthermia (heatstroke). Molecular pathological investigation of neuronal apoptosis and related biological responses in forensic materials can provide specific information in medical science for understanding the death process after traumatic insults. These studies will contribute not only in forensic casework

*Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, Abeno, Osaka, Japan* 

Serial studies by the authors and coworkers were supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (Grant Nos. 11670425, 12470109,

Abou-Donia, M. B. (2003). Organophosphorus ester-induced chronic neurotoxicity. *Archives* 

Alison, M. R. & Sarraf, C. E. (1992). Apoptosis: a gene-directed programme of cell death.

Ay, I., Sugimori, H. & Finklestein, S. P. (2001). Intravenous basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) decreases DNA fragmentation and prevents downregulation of Bcl-2 expression in the ischemic brain following middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. *Brain Research.* 

Balasingam, V., Tejada-Berges, T., Wright, E., Bouckova, R. & Yong, V. W. (1994). Reactive astrogliosis in the neonatal mouse brain and its modulation by cytokines. *Journal of* 

Barbeito, L. H., Pehar, M., Cassina, P., Vargas, M. R., Peluffo, H., Viera, L., Estevez, A. G. & Beckman, J. S. (2004). A role for astrocytes in motor neuron loss in amyotrophic lateral

Barber, R. C., Aragaki, C. C., Chang, L. Y., Purdue, G. F., Hunt, J. L., Arnoldo, B. D. & Horton, J. W. (2007). CD14-159 C allele is associated with increased risk of mortality

Barzo, P., Marmarou, A., Fatouros, P., Hayasaki, K. & Corwin, F. (1997). Contribution of vasogenic and cellular edema to traumatic brain swelling measured by diffusion-

Basile, A., Biziato, D., Sherbet, G. V., Comi, P. & Cajone, F. (2008). Hyperthermia inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis: relative signaling status of P53, S100A4, and Notch

*Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London,* 26(1), pp. 25-35.

sclerosis. *Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews,* 47(1-3), pp. 263-274.

weighted imaging. *Journal of Neurosurgery,* 87(6), pp. 900-907.

but also to the clinical management of critically traumatized patients.

Qi Wang, Tomomi Michiue and Hitoshi Maeda

08307006, 15390217, 15590585, 21790612 and 22590642).

*of Environmental Health,* 58(8), pp. 484-497.

*Molecular Brain Research,* 87(1), pp. 71-80.

after burn injury. *Shock,* 27(3), pp. 232-237.

*Neuroscience,* 14(2), pp. 846-856.


Cunha-Oliveira, T., Rego, A. C. & Oliveira, C. R. (2008). Cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the neurotoxicity of opioid and psychostimulant drugs. *Brain Research Reviews,* 58(1), pp. 192-208.

Immunohistochemistry of Neuronal Apoptosis in Fatal Traumas: The Contribution of Forensic Molecular Pathology in Medical Science 271

Hausmann, R., Kaiser, A., Lang, C., Bohnert, M. & Betz, P. (1999). A quantitative immunohistochemical study on the time-dependent course of acute inflammatory cellular response to human brain injury. *International Journal of Legal Medicine,* 112(4),

Hausmann, R., Riess, R., Fieguth, A. & Betz, P. (2000). Immunohistochemical investigations on the course of astroglial GFAP expression following human brain injury. *International* 

Hausmann, R. & Betz, P. (2001). Course of glial immunoreactivity for vimentin, tenascin and alpha1-antichymotrypsin after traumatic injury to human brain. *International Journal of* 

Hausmann, R., Biermann, T., Wiest, I., Tubel, J. & Betz, P. (2004). Neuronal apoptosis following human brain injury. *International Journal of Legal Medicine,* 118(1), pp. 32-36. Hellal, F., Bonnefont-Rousselot, D., Croci, N., Palmier, B., Plotkine, M. & Marchand-Verrecchia, C. (2004). Pattern of cerebral edema and hemorrhage in a mice model of

Ipaktchi, K. & Arbabi, S. (2006). Advances in burn critical care. *Critical Care Medicine,* 34(9

Ishida, K., Zhu, B. L. & Maeda, H. (2002). A quantitative RT-PCR assay of surfactantassociated protein A1 and A2 mRNA transcripts as a diagnostic tool for acute asphyxial

Ishikawa, T., Quan, L., Li, D. R., Zhao, D., Michiue, T., Hamel, M. & Maeda, H. (2008). Postmortem biochemistry and immunohistochemistry of adrenocorticotropic hormone with special regard to fatal hypothermia. *Forensic Science International,* 179(2-3), pp. 147-

Ishikawa, T., Yoshida, C., Michiue, T., Perdekamp, M. G., Pollak, S. & Maeda, H. (2010). Immunohistochemistry of catecholamines in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system with special regard to fatal hypothermia and hyperthermia. *Legal Medicine (Tokyo),* 

Jakubeniene, M., Irnius, A., Chaker, G. A., Paliulis, J. M. & Bechelis, A. (2009). Post-mortem investigation of calcium content in liver, heart, and skeletal muscle in accidental

Jeschke, M. G., Chinkes, D. L., Finnerty, C. C., Kulp, G., Suman, O. E., Norbury, W. B., Branski, L. K., Gauglitz, G. G., Mlcak, R. P. & Herndon, D. N. (2008). Pathophysiologic

Kataranovski, M., Magic, Z. & Pejnovic, N. (1999). Early inflammatory cytokine and acute phase protein response under the stress of thermal injury in rats. *Physiological Research,* 

Kimelberg, H. K. (1995). Current concepts of brain edema. Review of laboratory

Klatzo, I. (1994). Evolution of brain edema concepts. *Acta Neurochirurgica. Supplementum,* 60,

hypothermia cases. *Forensic Science International,* 190(1-3), pp. 87-90.

response to severe burn injury. *Annals of Surgery,* 248(3), pp. 387-401.

Knight, B. & Saukko, P. J. (2004). *Knight's Forensic pathology* (3rd ed.). Arnold.

investigations. *Journal of Neurosurgery,* 83(6), pp. 1051-1059.

pp. 227-232.

*Journal of Legal Medicine,* 113(2), pp. 70-75.

death. *Legal Medicine (Tokyo),* 4(1), pp. 7-12.

diffuse brain injury. *Neuroscience Letters,* 357(1), pp. 21-24.

*Legal Medicine,* 114(6), pp. 338-342.

Suppl), pp. S239-244.

12(3), pp. 121-127.

48(6), pp. 473-482.

pp. 3-6.

151.


Hausmann, R., Kaiser, A., Lang, C., Bohnert, M. & Betz, P. (1999). A quantitative immunohistochemical study on the time-dependent course of acute inflammatory cellular response to human brain injury. *International Journal of Legal Medicine,* 112(4), pp. 227-232.

270 Apoptosis and Medicine

381-389.

pp. 493-501.

*Reviews,* 58(1), pp. 192-208.

*Toxicology,* 65(6), pp. 437-444.

*Journal of Legal Medicine,* 119(2), pp. 94-97.

*Brain Research,* 835(2), pp. 162-174.

*Clinical Pathology,* 41(1), pp. 34-37.

*Experimental Cell Research,* 226(2), pp. 387-397.

Cunha-Oliveira, T., Rego, A. C. & Oliveira, C. R. (2008). Cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the neurotoxicity of opioid and psychostimulant drugs. *Brain Research* 

Deguchi, Y., Okutsu, H., Okura, T., Yamada, S., Kimura, R., Yuge, T., Furukawa, A., Morimoto, K., Tachikawa, M., Ohtsuki, S., Hosoya, K. & Terasaki, T. (2002). Internalization of basic fibroblast growth factor at the mouse blood-brain barrier involves perlecan, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan. *Journal of Neurochemistry,* 83(2), pp.

Dietrich, W. D., Alonso, O., Busto, R. & Finklestein, S. P. (1996). Posttreatment with intravenous basic fibroblast growth factor reduces histopathological damage following

Fineschi, V., D'Errico, S., Neri, M., Panarese, F., Ricci, P. A. & Turillazzi, E. (2005). Heat stroke in an incubator: an immunohistochemical study in a fatal case. *International* 

Frankfurt, O. S., Robb, J. A., Sugarbaker, E. V. & Villa, L. (1996). Monoclonal antibody to single-stranded DNA is a specific and sensitive cellular marker of apoptosis.

Gatson, J. W., Maass, D. L., Simpkins, J. W., Idris, A. H., Minei, J. P. & Wigginton, J. G. (2009). Estrogen treatment following severe burn injury reduces brain inflammation

Gavrieli, Y., Sherman, Y. & Ben-Sasson, S. A. (1992). Identification of programmed cell death in situ via specific labeling of nuclear DNA fragmentation. *Journal of Cell Biology,* 119(3),

Gomide, V. C. & Chadi, G. (1999). The trophic factors S-100beta and basic fibroblast growth factor are increased in the forebrain reactive astrocytes of adult callosotomized rat.

Gong, C., Boulis, N., Qian, J., Turner, D. E., Hoff, J. T. & Keep, R. F. (2001). Intracerebral

Graham, D. I., Lawrence, A. E., Adams, J. H., Doyle, D. & McLellan, D. R. (1987). Brain damage in non-missile head injury secondary to high intracranial pressure.

Graham, D. I., Lawrence, A. E., Adams, J. H., Doyle, D. & McLellan, D. R. (1988). Brain damage in fatal non-missile head injury without high intracranial pressure. *Journal of* 

Green, H., Gilbert, J., James, R. & Byard, R. W. (2001). An analysis of factors contributing to a series of deaths caused by exposure to high environmental temperatures. *American* 

and apoptotic signaling. *Journal of Neuroinflammation,* 22(6), pp. 30.

hemorrhage-induced neuronal death. *Neurosurgery,* 48(4), pp. 875-883.

*Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology,* 13(3), pp. 209-217.

*Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology,* 22(2), pp. 196-199.

Greenfield, J. G. & Ellison, D. (2008). *Greenfield's neuropathology*. Hodder Arnold.

fluid-percussion brain injury in rats. *Journal of Neurotrauma,* 13(6), pp. 309-316. Dressler, J., Hanisch, U., Kuhlisch, E. & Geiger, K. D. (2007). Neuronal and glial apoptosis in human traumatic brain injury. *International Journal of Legal Medicine,* 121(5), pp. 365-375. Fawthrop, D. J., Boobis, A. R. & Davies, D. S. (1991). Mechanisms of cell death. *Archives of* 


Korfias, S., Stranjalis, G., Papadimitriou, A., Psachoulia, C., Daskalakis, G., Antsaklis, A. & Sakas, D. E. (2006). Serum S-100B protein as a biochemical marker of brain injury: a review of current concepts. *Current Medicinal Chemistry,* 13(30), pp. 3719-3731.

Immunohistochemistry of Neuronal Apoptosis in Fatal Traumas: The Contribution of Forensic Molecular Pathology in Medical Science 273

Marmarou, A., Fatouros, P. P., Barzo, P., Portella, G., Yoshihara, M., Tsuji, O., Yamamoto, T., Laine, F., Signoretti, S., Ward, J. D., Bullock, M. R. & Young, H. F. (2000). Contribution of edema and cerebral blood volume to traumatic brain swelling in head-injured

Marschall, S., Rothschild, M. A. & Bohnert, M. (2006). Expression of heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70) in the respiratory tract and lungs of fire victims. *International Journal of Legal* 

Martin, L. J., Al-Abdulla, N. A., Brambrink, A. M., Kirsch, J. R., Sieber, F. E. & Portera-Cailliau, C. (1998). Neurodegeneration in excitotoxicity, global cerebral ischemia, and target deprivation: A perspective on the contributions of apoptosis and necrosis. *Brain* 

Matute, C., Domercq, M. & Sanchez-Gomez, M. V. (2006). Glutamate-mediated glial injury:

Michiue, T., Ishikawa, T., Quan, L., Li, D. R., Zhao, D., Komatsu, A., Zhu, B. L. & Maeda, H. (2008). Single-stranded DNA as an immunohistochemical marker of neuronal damage in human brain: an analysis of autopsy material with regard to the cause of death.

Nag, S. (2011). Morphology and properties of astrocytes. *Methods in Molecular Biology,* 686,

Nakamura, T., Keep, R. F., Hua, Y., Hoff, J. T. & Xi, G. (2005). Oxidative DNA injury after

Nixdorf-Miller, A., Hunsaker, D. M. & Hunsaker, J. C., 3rd. (2006). Hypothermia and hyperthermia medicolegal investigation of morbidity and mortality from exposure to environmental temperature extremes. *Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,* 

Oehmichen, M., Walter, T., Meissner, C. & Friedrich, H. J. (2003). Time course of cortical hemorrhages after closed traumatic brain injury: statistical analysis of posttraumatic

Oehmichen, M., Auer, R. N. & König, H. G. (2006). *Forensic neuropathology and associated* 

Parizel, P. M., Makkat, S., Jorens, P. G., Ozsarlak, O., Cras, P., Van Goethem, J. W., van den Hauwe, L., Verlooy, J. & De Schepper, A. M. (2002). Brainstem hemorrhage in descending transtentorial herniation (Duret hemorrhage). *Intensive Care Medicine,* 28(1),

Piantadosi, C. A., Zhang, J., Levin, E. D., Folz, R. J. & Schmechel, D. E. (1997). Apoptosis and delayed neuronal damage after carbon monoxide poisoning in the rat. *Experimental* 

Polazzi, E., Gianni, T. & Contestabile, A. (2001). Microglial cells protect cerebellar granule neurons from apoptosis: evidence for reciprocal signaling. *Glia,* 36(3), pp. 271-280. Prockop, L. D. & Chichkova, R. I. (2007). Carbon monoxide intoxication: an updated review.

Quan, L., Ishikawa, T., Michiue, T., Li, D. R., Zhao, D., Yoshida, C., Chen, J. H., Komatsu, A., Azuma, Y., Sakoda, S., Zhu, B. L. & Maeda, H. (2009). Analyses of cardiac blood cells

experimental intracerebral hemorrhage. *Brain Research,* 1039(1-2), pp. 30-36.

histomorphological alterations. *Journal of Neurotrauma,* 20(1), pp. 87-103.

patients. *Journal of Neurosurgery,* 93(2), pp. 183-193.

mechanisms and clinical importance. *Glia,* 53(2), pp. 212-224.

*Forensic Science International,* 178(2-3), pp. 185-191.

*Medicine,* 120(6), pp. 355-359.

pp. 69-100.

pp. 85-88.

130(9), pp. 1297-1304.

*neurology*. Springer Verlag.

*Neurology,* 147(1), pp. 103-114.

*Journal of the Neurological Sciences,* 262(1-2), pp. 122-130.

*Research Bulletin,* 46(4), pp. 281-309.


Marmarou, A., Fatouros, P. P., Barzo, P., Portella, G., Yoshihara, M., Tsuji, O., Yamamoto, T., Laine, F., Signoretti, S., Ward, J. D., Bullock, M. R. & Young, H. F. (2000). Contribution of edema and cerebral blood volume to traumatic brain swelling in head-injured patients. *Journal of Neurosurgery,* 93(2), pp. 183-193.

272 Apoptosis and Medicine

pp. 11-23.

pp. 1610-1621.

pp. 1012-1023.

pp. 55-67.

*Science International,* 203(1-3), pp. 1-2.

Korfias, S., Stranjalis, G., Papadimitriou, A., Psachoulia, C., Daskalakis, G., Antsaklis, A. & Sakas, D. E. (2006). Serum S-100B protein as a biochemical marker of brain injury: a

Li, D. R., Zhu, B. L., Ishikawa, T., Zhao, D., Michiue, T. & Maeda, H. (2006b). Immunohistochemical distribution of S-100 protein in the cerebral cortex with regard to

Li, D. R., Michiue, T., Zhu, B. L., Ishikawa, T., Quan, L., Zhao, D., Yoshida, C., Chen, J. H., Wang, Q., Komatsu, A., Azuma, Y. & Maeda, H. (2009a). Evaluation of postmortem S100B levels in the cerebrospinal fluid with regard to the cause of death in medicolegal

Li, D. R., Ishikawa, T., Zhao, D., Michiue, T., Quan, L., Zhu, B. L. & Maeda, H. (2009b). Histopathological changes of the hippocampus neurons in brain injury. *Histology and* 

Li, J., Han, B., Ma, X. & Qi, S. (2010). The effects of propofol on hippocampal caspase-3 and Bcl-2 expression following forebrain ischemia-reperfusion in rats. *Brain Research,* 1356,

Liedtke, W., Edelmann, W., Bieri, P. L., Chiu, F. C., Cowan, N. J., Kucherlapati, R. & Raine, C. S. (1996). GFAP is necessary for the integrity of CNS white matter architecture and

Lo, C. P., Chen, S. Y., Lee, K. W., Chen, W. L., Chen, C. Y., Hsueh, C. J. & Huang, G. S. (2007). Brain injury after acute carbon monoxide poisoning: early and late

Louis, J. C., Magal, E., Gerdes, W. & Seifert, W. (1993). Survival-promoting and protein kinase C-regulating roles of basic FGF for hippocampal neurons exposed to phorbol ester, glutamate and ischaemia-like conditions. *European Journal of Neuroscience,* 5(12),

Macmillan, C. S., Grant, I. S. & Andrews, P. J. (2002). Pulmonary and cardiac sequelae of subarachnoid haemorrhage: time for active management? *Intensive Care Medicine,* 28(8),

Madea, B. & Saukko, P. (2010). Molecular pathology in forensic medicine. Preface. *Forensic* 

Madea, B., Saukko, P., Oliva, A. & Musshoff, F. (2010). Molecular pathology in forensic

Maeda, H., Zhu, B. L., Ishikawa, T. & Michiue, T. (2010). Forensic molecular pathology of

Maeda, H., Ishikawa, T. & Michiue, T. (2011). Forensic biochemistry for functional investigation of death: concept and practical application. *Legal Medicine (Tokyo),* 13(2),

review of current concepts. *Current Medicinal Chemistry,* 13(30), pp. 3719-3731. Li, D. R., Zhu, B. L., Ishikawa, T., Zhao, D., Michiue, T. & Maeda, H. (2006a). Postmortem serum protein S100B levels with regard to the cause of death involving brain damage in

the cause of death in forensic autopsy. *Legal Medicine (Tokyo),* 8(2), pp. 78-85.

medicolegal autopsy cases. *Legal Medicine (Tokyo),* 8(2), pp. 71-77.

autopsy. Legal Medicine (Tokyo), 11 Suppl 1, pp. S273-275.

long-term maintenance of myelination. *Neuron,* 17(4), pp. 607-615.

complications. *American Journal of Roentgenology,* 189(4), pp. W205-211.

Love, S. (1999). Oxidative stress in brain ischemia. *Brain Pathology,* 9(1), pp. 119-131.

medicine--Introduction. *Forensic Science International,* 203(1-3), pp. 3-14.

violent deaths. *Forensic Science International,* 203(1-3), pp. 83-92.

*Histopathology,* 24(9), pp. 1113-1120.


and serum proteins with regard to cause of death in forensic autopsy cases. *Legal Medicine (Tokyo),* 11 Suppl 1, pp. S297-300.

Immunohistochemistry of Neuronal Apoptosis in Fatal Traumas: The Contribution of Forensic Molecular Pathology in Medical Science 275

Tofighi, R., Tillmark, N., Dare, E., Aberg, A. M., Larsson, J. E. & Ceccatelli, S. (2006). Hypoxia-independent apoptosis in neural cells exposed to carbon monoxide in vitro.

Unterberg, A. W., Stover, J., Kress, B. & Kiening, K. L. (2004). Edema and brain trauma.

Vaux, D. L. & Strasser, A. (1996). The molecular biology of apoptosis. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,* 93(6), pp. 2239-2244. Vogel, P., Dux, E. & Wiessner, C. (1997). Evidence of apoptosis in primary neuronal cultures

Wang, Q., Ishikawa, T., Michiue, T., Zhu, B. L. & Maeda, H. (2011a). Evaluation of human brain damage in fire fatality by quantification of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)

Wang, Q., Michiue, T., Ishikawa, T., Zhu, B. L. & Maeda, H. (2011b). Combined analyses of creatine kinase MB, cardiac troponin I and myoglobin in pericardial and cerebrospinal fluids to investigate myocardial and skeletal muscle injury in medicolegal autopsy

Wang, Q., Ishikawa, T., Michiue, T., Zhu, B. L., Guan, D. W. & Maeda, H. (2012a). Evaluation of human brain damage in fatalities due to extreme environmental temperature by quantification of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S100beta and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) immunoreactivities. Forensic Science International, doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.01.015 Wang, Q., Ishikawa, T., Michiue, T., Zhu, B. L., Guan, D. W. & Maeda, H. (2012b). Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of human brain basic fibroblast growth factor, glial fibrillary acidic protein and single-stranded DNA expressions following traumatic brain injury. Forensic Science International, doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.04.025. Williams, F. N., Herndon, D. N., Hawkins, H. K., Lee, J. O., Cox, R. A., Kulp, G. A., Finnerty, C. C., Chinkes, D. L. & Jeschke, M. G. (2009). The leading causes of death after burn

Williams, S., Raghupathi, R., MacKinnon, M. A., McIntosh, T. K., Saatman, K. E. & Graham, D. I. (2001). In situ DNA fragmentation occurs in white matter up to 12 months after

Yakovlev, A. G. & Faden, A. I. (2001). Caspase-dependent apoptotic pathways in CNS

Yoshida, C., Ishikawa, T., Michiue, T., Quan, L. & Maeda, H. (2011). Postmortem biochemistry and immunohistochemistry of chromogranin A as a stress marker with special regard to fatal hypothermia and hyperthermia. *International Journal of Legal* 

Zhang, D., Hu, X., Qian, L., O'Callaghan, J. P. & Hong, J. S. (2010). Astrogliosis in CNS pathologies: is there a role for microglia? *Molecular Neurobiology,* 41(2-3), pp. 232-241.

Turk, E. E. (2010). Hypothermia. *Forensic Sci Med Pathol,* 6(2), pp. 106-115.

immunoreactivities. *Forensic Science International,* 211(1-3), pp. 19-26.

injury in a single pediatric burn center*. Critical Care,* 13(6), pp. R183.

head injury in man. *Acta Neuropathological,* 102(6), pp. 581-590.

injury. *Molecular Neurobiology,* 24(1-3), pp. 131-144.

*Medicine,* 125(1), pp. 11-20.

after heat shock. *Brain Research,* 764(1-2), pp. 205-213.

cases. *Legal Medicine (Tokyo),* 13(5), pp. 226-232.

*Brain Research,* 1098(1), pp. 1-8.

*Neuroscience,* 129(4), pp. 1021-1029.


*Medicine (Tokyo),* 11 Suppl 1, pp. S297-300.

*Neurosurgery,* 110(6), pp. 1218-1226.

*Neuroscience Letters,* 407(1), pp. 11-15.

124(2-3), pp. 205-208.

rat. *American Journal of Pathology,* 147(6), pp. 1575-1583.

ischemia/hypoxia. *Journal of Neurotrauma,* 14(5), pp. 313-326.

standardization. *Journal of Forensic Sciences,* 55(5), pp. 1259-1267.

nervous system. *International Journal of Hyperthermia,* 19(3), pp. 325-354.

perspectives. *Indian Journal of Medical Research,* 123(5), pp. 629-652.

inhalation. *Inhalation Toxicology,* 20(8), pp. 761-766.

injury. *Neurotherapeutics,* 7(1), pp. 3-12.

*Experimental Neurology,* 211(2), pp. 413-422.

*Chemistry,* 13(25), pp. 3053-3060.

*and Differentiation,* 5(10), pp. 911-919.

*International,* 162(1-3), pp. 174-177.

and serum proteins with regard to cause of death in forensic autopsy cases. *Legal* 

Reyes, R., Guo, M., Swann, K., Shetgeri, S. U., Sprague, S. M., Jimenez, D. F., Barone, C. M. & Ding, Y. (2009). Role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in blood-brain barrier disruption after peripheral thermal injury in rats. *Journal of* 

Reyes, R., Jr., Wu, Y., Lai, Q., Mrizek, M., Berger, J., Jimenez, D. F., Barone, C. M. & Ding, Y. (2006). Early inflammatory response in rat brain after peripheral thermal injury.

Rink, A., Fung, K. M., Trojanowski, J. Q., Lee, V. M., Neugebauer, E. & McIntosh, T. K. (1995). Evidence of apoptotic cell death after experimental traumatic brain injury in the

Rosenblum, W. I. (1997). Histopathologic clues to the pathways of neuronal death following

Sauvageau, A. & Boghossian, E. (2010). Classification of asphyxia: the need for

Schuliar, Y., Savourey, G., Besnard, Y. & Launey, J. C. (2001). Diagnosis of heat stroke in forensic medicine. Contribution of thermophysiology. *Forensic Science International,* 

Sharma, H. S. & Hoopes, P. J. (2003). Hyperthermia induced pathophysiology of the central

Sharma, H. S. (2006). Hyperthermia induced brain oedema: current status and future

Stefanidou, M., Athanaselis, S. & Spiliopoulou, C. (2008). Health impacts of fire smoke

Stoica, B. A. & Faden, A. I. (2010). Cell death mechanisms and modulation in traumatic brain

Strackx, E., Van den Hove, D. L., Steinbusch, H. P., Steinbusch, H. W., Vles, J. S., Blanco, C. E. & Gavilanes, A. W. (2008). A combined behavioral and morphological study on the effects of fetal asphyxia on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in adult rats.

Stroick, M., Fatar, M., Ragoschke-Schumm, A., Fassbender, K., Bertsch, T. & Hennerici, M. G. (2006). Protein S-100B--a prognostic marker for cerebral damage. *Current Medicinal* 

Takamiya, M., Fujita, S., Saigusa, K. & Aoki, Y. (2007). Simultaneous detections of 27 cytokines during cerebral wound healing by multiplexed bead-based immunoassay for

Tamatani, M., Ogawa, S., Nunez, G. & Tohyama, M. (1998). Growth factors prevent changes in Bcl-2 and Bax expression and neuronal apoptosis induced by nitric oxide. *Cell Death* 

Tao, L., Chen, X., Qin, Z. & Bian, S. (2006). Could NF-kappaB and caspase-3 be markers for estimation of post-interval of human traumatic brain injury? *Forensic Science* 

wound age estimation. *Journal of Neurotrauma,* 24(12), pp. 1833-1844.



*Medicine,* 113(5), pp. 268-271.

Zhu, B. L., Ishida, K., Fujita, M. Q. & Maeda, H. (2000). Immunohistochemical investigation of a pulmonary surfactant in fatal mechanical asphyxia. *International Journal of Legal* 

Zhu, B. L., Ishida, K., Oritani, S., Quan, L., Taniguchi, M., Li, D. R., Fujita, M. Q. & Maeda, H. (2001a). Immunohistochemical investigation of pulmonary surfactant-associated

Zhu, B. L., Ishida, K., Quan, L., Taniguchi, M., Oritani, S., Kamikodai, Y., Fujita, M. Q. & Maeda, H. (2001b). Post-mortem urinary myoglobin levels with reference to the causes

protein A in fire victims. *Legal Medicine (Tokyo),* 3(1), pp. 23-28.

of death. *Forensic Science International,* 115(3), pp. 183-188.
