**Acknowledgements**

**Post mordanting dyed wool**

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 **Exposure time (hr)**

**Figure 20.** Effect of Xenon arc lamp exposure time on the color retained of the post mordanted dyed wool samples

With the demand for more environmentally friendly methods and increasing productivi‐ ty, the newer ultrasonic energy in assisting the extraction of Osage orange natural dye have been developed, over the conventional heating extraction methods, possessing a shorter extraction times and much higher dye absorbance and color strength at lower temperature. Water-acetone co-solvent, and ultrasonic have been found to be the suitable alternatives to the conventional water heating method. The maximum color yield of dye is dependent on solvent polarity. Solvation of dye molecules probably occurs via dipoledipole interactions in non-hydrogen- bond donating solvents, whereas in hydrogen-bond donating solvents the phenomenon is more hydrogen bonding in nature. The dye uptake depends on (The Gilbert- Rideal's and Donnan theories) depending on the coulombic in‐

This research demonstrated the standardization dyeing parameters of Osage orange natural yellow extract on protein based fabrics; silk and wool. The color strength increases with the increase in dyeing temperature and time due to the fiber swelling which enhanced the dye diffusion. The effect of dyeing time was conducted to reveal the effect of power ultrasonic on the de-aggregation of dye molecules in the dye bath. The decline in the dye-ability may be attributed to the hydrolytic decomposition of the extract molecules under the influence of

of Osage orange extract and the

alum + cream of tartar CH\* alum + cream of tartar US\*

alum CH\* alum US\*

0

teraction between the anionic groups (OH) in fact: O-

protonated amino groups of wool fibers.

20

40

60

**color retained %**

**4. Conclusions**

80

100

120

140

226 Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing

Special thanks for the school of chemical and physical science, at Victoria university of Well‐ ington in NZ for their financial support. Also many thanks for King abdul-Aziz University, Faculty of Arts and Designs, Fashion Design department for their kindly scientific support
