**12. Conclusions**

**•** 2-bromoacrylamide dyes have been successful in dyeing wool and cotton,

that dyed materials had excellent wash fastness properties [147].

the system was not varied by the variation of temperature [149]

**Figure 15.** Dyeing of natural fibers using reverse micelle [120]

obtained for proteinous fibers [120].

pressures in a short time [148].

[146].

136 Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing

**•** dichlorotriazine dyes have been tested on silk and cotton but showed insufficient fixation

*Guzel and Akgerman (2000)* dyed the wool fibers with three mordant dyes dissolved in super‐ critical carbon dioxide. Wool fibers were mordanted with five different metal ions (Cr(III), Al(III), Fe(II), Cu(II) and Sn(II)) using conventional techniques and dyed at 333-353°K tem‐ perature and at 150-230 atm pressure. According to the experimental results it was found

For water-soluble dyes, attempts were made to dye natural fibers using reverse micelle tech‐ nique (Fig. 15) in which ionic dye, solubilized in the water-pool, passes into the fiber togeth‐ er with a small amount of water immediately after contact with it. Satisfactory results were

*Sawada et al. (2002)* has developed a reverse micellar system in supercritical carbon dioxide as a dyeing medium. Water-soluble dyes such as reactive dyes and acid dyes could be suffi‐ ciently solubilised in the interior of a specially constituted reverse micelle. Protein fabrics, silk and wool, were satisfactorily dyed even in deep shades with conventional acid dyes without any special pretreatment. Compared to previously proposed supercritical dyeing methods, dyeing of fabrics with this system could be performed at low temperatures and

*Jun et al. (2004)* investigated the dyeing of wool fabrics with conventional acid dyes in a su‐ percritical CO2 using a reverse micellar system. A reverse micelle composed of perfluoro 2,5,8,11-tetramethyl-3,6,9,12-tetraoxapentadecanoic acid ammonium salt/CO2/water had a high potential to solubilize conventional acid dyes and to dye wool fabrics in this system. It was found that dyeability of the acid dye on wool in this system take no influence of the density of CO2. On the other hand, variation of dyeing temperature resulted in the remarka‐ ble differences of the dyeability of the acid dye on wool even though the solubility of dye in

Textile dyeing is the most remarkable process among the wet treatments in textile industry in terms of energy and water consumption and effluent load. In last two decades increased laws related to the environment and competitive market conditions required some new processes to be found in textile dyeing field. This situation increased the interest of the us‐ age of new technologies such as ultrasound, ultraviolet, ozone, plasma, gamma irradiation, laser, microwave, e-beam irradiation, ion implantation, and supercritical carbondioxide in textile industry. These new technologies provide not only decrease in time, energy, and chemical consumption, but also decrease in effluent load. So that all of these new technolo‐ gies considered to be very interesting future oriented processes because of being environ‐ mentally friendly. Although it was proven with many researches that most of these technologies are successful at laboratory scale, there is still need to integrate them into in‐ dustrial applications. There is no doubt that in future these new technologies will find wide range of applications when their disadvantages (to be expensive, not possible to be used for all fiber types and exc.) will be eliminated.
