Chapter 7 **Decolorization of Dyeing Wastewater Using Polymeric Absorbents - An Overview 177** George Z. Kyzas, Margaritis Kostoglou, Nikolaos K. Lazaridis and Dimitrios N. Bikiaris

Chapter 8 **Textile Dyeing: Environmental Friendly Osage Orange Extract on Protein Fabrics 207** Heba Mansour

Preface

numerous others.

Initially the sole purpose of dyeing was to color textile substrates for fancy fabric appearan‐ ces. Although, this was an impressive achievement at the time, the competitive challenges began to drive the development of highly functional fibers and substrates through advanced dyeing and finishing processes for higher added value in applications of; membrane filtra‐ tion, coatings, composites, microelectronic devices, thin-film technology, super absorbency, antimicrobial materials, biocides and insecticides, flame reterdancy, improved reactivity and

Polymeric fibers that are mechanically strong, chemically stable, and easy to process often have inert surfaces which makes them not suitable for these advanced applications. Conse‐ quently, there has been significant number of studies that focuses on enhancing the chemi‐ cal, biological, physical, optical and dyeability properties of fibers without negatively effect‐ ing their mechanical and most desired properties. Among the techniques, perhaps the plas‐ ma treatment is one of the most investigated. Also, Cyclodextrins which can act as hosts and form inclusion compounds with various small molecules to provide certain desired attrib‐ utes may be applied to textile substrates as reagent during the finishing processes. The ma‐ jority of these studies often involve a) the embedding of novel nanoparticles for adding unique features to textiles, b) uniformly maximizing the loading capacity of textile sub‐

While for the purpose of coloration only natural dyes were used initially. Due to limitations in coloration and with the invent of synthetic fibers, natural dyes are mostly replaced with dyes themselves are either chemically hazardous or require auxiliary chemicals that are not good for the environment. At the beginning, we were not as concerned of the damage caused by dyeing to the environment. However over time as we come to understand that our being healthy and well being also depends on our environment, we have been increas‐ ingly paying attention to reduce our footprint on our ecosystem. In particular for dyeing of textiles, the efforts primarily focuses on reducing the water consumption, using of natural dyes or less harmful dyes and chemicals, right-first-time dyeing, the development of an ef‐ fective degumming process based on enzymes as active agents , dyeing and energy optimi‐ zation and development of advanced waste water treatment processes. In recent years, many attempts have also been made to improve various aspects of dyeing by the introduc‐ tion and advancement of new technologies that used ultrasound, ultraviolet, ozone, plasma,

strates to improve nanoparticle adsorption for optimal surface property.

microwave, gamma irradiation, laser, supercritical carbondioxide.

Chapter 9 **Physichochemical and Low Stress Mechanical Properties of Silk Fabrics Degummed by Enzymes 233** Styliani Kalantzi, Diomi Mamma and Dimitris Kekos
