**8. Myanmar**

Energy utilization in Myanmar mainly depends upon traditional energy; 64% from fuel wood, charcoal and biomass; and 35% from crude oil and petroleum, natural gas, coal and lignite and hydropower. 52.5% of the total land area is covered with forest and potential available annual yield of wood-fuel is 19.12 million cubic tons. The cultivation of Jetropha was initiated in 2006 as a national project on 3.15 million acres that will increase to *6 million ha* by 2015, and expected biodiesel production would be 20 million tonnes. Two small scale biodiesel plants were established in Northern Shan State and MICDE (Myanmar Industrial Crops Development) respectively. There are four plants under Government of Myanmar (Ethanol Distillery No. 2 Sugar Mill, Kan-ba-lu Distillery, Taung-sin-aye Distillery and Matta-ya Distillery) in the country producing 667 *tons per day* of 99.5% Ethanol. There are three projects for biodiesel production by the private sector: Technology Company Limited man‐ aging 10,000 acres of land at Ayeyarwaddy Division, Ngapudaw TS to cultivate mainly ja‐ tropha and later cassava and sugarcane; MICDE is preparing an MOU to carry out biodiesel production with a Korean Company (Hae Joyub Bio Energy Myanmar Corporation) to culti‐ vate 150,000 ha of land provided by MICDE to produce biofuel crops; and Great Wall com‐ pany is cultivating 1000,000 acres of sugarcane in Northern Shan State to produce bioethanol. There are also Government plans to develop large scale production of bioetha‐ nol from cassava and sweet sorghum [61].

leased through efficiency improvement of current/base energy systems, fuelwood released through substitution by other fuels, municipal solid waste and back liquor are to be 969 PJ in the year 2010. However, the total bioenergy potential is expected to be rise in future but the consumption of fossil fuel is projected to grow at a faster rate. Literature states that in order to fully utilize the potential of non-plantation biomass concentration should be focus on

Potential and Use of Bioenergy in The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Countries – A Review

Elauria et al. [63] discussed the total annual biomass production potential from forest in the Philippines is in the range of 3.7−20.37 *Mt* that can generate an energy of *55.5* to *305.6 mil‐*

generate 1 *TWh* of electrical power, then the annual electricity generation potential ranges from *3.7* to *20.37 TWh*. It could be concluded that the potential of electricity generated trough bioenergy plantation would lie in the range of 3% to 22% of the country's projected electricity demand for the year 2008 and it can reduce a significant amount of GHG emis‐ sion. The reported results are based on the theoretical model consisting of three possible schemes: incremental biomass demand (IBD), sustainable biomass demand (SBD), and full

In February 2004, the Government of Philippines through a Department of Energy Circular made it compulsory for the incorporation of one per cent of coconut biodiesel blend in diesel fuel for use in all government vehicles. The president of Philippines in January 2006 intro‐ duced a law "The Biofuels Act 2006" that focused on the future development and use of this fuel in the country initially consisting of 5 per cent proportions for bioehtanol and one per cent for diesel blend with provisions for increasing their blend as recommended by the Na‐ tional Biofuels Board (NBB). The Philippines National Oil Company-Alternative Fuels Cor‐ poration (PNOC-AFC) was given a task for "identification and development of low-cost biofuel feedstock: jatropha for biodiesel and sweet sorghum and cellulosic for bioehtanol" and identified the following targets to achieve by 2012: 1,500 hectares of jatropha meganurseries cum pilot plantations; 700,000 hectares of biofuel crop plantations; and one million MT biodiesel refineries. Later a special clause in the biofuels act was introduced stating that this act shall not be interpreted as prejudicial to the clean development mechanisms (CDM) projects that cause carbon dioxide and greenhouse gas emission reduction by means of fuel use which encouraged and engaged the interests of biofuel producers to introduce biofuels-

Coconut is one of the three major agricultural by-products of the Philippines and the feasi‐ bility study for coconut as a biodiesil was conducted that concentrate on economics, social, political and environmental issues concludes that coconut has a potential for biodiesel pro‐ duction and the energy required for biodiesel processing (thermal energy and electricity re‐ quirement) can be met with its residue consisting of husk (*4.1 million tons per year*), frond (*1.8 million tons per year*) and shell (*4.5 million tons per year*). The reduction in the CO2 emission

Philippines' total CO2 emission in 2010. The authors claimed that the production of biodiesel could further be increased by improving agricultural yields for coconut through improved irrigation; genetic engineering and other technological advances; conversion of additional

and if 1 *Mt*of woody biomass can

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/51917

33

of tons per year which is 2.85−3.85*%* of the

their development and efficient use [62].

biomass demand (FBD).

CDM projects in country [64].

was estimated to be in the range 3.70−5.01×10<sup>6</sup>

*lion GJ* assuming that energy content of wood is 15 *GJt* <sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>

The Government of Myanmar is planning to establish biofuel villages at some townships states and divisions where potential biofuel crops can be cultivated. A community-based bi‐ odiesel demonstration project is being carried out to educate and introduce the community to the importance of biofuels, their impact on our environment and their economical im‐ pacts on the country as a whole and on individuals in particular [61].

The Ministry of Science and Technology is providing services for installing biogas plants de‐ signed for small village electrification. There are 105 biogas plants installed generating 945 kW of electricity. There is an estimated paddy production of 22,000,000 tons per year; esti‐ mated husk volume 4,392,000 tons per year; and 11,695 (small, medium and large) rice mills. Small and medium scale rice mills use rice husk as fuel to generate steam for steam engines. The rice mills using rice husks for gasification are becoming popular among people. 352,000 tons of husk per year is used to generate electricity [61].
