*3.2.2. Perturb and Observe*

Perturb and Observe (P&O) is one of the most diffused MPPT algorithms, whose tracking response is independent on the environmental conditions, however, its implementation re‐ quires a voltage and a current sensor, increasing the cost and complexity [11].

When in operation, the P&O algorithm calculates the PV output power and perturbs the converter duty cycle (increasing or decreasing it). After perturbation, the PV output power is recalculated and, if it was increased, the perturbation is repeated on the same direction, otherwise, it is inverted.

The main drawbacks associated to this method are the oscillation in steady-state, due to the constant perturbations, the slow tracking dynamic and the inability to proper operate dur‐ ing fast changes of solar radiation.
