**11. Outlook**

Companies and organisations in well-developed district-heating countries have much knowledge that can facilitate district-heating development elsewhere. Such actors could help establishing district-heating systems from fuel supply, via heat production plants and networks to customer contracts. It would promote industrial prosperity for all parties and help building sustainable energy systems in Europe [17].

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District Heating and Cooling Enable Efficient Energy Resource Utilisation

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Government on all levels should recognise district heating as means for increased efficiency of energy utilisation, higher security of supply and decreased environmental impact and their policies should facilitate district heating development.

District heating and cooling can be keys to sustainable local energy systems, which connect energy surplus and energy demand at various temperatures. Regional heating and cooling networks could be supplied by a variety of heat and cooling sources. In such systems, ener‐ gy supply and demand could be matched, for example, industrial surplus heat, hot water for dishwashers and cooling of rooms, food and water.

European district heating industry has a vision of metering and control of heat sources and consumers that match and optimize energy sources and demand. The vision envisages that IT, real-time smart metering devices and intelligent substations for individual customers, in the future will allow energy inputs and outputs to be identified, matched and regulated in order to optimize the interaction between sources of energy supply and the various temper‐ ature demands of customers [24].

Introduction of new district heating systems and modernisation of old ones can result in op‐ timal energy systems from forest to living room.
