**10. Singapore**

It is reported that total organic waste resources of Singapore in 2006 was 1.91 M tonnes which is 74.4% of the total waste [71]. Singapore uses incineration (waste-to-energy) tech‐ nology to dispose MSW that involves the combustion and conversion of this waste into energy. This technology reduces the volume of solid wastes by 80-90% making it popular in countries having limited territory for landfills. Four incineration plants in Singapore are Ulu Pandan, Tuas, Senoko and Tuas South with turbine capacity of 16 MW, 46 MW, 56 MW and 80 MW, respectively; these plants generates 980 *million kWh* of electricity per year which is 2-3% of total electricity demand of the country; and 22, 800 *tonnes year* <sup>−</sup>1 of scrap metal is recovered for recycling. The proportions of food waste input treated by the four plants are reported as 12.88%, 16.52%, 34.66% and 39.95%, respectively. A typical in‐ cineration plant requires the energy input 70 *kWh ton* <sup>−</sup>1 of waste and generates around 20% ash [72-73].

Neste Oil announced in November 2007 the construction of a biorefinery capable of pro‐ ducing NExBTL renewable fuel with a capacity of *800,000 metric tonnes per annum* and the proposed plant would be the largest renewable fuel refinery in the world. Nexsol (joint venture between Peter Cremer and Kulim group) in joining with Continental Bioenergy and Natural fuels invest in Singapore for biofuels production. There will be a capacity of *1,650,000 metric tonnes per annum* of biofuels in the country with the completion of these two projects [70].
