*3.2.4. Convert the current to power*

The power can roughly be estimated with the duration diagram together with the instantane‐ ous measurements of the power factor.


**Table 5.** Power and energy use for a hydraulic press during one week.

In this case a close calculation based on the raw data gave a similar result (5176 kWh) to the rough estimate, but that is mostly because the same assumptions were used. Changing the duration or average power just a little affects the result a lot. The power factor at partial load and at standby load is also unknown, which affects the accuracy of the calculations.

not covered in depth the obvious risk of errors when collecting and analyzing the data and results in an energy audit. For practical reasons, measurements are normally carried out for one or two weeks. When setting up an energy balance, this period of time is normally assumed to be a representation of a "normal" week, and thus multiplied by a factor in order to gain an

Industrial Energy Auditing for Increased Sustainability − Methodology and Measurements

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/51717

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Moreover, it must also be mentioned that this methodology covers a Swedish and Scandina‐ vian context, for which reason some material might be difficult to adapt in countries outside of Scandinavia. Finally, this chapter has not explicitly covered the in-depth calculations needed for various parts of an energy audit as there is no room for that in this context. The chapter does not cover all the various aspects of the energy audit methodology but rather gives the reader a basic introduction to the subject. After all, becoming a good energy auditor is not about reading a book, but is rather a continuous learning process where experience, not theory,

, Patrik Thollander, Patrik Rohdin and Mats Söderström

Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

[1] European Commission(2006). Directive 2006/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2006 on energy end-use efficiency and energy services and re‐

[2] Schleich, J. (2004). Do energy audits help reduce barriers to energy efficiency? An em‐ pirical analysis for Germany. International Journal of Energy Technology and Policy ,

[3] Caffal, C. (1996). Energy management in industry. Centre for the Analysis and Dis‐ semination of Demonstrated Energy Technologies (CADDET). Analysis Series 17. Sit‐

[4] IPCC(2007). Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Summary for Policymakers. http://

[5] IEA (International Energy Agency)(2007). Key world energy statistics 2007, Paris. from: http://195.200.115.136/textbase/nppdf/freekey\_stats\_2007.pdf (accessed January 8,

annual balance.

**Author details**

Jakob Rosenqvist\*

**References**

2, 226-239.

2008).

tard, The Netherlands.

is the major part of increasing skills.

\*Address all correspondence to: jakob.rosenqvist@liu.se

pealing Council Directive 93/76/EEC, Brussels.

www.ipcc.ch/SPM0405pdf (accessed October 8, 2007).
