**5. Conclusion**

fy the protein function. For example, the precise mulrivalent sugars were reported with a starfish like compound carrying globotriose to exhibit the strong neutralizer of Shiga-toxin [52]. Matsuura et al reported the multivalent sugar with DNA template [12]. The multivalent sugar with precise sugar distance clarified the multivalent interaction based on the sugar

An Integrated View of the Molecular Recognition and Toxinology - From Analytical Procedures to Biomedical

Glycopolymer shows the strong multivalent effect, but generally the structure was not uni‐ form. Dendrimer is regularly branched polymer with precise structure. Glycopolymer with dendrimer is useful to display saccharide in a precise manner [53]. For example, Roy et al reported various glycodendrimers with sialic acid [54]. The efficient ligand fabrication is ex‐

The precise structure of glycol-dendrimers is applicable to the saccharide microarray, where the multivalent saccharide structure provides the various information. Those saccharide ar‐ ray can reveals the properties of proteins like multivalency, distance of saccharide, and the

**Figure 6.** (a) Saccharide microarray with dendrimers. (b) The morphology control of Amyloid beta peptide with sulfo‐

The fan-type dendrimers with saccharide terminal was prepared by click chemistry of Huis‐ gen reaction. The saccharide dendrimer with azide-core was immobilized via click reaction onto the acetylene-immobilized SAM. The protein-saccharide interaction of α-Man, β-Gal and β-GlcNAc was measured with surface plasmon resonance. The corresponding lectin showed the remarkable multivalency with higher generation of dendrimer array. Especially, the combination of α-Man and ConA was much affected by dendrimer generation increase

Then, we prepared the glycol-dendrimer interface with 6-sulfo-GlcNAc, which is represen‐ tative structure in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) [56] (Figure 6). GAGs have been reported to relate the various biological events. We prepared mono-, di- and tri-valent 6-sulfo-GlcNAc, and the interaction with Alzheimer amyloid β(1-42) (Aβ(1-42)). First, the interaction was measured with SPR, where the divalent and trivalent 6-sulfo-GlcNAc showed the stronger interaction than monovalent one due to the multivalent effect. Interestingly, the morphology of Aβ was strongly affected by the multivalent array. In case of monovalent array, Aβ

distance.

Applications

464

pected with glycodendrimers.

saccharide binding site.

nated glyco-dendrimer-interfaces.

[55].

The molecular recognizable materials were prepared with glycopolymer immobilized sub‐ strates. Since the saccharides interact with sugar recognition proteins, cells and viruses, the glycopolymer immobilized substrates exhibited the biomolecules recognition. The substrate were applicable for the biomaterials.

Generally, the saccharide-protein interaction was weak. Therefore, the multivalent saccha‐ ride ligands of glycopolymer showed the strong affinity to proteins. Glycopolymers were amphiphilic polymers, and formed self-assembling structure in aqueous solution based on the hydrophobic interaction. The glycopolymer coating by hydrophobic interactionwas also possible in a self-assembling manner, and was used as hepatocyte culture.

The glycopolymers were also prepared via polymer grafting. The glycopolymer grafting was accomplished via both of "grafting to" and "grafting from"methods. The living radical polymerization of glycopolymers was important in both grafting methods. The glycopoly‐ mers were immobilized by "grafting to method"via RAFT living radical polymerization. The RAFT polymer terminal was converted to thiol, which modified gold nanoparticle with Au-S bondo formation. The modified gold nanoparticle had both properties of nanoparticles and glycopolymers. The color of the modified gold nanoparticle was basically pink, and the color showed red-shift by addition of the corresponding lectin, and bacterium. The modified gold nanoparticle was applied for the biosensing with lateral flow assay and electrochemis‐ try as a marker. The glycopolymer grafted porous materials were prepared, and the porous materials were selectively filtered the saccharide recognition protein. The glycopolymermodified materials showed the specific binding properties to the corresponding lectin based on the molecular recognition ability and the bio-inert surface property.

The glycopolymer substrates with glycol-dendrimers were also investigated. The glycoldendrimers were applied to quantitatively measure the saccharide-protein and the multiva‐ lent interaction. These interfaces were useful to measure the detailed interaction and mechanism with pathogens or signal proteins.
