**Acknowledgement**

Our thanks go to Drs Wataru Kakino and Shin-ichi Matsuzawa, Mr. Masumi Matsuzaki and Ms. Zhenli Gao for their aggressive supports in the research field and Mses. Chikusa Suzuki, Ponthip Goto and Kyoko Yamanoi for their assistance in DNA chemical analyses, including valuable discussions with Dr. Hiroshi Aiki. The first author would like to kindly appreciate Dr. Gandhi Rádis Baptista for his invitation to this book and Mses. Adriana Pecar, Ivana Zec and Masa Vidovic and Mr. Dejan Grgur for their thoughtful helps in the publishing process

for this manuscript. This study was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Re‐ search (C-18580250, C-20580270, C-23580340, B-18380139 and B-22380133) from the Japan So‐ ciety for the Promotion of Science.

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