**Author details**

José Cantillo and Leonardo Puerta\*

\*Address all correspondence to: lpuertall@yahoo.com

Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Colombia

### **References**

[1] Thomas WR, Stewart GA, Simpson RJ, Chua KY, Plozza TM, Dilworth RJ, et al. Clon‐ ing and expression of DNA coding for the major house dust mite allergen Der p 1 in Escherichia coli. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1988;85(1):127-9.

[2] Chua KY, Stewart GA, Thomas WR, Simpson RJ, Dilworth RJ, Plozza TM, et al. Se‐ quence analysis of cDNA coding for a major house dust mite allergen, Der p 1. Ho‐ mology with cysteine proteases. J Exp Med 1988 Jan 1;167(1):175-82.

Component based diagnosis and immunotherapy is now possible by the availability of several recombinant allergens, which represents the best approach to achieve the most efficacious diagnosis and treatment of allergies, based on the sensitization profile and of each patient. Vaccines for allergic diseases based on recombinant allergens or modification of these, that could modulate the immune response against natural allergens toward a protective response, have been proposed. Hypoallergenic molecules obtained by molecular cloning, in different versions like hybrid molecules, oligomers, mosaic proteins or variants obtained by sitedirected mutagenesis have been developed and studied by in vitro test, animal model and clinical trial in humans, indicating potential beneficial use in the near future. Recombinant allergens coupled to carriers for directing the molecule to specific cells or intracellular compartments, preventing unwanted side effects and increasing the specificity of the immune

An Integrated View of the Molecular Recognition and Toxinology - From Analytical Procedures to Biomedical

The promising results showed by *in vitro* and animal models studies have encouraged the design of clinical phase trials where recombinant allergens have demonstrated their good potential to provide a more efficacious and safe diagnosis and allergen-specific immunother‐ apy. In the last years, the number of clinical phase trials designed and registered in the National Institutes of Health Clinical trial database is increasing. This tendency suggests that in few years several vaccines based on recombinant allergens could be commercially available in

Supported by the Colciencias and University of Cartagena, Colombia. Grant No. 385-2009.

[1] Thomas WR, Stewart GA, Simpson RJ, Chua KY, Plozza TM, Dilworth RJ, et al. Clon‐ ing and expression of DNA coding for the major house dust mite allergen Der p 1 in

response have been explored.

Applications

308

**Acknowledgements**

**Author details**

**References**

José Cantillo and Leonardo Puerta\*

\*Address all correspondence to: lpuertall@yahoo.com

Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Colombia

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**Chapter 13**

**Current Advances in Seaweed Transformation**

Frederick Griffith reported the discovery of transformation in 1928 [1]. Since a harmless strain of *Streptococcus pneumoniae* was altered to a virulent one by exposure to heat-killed virulent strains in mice, Griffice hypothesized that there was a transforming principle in the heat-killed strain. It took sixteen years to indentify the nature of the transforming principle as a DNA fragment released from virulent strains and integrated into the genome of a harmless strain [2]. Such an uptake and incorporation of DNA by bacteria was named transformation. Remarkably, an epoch-making technology in the form of artificial transformation protocol for the model bacterium *Escherichia coli* was established by Mandel and Higa in 1970 [3], which stimulated the development of artificial genetic transformation systems in yeasts, animals and plants. In plants, genetic transformation is a powerful tool for elucidating the functions and regulatory mechanisms of genes involved in various physiological events, and special attention has been paid to plant improvements affecting food security, human health, the environment and conservation of biodiversity. For instance, researchers have focused on the creation of organisms that efficiently produce biofuels and medically functional materials or

carry stress tolerance in the face of uncertain environmental conditions [4-6].

Although the first success in the creation of transgenic mouse was carried out by injecting the rat growth hormone gene into a mouse embryo in 1982 [7], the protocol for artificial genetic transformation in plants was established earlier than that in animals. Following the discovery of the soil plant pathogen *Agrobacterium tumefaciens*, which is responsible for producing plant tumors, in 1907 [8], it was found that the tumor-inducing agent is the Ti plasmid containing T-DNA, a particular DNA segment containing tumor-producing genes that are transferred into the nuclear genome of infected cells [9]. By replacing tumor-producing genes by a gene of interest within the T-DNA region, infection of *A. tumefaciens* carrying a modified Ti plasmid results in insertion of a DNA fragment containing the desired genes into the genomes of plants by genetic recombination. Since the report of this protocol in the early 1980s [10,11], transfor‐

> © 2013 Mikami; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

© 2013 Mikami; licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Koji Mikami

**1. Introduction**

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52978
