**7. References**


(CYP3A4), with the simultaneous production of aflatoxin Q1. Conversely, low levels of aflatoxin B1 are activated by cytochrome CYP 1A2, with the simultaneous formation of

The problem posed by mycotoxin contamination of foodstuff especially in warm humid tropical environment has call for great interest in research in this area. For a better control and alleviation of mycotoxin problems in food it is important that importing nation adapts policies that ensures that the permitted levels of mycotoxin is maintained to an acceptable level of consumer protection. Efforts are in progress to implement these techniques in areas of high aflatoxin contamination in the hope of reducing the incidence of liver cancer. Developing nation needs to work on prevention strategies from mycotoxin through a partnership scheme. This can be achieved through a better knowledge of the role of mycotoxins in the epidemiology of human disease; a better understanding of the metabolism and toxicity of mycotoxins in animals and humans. There is also the need to understand the aetiology of mould and mycotoxin production in the field and the development of detoxification procedures which afford a safe product. In order to foster and intensify research in mycotoxin there is the need for continuous studies in developing a rapid simple, cost effective mycotoxin analysis method which can be used in sub-saharan and developing countries. There is also the need to put in place simple in vitro test for both acute and chronic toxicity and biomarkers for the detection of the exposure of individuals to

Continuous analyses of the combined epidemiological data from such studies indicate that high-level intake of aflatoxin in combination with such other diseases as hepatitis is associated with an increased rate of liver cancer. Despite these uncertainties about the role of aflatoxins in human cancer, efforts to minimize human exposures continue. There are well-established methods for harvesting, drying, and storing crops that are effective in the

We wish to acknowledge travel grant support from the Athlone Institute of Technology, Republic of Ireland, technical and financial research grant from the Ministry of Higher Education of Cameroon. The CABI-United Kingdom is also acknowledged for literature

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**5. Conclusion** 

mycotoxins and for the detection of immunotoxicity.

control of fungal contamination and aflatoxin production.

*Royal Society of Chemistry*,UK, pp, 566.

**6. Acknowledgement** 

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**8** 

*Belgium* 

**Non-Invasive Methods for Monitoring Individual Bioresponses in Relation to Health Management** 

New technology offers more and more possibilities to measure variables on the human body and mind in a non-invasive way as a basis for health management. By using miniaturized sensors (implanted, injected, wearing on or attached to the body), several variables can be measured such as heart rate, skin temperature, movements etc. Several sensing techniques (image analyses, sound analyses,…) allow to measure other variables (such as posture, movements, facial expression,…) and sound production. Also at the other end of the scale, new technologies (e.g. remote sensing technology) in combination with smart algorithms

By applying this technology several easy measurable variables can be monitored continuously in a fully automated way. Data are transferred in a wireless way and more sophisticated algorithms can be applied to calculate several parameters from these data. In this way parameters of physical condition or components of mental status can be

An important element is that these measurements can now be done in a continuous way for the different individuals and that the algorithms can be adapted for individuals. This is a big difference with what has happened so far in most of the medical applications where mainly population models are used in the scientific literature and in the treatments. By applying individual algorithms in a continuous way it becomes possible to monitor living organisms as complex, individually different and time varying

Next, examples are given where this technique has been used in a number of different

This section presents a number of applications of non-invasive monitoring methods for

**2.1 Monitoring health status of patients in the intensive care unit on the basis of real-**

In cardiac surgery it would be very helpful to have a system that provides an early alert if there is a high probability that a patient will be disconnected from ventilation during the

**time measured physiological variables and advanced modelling technology** 

**1. Introduction** 

monitored.

dynamic systems.

**2. Applications** 

applications.

individuals.

offer possibilities for monitoring human health.

Vasileios Exadaktylos, Daniel Berckmans and Jean-Marie Aerts

*Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee* 

*Measure, Model and Manage Bioresponses (M3-BIORES),* 

