**3.1. Zeynel Bey tomb in Hasankeyf ancient city**

Our new 3D visualization was applied to archaeological remains both inside and outside the Zeynel Bey tomb in the ancient Turkish city of Hasankeyf. This site is among the last remaining locations of the Silk Road in Anatolia, spreading towards the East, and is located in Batman province, southeastern Turkey (Figure 15). A similar type of visualization for archaeological remains was introduced by previous studies [26, 33].

The precise foundation date of Hasankeyf is not known. The geopolitical situation in Hasan‐ keyf strengthens the possibility of its being a very ancient settlement area. Hasankeyf is identified with the tomb built by Uzun Hasan for his son Zeynel Bey, who died in the war of Otlukbeli (1473) by the Tigris [34]. The Zeynel Bey tomb, the first example of the Anatolian mausoleum tradition (Figure 16), is on the north bank of the Tigris, across from the city.

The tomb is a cylinder of diagonal patterns made using brick and tile, with a pointed arch portal doorway on the north and a window in the south wall (Figure 16). Above the main shaft is a slightly smaller diameter shaft, which has small windows in each of the cardinal directions and carries a hemispherical dome (Figures 16 and 17) [34-37]. Inside, the plan is octagonal, with muqarnas niches supporting the transition to the round base of the dome. Each of the eight walls has a rectangular arched niche, and the burial chamber is recessed into the floor (Figure 17) [36].

**Figure 15.** Geographical map of the Zeynel Bey tomb in Hasankeyf ancient city, Turkey.

**Figure 14. (a)** One of the 24 lions on the Lion Road, **(b)** data acquired from three parallel profiles from the back to the

124 Imaging and Radioanalytical Techniques in Interdisciplinary Research - Fundamentals and Cutting Edge Applications

head of the lion, **(c)** the results of the transparent half bird's-eye view of the three different lions.

Hasankeyf and many other Tigris Valley settlements that have previously directed world history will be submerged when the proposed Ilisu Dam is completed. Despite proposals to move the monuments, many historic sites and artifacts will be lost when the reservoir is filled. Efforts to relocate and preserve culturally significant sites are currently led by Prof. Dr.

Transparent 2d/3d Half Bird's-Eye View of Ground Penetrating Radar Data Set in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54998

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In this section, we present only two parts of the huge study area, including the tomb of Zeynel Bey and the Ottoman bath, an area of approximately 150×200m. The first part was inside of the tomb. The Zeynel Bey tomb is 4m along the east–west orientation and 3.5 m along the south–west (Figure 17). A RAMAC CUII GPR system was used with a bi-static 500-MHz center band shielded antenna to acquire the profile data. Within the tomb, 9 parallel profiles spaced 0.5m apart were directed from east to west, and 8 profiles were directed from north to south, making a total of 17 profiles (Figure 17c). The second part of the survey was conducted on the northeast side of the tomb, and 19 profiles were directed from south to north on the east side (Figure 18). Parallel profiles were spaced 1m apart, and each profile had a trace spacing of 5cm

**3.3. Data processing and a new amplitude-balancing approximation for transparent 3D half**

The GPR data, gathered within and on the northeast side of the tomb, were processed using REFLEXW software. After sequencing the profiles as discussed at the Anitkabir site, the starttime correction was applied. De-wow and background removals were applied. The secondorder band-pass Butterworth filter was then applied to the whole data set, to eliminate unwanted frequency noise. A simple linear gain function was applied as discussed in section 2.3. Velocity analysis indicated that the average velocity of electromagnetic wave propagation

was 0.11m/ns. Finally, Kirchhoff migration was applied to the data.

**Figure 18. (a)** GPR data measurement on the northeast side of the Zeynel Bey tomb.

Abdüsselam Uluçam, the rector of Batman University [37].

**3.2. GPR data measurements at the Zeynel Bey tomb**

and a 70ns time-window per trace.

**bird's-eye view of the GPR data set**

**Figure 16.** Appearance of the Zeynel Bey Tomb, the first example of Anatolian mausoleum tradition, with some archi‐ tectural details.

**Figure 17. (a)** GPR data measurements inside the Zeynel Bey Tomb, **(b)** Interior plan of Zeynel Bey Tomb: octagonal, with muqarnas niches supporting the transition to the round base of the dome, **(c)** The data measurement plan inside the tomb.

Hasankeyf and many other Tigris Valley settlements that have previously directed world history will be submerged when the proposed Ilisu Dam is completed. Despite proposals to move the monuments, many historic sites and artifacts will be lost when the reservoir is filled. Efforts to relocate and preserve culturally significant sites are currently led by Prof. Dr. Abdüsselam Uluçam, the rector of Batman University [37].
