**Nomenclature (list of symbol)**

The MRI scan is the method of choice for the evaluation of tumors. The sequence systematic practice, mainly of spin echo sequences in different space planes (particularly in axial and sagittal planes), and the intravenous injection of GDL allows a perfect assessment of the

50 Imaging and Radioanalytical Techniques in Interdisciplinary Research - Fundamentals and Cutting Edge Applications

The quality of MR images depends on multiple factors that can significantly alter the outcome of the tests and therefore, the diagnosis of lesions. The so-called artifacts can determine impairment in the image formation and may be inherent to the method (apparatus, pulse sequence) and those related to the patient (involuntary physiologic recurrent movements and involuntary non recurrent movements). The physiological recurrent movements are related to breathing and heartbeat, while involuntary non periodic can be determined by swallowing or spontaneous movements of patients. The artifacts generally can alter the quality of the image during its acquisition. Therefore, in some cases, they interfere with the interpretation of the

tumours [21,27,30].

diagnosis [21,31].

women [32,33].

**10. Conclusions**

**9. MRI scanning: Risks and contraindications**

accident or scheduling of an unnecessary exam.

or its deterioration by the "coil" effect [21,32,33].

Up to 2.5 Tesla, the magnetic field does not trigger any biological or genetic risk.

The risks and contraindications for MRI are very rare, but they should be known to avoid an

Risk factors are associated to a magnetic field that can produce heat, suffocation in case of discharge of a supra-conductor magnet with brutal gasification of the fluids that cools the magnet, patients' local burns caused exceptionally by the twisting of the antenna surface wire

The exam is contraindicated for patients with cardiac pacemakers that can be affected tempo‐ rarily or permanently with risk of heart failure or rhythm disturbances; these risks exist regardless of the intensity of the magnetic field, metal and ferromagnetic bodies, and pregnant

Studies in MRI to diagnose soft-tissue injuries, mainly of the skeletal muscle and central nervous system, indicated that the most-used pulse sequence is the spin echo. Through this sequence it is possible to obtain images in axial, frontal, and sagittal planes. According to these studies, the images obtained in the axial plane are those that show the lesions in detail.

**8. MRI and artifacts**

The nomenclature represents the protocols used to acquire the images of tissues in MR spin echo sequence of skeletal muscle and central nervous system.

**AX LOC.** Axial section plane locate

**COR LOC.** Coronal section plane locate

**COR T1.** Coronal section plane tissue relaxation time T1

**AX T2.** Axial section plane tissue relaxation time T2

**AX T1.** Axial section plane tissue relaxation time TI pre-contrast

**AX T1 GDL.** Axial section plane tissue relaxation time T1 pos-contrast

**GDL.** Contrast agent paramagnetic metal (gadolinium)

**SE.** Spin Echo sequence

**IR.** Inversion-recovery sequence

**FOV.** Field of view determine the size of the anatomy covered during the selection of the tissue section

**TR.** Repetition time

**TE.** Echo time

**TE(2º).** Two sequences in echo time

**Tl.** Inversion time

**Interval.** Interval between slices to image quality

**Number of sections.** Number of slices to image quality

**Thickness.** Thikness of slices image quality

**NAQ.** number of acquisitions represents the number of times that data are acquired within/ into the same pulse sequence

[8] Purcell EM, Torrey HC, Pound RV. Resonance absorption by nuclear magnetic mo‐

Spin Echo Magnetic Resonance Imaging http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53693 53

[9] Bernstein MA, King KE, Xiaohong JZ. Handbook of MRI pulse sequences. London:

[11] Mansfield P. Multi-planar imaging formation using NMR spin echoes. Journal of

[13] Werhli F. Fast scan magnetic resonance – principles and applications. New York:

[14] Claasen-Vujcic T, Borsboom HM, Gaykema HJ, Mehlkopf T. Transverse low-field RF

[15] Henning J, Nauerth A, Friedburg H. RARE imaging: a fast imaging method for clini‐

[16] Fonseca, MG. Lesion tissues in patients snake bite of genus *Bothrops* and *Crotalus*: Clinical, laboratory study and evaluation by Magnetic Resonance Imaging, PhD the‐

[17] Bloem JL, Reiser MF, Vanel D. Magnetic resonance contrast agents in the evaluation of the muscle-skeletal system. Magnetic Resonance Quarterly 1990; 6(2) 136-163.

[18] Mathur-De Vré R, Lemort M. Invited review: biophysical properties and clinical ap‐ plications of magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. British Journal of Radiolo‐

[19] Amaro Jr E, Barker GJ. Study design in MRI: basic principles. Brain and Cogn

[20] Kwong KK, Belliveau JW, Chesler DA, Goldberg IE, Weisskoff RM, Poncelet BP. Dy‐ namic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 1992;89(12)5

[21] Doyon D, Cabanis EA, Iba-Zizen MT, Laval-Jeantet M, Frija J, Pariente D, Idy-Peretti

[22] Fonseca MG, Mathias MRC, Yamashita S, Morceli J, Barraviera B. Local edema and hemorrhage caused by *Crotalus durissus terrificus* envenoming evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins 2002;8 49- 59.

[23] Fonseca MG, Mathias MRC, Yamashita S, Morceli J, Barraviera B. Tissue damage caused by *Bothrops* sp envenoming evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

I. IRM Imagerie par résonance magnétique. Masson; 1997.

Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins 2002;8 102–111.

[12] Westbrook C. Handbook of MRI Technique. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 1994.

coils in MRI. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 1996;36(1) 111-116

cal MR. Magnetic Resonance Medicine 1986;3(6) 823-833.

sis. School of Medicine UNESP Botucatu Brazil; 2000.

ments in a solid. Physical Review 1946;69 37-38.

[10] Hahn EL. Spin echoes. Physical Review 1950;80(4) 580-594.

Elsevier; 2004.

Physics 1977;10 155-158.

gy 1995; 68(807) 225-247.

2006;60(3) 220-232.

675-679.

Raven Press; 1991.

**Matrix.** Codification frequency and phase codification along the longest and short axis of the anatomy

**F1.** Increment to image quality
