**3. The actual design process**

In this research, the authors referred to suggestions on instructional message design and produced two sets of product instructions: printed instructions and multimedia instructions. They both used exactly the same contents, text and illustrations. The shared information was vital to ensure equality comparison of the effectiveness between both sets of instructions. To guarantee its quality, the product was examined first, then the user profile was reviewed and tasks were analysed. Contents were then decided and written according to the recommended communication rules, followed by the design of visuals and the production of instructions. This research focused on the instructions which accompany the product, therefore instructions on packaging and the product itself were not studied.

The chosen product was designed for photography practitioners, including both experts and novices. Photography experts might have more chances to expose themselves to similar products before but it was a simple product therefore separate instructions for experienced and new users were not necessary. The redesigned instructions should require the minimum knowledge from users and be able to be used by people from all experience levels. It was important that users should be physically capable of carrying out the required actions because

The Design of Product Instructions http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54011 103

the product needed installation and adjustments for use (Table 1):

**Table 1.** User profile of photo table ST-0613T.

**Figure 2.** Labels were added onto product parts.

**Figure 3.** Examine the installing and operating procedures.

#### **3.1. Examination of the product**

In the examination, all parts of the product were inspected and measured (Figure 1). Although this research focused on the instructions which accompany the product, labels had to be added in term of using the accompanying guides properly (Figure 2). Further, experiments on using the product, for example installing and operating were performed (Figure 3). The process was observed and recorded by a camera.

#### **3.2. User profile**

After the examination of the product, its user profile was created. This process ensured that all instructions would satisfy the product's appropriate user groups and meet their special requirements if there were any.

**Figure 2.** Labels were added onto product parts.

**3. The actual design process**

**Figure 1.** Examination of the product

102 Advances in Industrial Design Engineering

**3.1. Examination of the product**

observed and recorded by a camera.

requirements if there were any.

**3.2. User profile**

on packaging and the product itself were not studied.

In this research, the authors referred to suggestions on instructional message design and produced two sets of product instructions: printed instructions and multimedia instructions. They both used exactly the same contents, text and illustrations. The shared information was vital to ensure equality comparison of the effectiveness between both sets of instructions. To guarantee its quality, the product was examined first, then the user profile was reviewed and tasks were analysed. Contents were then decided and written according to the recommended communication rules, followed by the design of visuals and the production of instructions. This research focused on the instructions which accompany the product, therefore instructions

In the examination, all parts of the product were inspected and measured (Figure 1). Although this research focused on the instructions which accompany the product, labels had to be added in term of using the accompanying guides properly (Figure 2). Further, experiments on using the product, for example installing and operating were performed (Figure 3). The process was

After the examination of the product, its user profile was created. This process ensured that all instructions would satisfy the product's appropriate user groups and meet their special

**Figure 3.** Examine the installing and operating procedures.

The chosen product was designed for photography practitioners, including both experts and novices. Photography experts might have more chances to expose themselves to similar products before but it was a simple product therefore separate instructions for experienced and new users were not necessary. The redesigned instructions should require the minimum knowledge from users and be able to be used by people from all experience levels. It was important that users should be physically capable of carrying out the required actions because the product needed installation and adjustments for use (Table 1):


**Table 1.** User profile of photo table ST-0613T.

#### **3.3. Possible tasks**

Users mainly need instructions either for learning to use a product, for troubleshooting or for both. In this experiment, the main purpose of the instructions should be providing sufficient information so that users could set the photo table up to use safely. The possible tasks, sub tasks, actions and their ideal solutions, acceptable/ alternative solutions even possible errors were listed and analysed (Table 2). This detailed task analysis was a foundation for planning the contents of instructions.


**Table 3.** Contents of the revised product instruction.

Connect 2 "A" and 2 "B" onto "C" tubes as per photo.

making illustrations, especially in assembly instructions.

**Table 4.** An example of rewritten instructions.

Then, put on the 2 "D" onto it.

**3.6. Designing the visuals**

**3.5. Planning the communication of written instructions**

nication styles were consistent in all parts of the product information.

To communicate successfully, the product instructions were written in a clear style and active voice. The instructions were in short sentences; each sentence gave one command and the commands were direct (Table 4). The written instructions followed the communication process and offered users a continuously improved understanding. Terms, information and commu‐

**Before revision After revision**

The main challenge for the visual design in this research was to be clear and make sense. Luckily many studies recommended visual principles for making images for instructional use. For example, Szlichcinski (1984) found factors that affect the comprehension of pictographic instructions. Heiser et al. (2003) recommended some cognitive design principles for visuali‐ zations. Also, a research focused on effective step-by-step assembly instructions was carried out (Agrawala et al., 2003). Schumacher (2007) reviewed other studies and did more up to date research on pictorial assembly instructions. Together, these studies made clear suggestion for

Use "C" to connect "A"x2 and "Bx2";

Use one "D" to connect A(L)and A(R), another "D" to

The Design of Product Instructions http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54011 105

Tighten the knobs.

connect B and "B".

**Table 2.** Examples of possible tasks for using the photo table ST-0613T and the required actions.

#### **3.4. Planning contents**

Having the users' needs in mind, the contents of the instructions were then redesigned. Compliance checklists from the standards ISO/IEC GUIDE 37(1995) and the BS EN 62079:2001/ IEC 62079 (2001) were used as references. The contents applicable for the chosen contents were organised to cover five key elements: product identification, product specification, preparing the product, operating instructions and health and safety information (Table 3). This particular product is very simple and does not require trouble-shooting instructions.


**Table 3.** Contents of the revised product instruction.

**3.3. Possible tasks**

the contents of instructions.

104 Advances in Industrial Design Engineering

**3.4. Planning contents**

Users mainly need instructions either for learning to use a product, for troubleshooting or for both. In this experiment, the main purpose of the instructions should be providing sufficient information so that users could set the photo table up to use safely. The possible tasks, sub tasks, actions and their ideal solutions, acceptable/ alternative solutions even possible errors were listed and analysed (Table 2). This detailed task analysis was a foundation for planning

**Table 2.** Examples of possible tasks for using the photo table ST-0613T and the required actions.

product is very simple and does not require trouble-shooting instructions.

Having the users' needs in mind, the contents of the instructions were then redesigned. Compliance checklists from the standards ISO/IEC GUIDE 37(1995) and the BS EN 62079:2001/ IEC 62079 (2001) were used as references. The contents applicable for the chosen contents were organised to cover five key elements: product identification, product specification, preparing the product, operating instructions and health and safety information (Table 3). This particular

#### **3.5. Planning the communication of written instructions**

To communicate successfully, the product instructions were written in a clear style and active voice. The instructions were in short sentences; each sentence gave one command and the commands were direct (Table 4). The written instructions followed the communication process and offered users a continuously improved understanding. Terms, information and commu‐ nication styles were consistent in all parts of the product information.


**Table 4.** An example of rewritten instructions.

#### **3.6. Designing the visuals**

The main challenge for the visual design in this research was to be clear and make sense. Luckily many studies recommended visual principles for making images for instructional use. For example, Szlichcinski (1984) found factors that affect the comprehension of pictographic instructions. Heiser et al. (2003) recommended some cognitive design principles for visuali‐ zations. Also, a research focused on effective step-by-step assembly instructions was carried out (Agrawala et al., 2003). Schumacher (2007) reviewed other studies and did more up to date research on pictorial assembly instructions. Together, these studies made clear suggestion for making illustrations, especially in assembly instructions.

The authors used these findings, created a huge amount of illustrations to describe the product, demonstrate the product parts and help to explain the assembling and operating process. To ensure the accuracy of details in illustrations, 3D models of the product were created in Autodesk Maya using the exact proportions (Figure 4).

**Figure 4.** models reflected the real product.

All models were kept simple and basic. The details of product parts were controlled to the minimum level for easy recognition and 3D models were then rendered as vector images (Figure 5).

**Figure 5.** Rendered image examples of the product.

#### **3.7. Colours and text size**

The majority of information was designed in greyscale. An orange colour was used to highlight numbers and some icons (Figure 6). All information was guaranteed to be recognisable when printed out in black and white. Text was designed in black on a white ground to ensure a high colour contrast on both print and digital media. Font sizes varied between titles and body text and they were clearly legible.

**Figure 6.** Colours used in prototypes.

The Design of Product Instructions http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54011

**Figure 6.** Colours used in prototypes.

The authors used these findings, created a huge amount of illustrations to describe the product, demonstrate the product parts and help to explain the assembling and operating process. To ensure the accuracy of details in illustrations, 3D models of the product were created in

All models were kept simple and basic. The details of product parts were controlled to the minimum level for easy recognition and 3D models were then rendered as vector images

The majority of information was designed in greyscale. An orange colour was used to highlight numbers and some icons (Figure 6). All information was guaranteed to be recognisable when printed out in black and white. Text was designed in black on a white ground to ensure a high colour contrast on both print and digital media. Font sizes varied between titles and body text

Autodesk Maya using the exact proportions (Figure 4).

**Figure 4.** models reflected the real product.

106 Advances in Industrial Design Engineering

**Figure 5.** Rendered image examples of the product.

**3.7. Colours and text size**

and they were clearly legible.

(Figure 5).

#### **3.8. Numbering and highlights**

The parts, tasks and steps were organised by numbers and their appearances were designed to be coherent. All essential information was either enlarged or emphasized by colours. For ex‐ ample, the warning message was highlighted with a yellow colour to raise attention (Figure 7).

**Figure 7.** An example of highlighted warning message.

#### **3.9. Producing the printed and multimedia instructions**

The printed instructions followed the tradition of using text and images to make sense. It was printed on double sides of durable paper and the layout was carefully planned to ensure readability.

to "think aloud", speak out her/his thoughts. The participants' actions and voice was observed and recorded for analysis. The results were evaluated by dialogue analysis and error obser‐

The Design of Product Instructions http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54011 109

**Table 6.** Examples from the evaluative checklist for the re-designed printed instructions.

The categories for the dialogue contents included confusion, statement of problems, decision made, solution found, statements of intention, considering, statements of feeling, comments on the product and activities like reading instructions and actions. They were marked using different colour codes (Table 6). Physical activities like reading instructions and doing things were marked by blue colours in different tones. Negative thinking processes that involved difficulties and problems were represented by warm oranges. Positive judgments towards some decisions and solutions were drawn in greens and pinks were used for the others.

vations.

**3.12. Dialogue analysis**

**Table 7.** Categories for the recorded dialogue contents.

Interactive multimedia production instructions were created based on the same contents as that used in the printed instructions. Instead of a linear presentation, information was delivered by re-structured contents. They were re-categorised and designed to be interactive so that users should be able to search and locate information easily. Main visual elements, for example, the written instructions and illustrations remained the same as they were in the printed instructions. Other media like sound and animations also have been integrated together with images and text to provide more effective guidance for users.

#### **3.10. Evaluation based on standards**

For the evaluation, the assessment guide provided by international standard, ISO/IEC GUIDE 37 (1995) was referred to (Table 6). Both printed and multimedia instructions satisfied all required and applicable requirements. For the multimedia instructions, the evaluation criteria on their interactivity, user experience etc. are not given in the standard.


**Table 5.** Add Caption.

#### **3.11. Diagnostic testing**

The product instructions were tested to identify any problem in use. Participants were asked to use given instructions to perform a set of tasks. During the test, the participant was required


**Table 6.** Examples from the evaluative checklist for the re-designed printed instructions.

to "think aloud", speak out her/his thoughts. The participants' actions and voice was observed and recorded for analysis. The results were evaluated by dialogue analysis and error obser‐ vations.

#### **3.12. Dialogue analysis**

**3.8. Numbering and highlights**

108 Advances in Industrial Design Engineering

**Figure 7.** An example of highlighted warning message.

**3.10. Evaluation based on standards**

readability.

**Table 5.** Add Caption.

**3.11. Diagnostic testing**

**3.9. Producing the printed and multimedia instructions**

The parts, tasks and steps were organised by numbers and their appearances were designed to be coherent. All essential information was either enlarged or emphasized by colours. For ex‐ ample, the warning message was highlighted with a yellow colour to raise attention (Figure 7).

The printed instructions followed the tradition of using text and images to make sense. It was printed on double sides of durable paper and the layout was carefully planned to ensure

Interactive multimedia production instructions were created based on the same contents as that used in the printed instructions. Instead of a linear presentation, information was delivered by re-structured contents. They were re-categorised and designed to be interactive so that users should be able to search and locate information easily. Main visual elements, for example, the written instructions and illustrations remained the same as they were in the printed instructions. Other media like sound and animations also have been integrated

For the evaluation, the assessment guide provided by international standard, ISO/IEC GUIDE 37 (1995) was referred to (Table 6). Both printed and multimedia instructions satisfied all required and applicable requirements. For the multimedia instructions, the evaluation criteria

**Very good Good Average, just acceptable Poor Very poor Not applicable/not necessary**

The product instructions were tested to identify any problem in use. Participants were asked to use given instructions to perform a set of tasks. During the test, the participant was required

together with images and text to provide more effective guidance for users.

on their interactivity, user experience etc. are not given in the standard.

++ + # - -- 0

The categories for the dialogue contents included confusion, statement of problems, decision made, solution found, statements of intention, considering, statements of feeling, comments on the product and activities like reading instructions and actions. They were marked using different colour codes (Table 6). Physical activities like reading instructions and doing things were marked by blue colours in different tones. Negative thinking processes that involved difficulties and problems were represented by warm oranges. Positive judgments towards some decisions and solutions were drawn in greens and pinks were used for the others.


Timing for each activity category was recorded and wrote down and it was discovered that overall the tasks were performed well with both instructions. Participants were spending most of the time on physical actions; a reasonable amount of time was used for considering and making decisions. The users also had some problems and expressed confusions (Figure 8).

The negative expressions from the participant like the confusions and problems were listed and analysed (Table 9). These subjective expressions from the participants explained what problems they had been feeling. By inspecting the instructions, some of the problems(Task 2 and 3.1.3) were discovered to be misunderstandings and some of the real problems in Task

The Design of Product Instructions http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54011 111

The dialogue analysis showed that participants were confused at some stages, for example when trying to complete Task 3.2.2 and Task 3.3.2, problems and confusions were pointed out. To study real problems of the product instruction more objectively, the user test results were analysed again by reviewing the video, checking times for each task and observing errors

Through the observations, one error was found while the participant was carrying out Task 3.2.2 using the multimedia instructions, when an "F" bracket was fixed onto the opposite side at the beginning. The error was identified and corrected by the user himself after checking against the instructions. This showed that the product instructions explained the operation process but they could be clearer and more effective in terms of preventing misuse of the

Sometimes participant pointed out a few problems and the time span for certain tasks was ob‐ servably longer than others. However, no error was discovered in the process of finishing it.

Overall, both the printed and the multimedia product instructions performed well and no major mistake was discovered. Still, improvements were carried out to reduce users' confu‐

Findings from the diagnostic tests suggested some major improvements for the instructions. These changes were applied to both the printed and the multimedia instructions. However, in this experiment, after making changes, the instructions still would not fix all discovered problems. This was because of design deficiencies in the product itself and instructions could not and should not compensate for those product inadequacies. Due to the aim of this investigation being focused on the usability of instructions; the minor confusions caused by

As stated in 1.1, the current research and study on the design of general product instructions is relatively rare. It is to the authors' surprise that no existing clear suggestion on the instruction creation process has been found and the method of instruction creation is also undefined. Moreover, there are no easy guidelines for designers to follow. The standards on user instruc‐

sions therefore shorten the time for some tasks, for example task 3.2.2 and task 3.2.2.

3.2.2 were solved.

**3.13. Error observations**

during the test (Table 9).

**3.14. Refine instructions**

**4. Conclusion**

the design deficiencies were ignored.

product.

**Figure 8.** An example of different activities in all tasks presented by colours.

The majority of time had been spent on task 3, assembling the product and this was also the stage where most problems occurred. For example, the time spans for task 3.2.1, task 3.2.2 and task 3.3.2 were much longer than the others and there were negative responses involved in these steps. To clarify details of where the problems were, coloured square icons were used in the following table (Table 8) to indicate confusions and stated problems:


**Table 8.** An example of the distribution of confusion and stated problems

The negative expressions from the participant like the confusions and problems were listed and analysed (Table 9). These subjective expressions from the participants explained what problems they had been feeling. By inspecting the instructions, some of the problems(Task 2 and 3.1.3) were discovered to be misunderstandings and some of the real problems in Task 3.2.2 were solved.

#### **3.13. Error observations**

Timing for each activity category was recorded and wrote down and it was discovered that overall the tasks were performed well with both instructions. Participants were spending most of the time on physical actions; a reasonable amount of time was used for considering and making decisions. The users also had some problems and expressed confusions (Figure 8).

The majority of time had been spent on task 3, assembling the product and this was also the stage where most problems occurred. For example, the time spans for task 3.2.1, task 3.2.2 and task 3.3.2 were much longer than the others and there were negative responses involved in these steps. To clarify details of where the problems were, coloured square icons were used in

**Figure 8.** An example of different activities in all tasks presented by colours.

110 Advances in Industrial Design Engineering

**Table 8.** An example of the distribution of confusion and stated problems

the following table (Table 8) to indicate confusions and stated problems:

The dialogue analysis showed that participants were confused at some stages, for example when trying to complete Task 3.2.2 and Task 3.3.2, problems and confusions were pointed out. To study real problems of the product instruction more objectively, the user test results were analysed again by reviewing the video, checking times for each task and observing errors during the test (Table 9).

Through the observations, one error was found while the participant was carrying out Task 3.2.2 using the multimedia instructions, when an "F" bracket was fixed onto the opposite side at the beginning. The error was identified and corrected by the user himself after checking against the instructions. This showed that the product instructions explained the operation process but they could be clearer and more effective in terms of preventing misuse of the product.

Sometimes participant pointed out a few problems and the time span for certain tasks was ob‐ servably longer than others. However, no error was discovered in the process of finishing it.

Overall, both the printed and the multimedia product instructions performed well and no major mistake was discovered. Still, improvements were carried out to reduce users' confu‐ sions therefore shorten the time for some tasks, for example task 3.2.2 and task 3.2.2.

#### **3.14. Refine instructions**

Findings from the diagnostic tests suggested some major improvements for the instructions. These changes were applied to both the printed and the multimedia instructions. However, in this experiment, after making changes, the instructions still would not fix all discovered problems. This was because of design deficiencies in the product itself and instructions could not and should not compensate for those product inadequacies. Due to the aim of this investigation being focused on the usability of instructions; the minor confusions caused by the design deficiencies were ignored.
