**3. Examples of application of the bi-directonal method of bionic design**

In order to enhance and complement the method developed, its practical application is es‐ sential. In this regard two design projects were developed that follow the method of bionic design created and presented in this chapter. This was intended not only to validate and prove its practical applicability, but also as a way to complement and in order to enhance the dissemination of the method. The deployment of the method used to guide the develop‐ ment of these projects is summarily shown in the following subsections, excluding steps C2 to C3. Step C1 concerns the validation stage of the method, and its content has previously been shown by Versos and Coelho (2011-a). The first design case concerns the process of de‐ sign of a CD tower rack developed by the first author and following the proposed method (following the direction of analysis A—from design problem to bionic solution) with a solu‐ tion inspired on the spider web. The second design example reported on, was developed starting from the elastic structures of Nature arriving at a quad-cycle with frame integrated suspension developed by the first author and following the proposed method (following di‐ rection of analysis B – from the bionic solution to the design problem).

#### **3.1. Bionic tower for storing and holding CDs and DVDs**

To consolidate and justify the method and solutions presented in this work a practical case study following the direction from the problem to the bionic solution was developed as ex‐ ample. The problem that has been proposed was to develop the design of a solution for bi‐ onic shelving for CDs, DVDs and books.

#### *3.1.1. Step A1 – Problem definition*

However, in the validation itinerary, considerations are integrated into the proposed meth‐ od that are aimed at supporting the possibility of evaluating the effectiveness of communi‐ cation achieved by using conventional methods to stimulate creativity. Thus, the developed method is considered applicable, albeit with gaps to be filled in the future, to support the goal of effective communication. However, for most situations, the method is applicable to support the achievement of the goal, but it cannot be achieved if it is not explicitly consid‐

As a summary, Table 4 compares the applicability of the method developed in its two orien‐

**Table 4.** Comparative analysis of the applicability of the bionic design method developed in its two orientations of analysis, given the five goals selected and considered representative of those applicable to design problems.

The development of a new methodology sought to meet the issues identified during previ‐ ous study of existing methods. Steps are proposed so that the design method proposed is intended to address shortcomings in existing methods in the course of the analysis in view of their applicability to support the process to achieve five goals considered representative of the objectives pursued by those who follow a bionic approach to design. As such, we de‐ veloped a descriptive method that, in addition to considering the two directions of analysis to support the validation and fulfilment of the objectives set, provides support for an itera‐ tive approach in conducting the project. It is thus meant to assist in the optimization of the results achieved with the use of a bionic approach. The method uses an approach which combines contributions of previously existing methods, which were valued by the analysis, and support of the goals listed (Versos and Coelho, 2011-a, 2011-b, 2010; Coelho and Versos, 2011, 2010). As can be seen by the comparison presented in Table 4 on the applicability of the support given to achieve the goals chosen by the proposed method (referred to in its two directions of orientation), the method supports the applicability for all combinations of goal and orientation. In addition, the proposed method achieved an increase in applicability in relation to previous methods in order to optimize and to satisfy many requirements in the orientation from the solution to the problem and for effectiveness of organization in the di‐ rection of the design process from the problem to the solution. We also considered other ac‐ tivities not anticipated in the methods reviewed in order to more fully support the objectives

**Innovation of paradigm for performance features**

Applicable Applicable Applicable Applicable Applicable

Applicable Applicable Applicable Applicable Applicable with

**Effectiveness of organization**

**Effective communication**

shortcomings

ered in the briefing that gives rise to the design project.

tations of analysis, given the five key goals considered.

**Satisfaction of multiple requirements**

**Optimization of shape**

**Goals / Direction of**

14 Advances in Industrial Design Engineering

Orientation from the problem to the solution (A)

Orientation from the solution to the problem (B)

**analysis**

In a first step, and taking into account that the orientation of this project is initiated by iden‐ tifying a problem that seeks a solution, key product requirements were established so as to define and specify the problem in question. These requirements stand in addition to the ba‐ sic function of versatile storage of CDs and DVDs in their covers or books (1), in the stability

### against dynamic disturbances (2), and greater gripping of objects stored (3), all this as op‐ posed to the conventional solution. Beyond these requirements other goals were still consid‐ ered, specifically: increased lightness (4) against the conventional solution, ease of use through a good positioning of the spines of the CDs, DVDs and books with a view to reada‐ bility (5) and a positive perception by the user in a pleasant and appealing way (6) allowing an aesthetic interest for the product to development. The last requirement, also related to communication objectives of the subject, relates to the transmission of a message an avantgarde, creative and youthful spirit (7) by the artefact. The final product should target a di‐ verse audience in order to meet the needs and tastes of people of both genders and all ages.

*3.1.2. Step A2 – Reformulation of the problem*

Greater grasping and securing of the

Greater stability in response to dynamic

Reducing the environmental impact of

*3.1.3. Step A3 – Solution selection*

objects stored

disturbances

materials

by Nature.

of lightness.

show great resistance.

*3.1.4. Step A4 – Analysis of the solution*

To facilitate the process of looking into the nature of biological solutions that meet the re‐ quirements of the problem, the next step was to revise the functions present in the project requirements in terms of biology and in general. Thus, a few threads of a functional nature

**Requirements Reformulation of the requirement in terms of functions performed in**

but with great resilience Lightness -Organisms, property or natural materials that are lightweight, without neglecting resistance

**Table 6.** Reformulation of project requirements for CDs and DVDs tower in terms of features and functions performed

Upon revising the requirements for functions and features present in Nature we sought to find, through literature review and field observations, biological solutions that best solve or respond to the topics defined. With respect to solutions that capture or immobilize natural bodies and certain natural systems used in order to protect organisms (for the requirement of greater gripping of objects) the solutions consist of cobwebs and cocoons, respectively. In addition to recognizing a similar approach between the functions held by this biological phenomenon, the cobwebs are also lighter and stronger, also responding to the requirement

For the requirement of stability to a dynamic disturbance, taking into account the natu‐ ral features that allow not suffering falls or impacts and resist efforts, organisms identi‐ fied in Nature seemingly fragile, but with great resilience, were the branches of trees as an inspiring solution. Although often subject to strict conditions as the wind, and appa‐ rently fragile with modest thicknesses but reaching great length, the branches of trees

The construction of the spider web, extremely lightweight and very durable - five times stronger than steel for the same cross section, can stretch more than four times its original



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were obtained that serve as guidance for the following step (Table 6).

**Nature**

Requirements (2), (4) and (5) contribute to the goal of optimizing the shape. Requirements (5), (6) and (7) contribute to the goal of effective communication. With respect to satisfying multiple re‐ quirements, in this project, this goal is achieved by the joint consideration of the objectives (1), (2), (3), (4), (5) and (6). Regarding the goal of the effectiveness of organization, this is contributed to by objective (1). The goal of paradigm innovation of performance features is a goal that does not lend binding itself to targets, and will be affected by the bionic design project results as a whole.

In order to synthesize the requirements and constraints of the problem and help the subse‐ quent evaluation of new solutions, through satisfaction of the criteria and targets establish‐ ed, a Table of requirements and specifications of the problem was drawn up (Table 5).


**Table 5.** List of requirements and goals of the project to achieve the tower of CDs and DVDs, with details of the requirements to respect sustainable. Note that all requirements, including those of sustainable character, contribute to the goal of satisfying multiple requirements.

### *3.1.2. Step A2 – Reformulation of the problem*

against dynamic disturbances (2), and greater gripping of objects stored (3), all this as op‐ posed to the conventional solution. Beyond these requirements other goals were still consid‐ ered, specifically: increased lightness (4) against the conventional solution, ease of use through a good positioning of the spines of the CDs, DVDs and books with a view to reada‐ bility (5) and a positive perception by the user in a pleasant and appealing way (6) allowing an aesthetic interest for the product to development. The last requirement, also related to communication objectives of the subject, relates to the transmission of a message an avantgarde, creative and youthful spirit (7) by the artefact. The final product should target a di‐ verse audience in order to meet the needs and tastes of people of both genders and all ages.

Requirements (2), (4) and (5) contribute to the goal of optimizing the shape. Requirements (5), (6) and (7) contribute to the goal of effective communication. With respect to satisfying multiple re‐ quirements, in this project, this goal is achieved by the joint consideration of the objectives (1), (2), (3), (4), (5) and (6). Regarding the goal of the effectiveness of organization, this is contributed to by objective (1). The goal of paradigm innovation of performance features is a goal that does not lend binding itself to targets, and will be affected by the bionic design project results as a whole.

In order to synthesize the requirements and constraints of the problem and help the subse‐ quent evaluation of new solutions, through satisfaction of the criteria and targets establish‐ ed, a Table of requirements and specifications of the problem was drawn up (Table 5).

(1) Enable storage with versatility of CDs, DVDs in their covers or books - Effectiveness of

(2) Increased stability before a dynamic disturbance when compared to a conventional solution - Shape Optimising (3) Greater grasp of objects stored against a conventional solution - Innovation of paradigm for

(4) Increased lightness when compared to the conventional solution - Shape Optimizing (5) Proper positioning of the spines (CDs, DVDs and books) with a view to good readability - Shape Optimising

(6) pleasant and appealing Form that allows the user to develop an aesthetic interest in the product - Effectiveness of

(7) Convey a message of avant-garde, creative and youthful spirit - Effectiveness of

Ease of maintenance and repair - Effectiveness of

Low weight of the final product's packaging for transportation - Shape Optimising

**Table 5.** List of requirements and goals of the project to achieve the tower of CDs and DVDs, with details of the requirements to respect sustainable. Note that all requirements, including those of sustainable character, contribute

Reducing the environmental impact of materials: - Materials that are recyclable at the end of the

product lifecycle - Biodegradable materials

16 Advances in Industrial Design Engineering

to the goal of satisfying multiple requirements.

**Project Requirements Goal to Achieve**

**Sustainability Requirements Goal to Achieve**

organization

performance features


communication

communication

organization

To facilitate the process of looking into the nature of biological solutions that meet the re‐ quirements of the problem, the next step was to revise the functions present in the project requirements in terms of biology and in general. Thus, a few threads of a functional nature were obtained that serve as guidance for the following step (Table 6).


**Table 6.** Reformulation of project requirements for CDs and DVDs tower in terms of features and functions performed by Nature.

#### *3.1.3. Step A3 – Solution selection*

Upon revising the requirements for functions and features present in Nature we sought to find, through literature review and field observations, biological solutions that best solve or respond to the topics defined. With respect to solutions that capture or immobilize natural bodies and certain natural systems used in order to protect organisms (for the requirement of greater gripping of objects) the solutions consist of cobwebs and cocoons, respectively. In addition to recognizing a similar approach between the functions held by this biological phenomenon, the cobwebs are also lighter and stronger, also responding to the requirement of lightness.

For the requirement of stability to a dynamic disturbance, taking into account the natu‐ ral features that allow not suffering falls or impacts and resist efforts, organisms identi‐ fied in Nature seemingly fragile, but with great resilience, were the branches of trees as an inspiring solution. Although often subject to strict conditions as the wind, and appa‐ rently fragile with modest thicknesses but reaching great length, the branches of trees show great resistance.

#### *3.1.4. Step A4 – Analysis of the solution*

The construction of the spider web, extremely lightweight and very durable - five times stronger than steel for the same cross section, can stretch more than four times its original length - aims to serve as a passive trap to "capture" insects that intersect with it, subsequent‐ ly serving to feed the spider. In addition to this primary function, the cobwebs have also functionality provide support and shelter the eggs of its creator (Yahia, 2001).

The fundamental principles of the extracted biological solution (spider web) are the elastic threads, which when multiplied and combined in a particular organization, allow one to cre‐ ate a means of support and enclosure (principle associated with the function of gripping ob‐ jects) quite sturdy and lightweight (associating the requirement for greater lightness, without loss of strength).

With respect to the second biological solution found, trees, specifically the branches, are of‐ ten subject to adverse weather conditions (such as wind), bearing, despite the apparent thickness and fragility of the great lengths of their structures, high loads. This ability comes from the remarkable elasticity of the fibres in their material, tolerating movement, flexion and extension of the branches. The principle of the solution to be harvested in order to meet the requirement and functions of greater product stability is the availability of components with elastic properties which allow flexibility of the structure in case of disturbances.

**Figure 2.** Sketches for the generation of the tower concept for CDS and DVDs - bionic 2.

**Figure 3.** Guidance System of elastic threads of the towers and working sample and storage.

of the objects to be placed. The end result of this concept can be seen in Figure 4.

The first concept developed (Figure 1) for the bionic tower structure consists of a single com‐ pounding format of the tower and "webs" support system. The elastic threads are laid with pre-tensioning in holes in the structure itself, prepared for easy manual assembly or replace‐ ment of the elastics if required. A second "web" of elastic threads at the rear of tower struc‐ ture was also used in order to ensure the fixing of the objects preventing them from falling. The structure of this solution was purposefully designed with a slope such as the position‐ ing of the elastic threads horizontally and across, so as to facilitate the reading of the spines

organization.

A system for storing CDs and DVDs in their covers structured by elastic threads, was de‐ vised, which, like the capacity of webs of silk, allows grasping objects while based on a new archetype of dematerialized ordinary shelves so as to result in a lighter solution, both visual‐ ly and physically. The system of elastic threads developed visible in Figure 3 was disposed vertically and arranged - for the purpose of guiding the objects in a fixed position to organ‐ ize the storage and readability of the spines - having the task of gripping objects and spatial

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#### *3.1.5. Step C1 – Generation of concepts*

After extraction of the principles of biological solutions identified the following two con‐ cepts and ideas were developed (Figures 1 and 2).

**Figure 1.** Sketches for the generation of the tower concept for CDS and DVDs - bionic 1.

**Figure 2.** Sketches for the generation of the tower concept for CDS and DVDs - bionic 2.

length - aims to serve as a passive trap to "capture" insects that intersect with it, subsequent‐ ly serving to feed the spider. In addition to this primary function, the cobwebs have also

The fundamental principles of the extracted biological solution (spider web) are the elastic threads, which when multiplied and combined in a particular organization, allow one to cre‐ ate a means of support and enclosure (principle associated with the function of gripping ob‐ jects) quite sturdy and lightweight (associating the requirement for greater lightness,

With respect to the second biological solution found, trees, specifically the branches, are of‐ ten subject to adverse weather conditions (such as wind), bearing, despite the apparent thickness and fragility of the great lengths of their structures, high loads. This ability comes from the remarkable elasticity of the fibres in their material, tolerating movement, flexion and extension of the branches. The principle of the solution to be harvested in order to meet the requirement and functions of greater product stability is the availability of components

After extraction of the principles of biological solutions identified the following two con‐

with elastic properties which allow flexibility of the structure in case of disturbances.

functionality provide support and shelter the eggs of its creator (Yahia, 2001).

without loss of strength).

18 Advances in Industrial Design Engineering

*3.1.5. Step C1 – Generation of concepts*

cepts and ideas were developed (Figures 1 and 2).

**Figure 1.** Sketches for the generation of the tower concept for CDS and DVDs - bionic 1.

A system for storing CDs and DVDs in their covers structured by elastic threads, was de‐ vised, which, like the capacity of webs of silk, allows grasping objects while based on a new archetype of dematerialized ordinary shelves so as to result in a lighter solution, both visual‐ ly and physically. The system of elastic threads developed visible in Figure 3 was disposed vertically and arranged - for the purpose of guiding the objects in a fixed position to organ‐ ize the storage and readability of the spines - having the task of gripping objects and spatial organization.

**Figure 3.** Guidance System of elastic threads of the towers and working sample and storage.

The first concept developed (Figure 1) for the bionic tower structure consists of a single com‐ pounding format of the tower and "webs" support system. The elastic threads are laid with pre-tensioning in holes in the structure itself, prepared for easy manual assembly or replace‐ ment of the elastics if required. A second "web" of elastic threads at the rear of tower struc‐ ture was also used in order to ensure the fixing of the objects preventing them from falling. The structure of this solution was purposefully designed with a slope such as the position‐ ing of the elastic threads horizontally and across, so as to facilitate the reading of the spines of the objects to be placed. The end result of this concept can be seen in Figure 4.

that the insertion force for a new object in the tower is reflected in the same inclination tem‐ porarily. The elasticity of this element is given by the properties of the elastomer selected from natural origins (similar to that used in elastic filaments selected for the concept pre‐ sented in the following section). To create additional rigidity a component arranged vertical‐ ly inside this element is incorporated, considering the feasibility of using a bamboo cane segment. This process of selection and sizing, beyond the scope of the work presented here, will bring the possibility of gauging the dimensions of the components of this element and

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Apart from this enhanced property, it is also possible to introduce sand or water inside the tower base, in order to increase the mass of this element, contributing to the enhancement of stability (displacement of the centre of mass of the tower) without compromising the size

and low weight of the tower in transportation or distribution stages of the product.

Figure 6 represents the final look of the bionic tower 2, with different chromatic versions.

Through observations of Nature and literature searches, it is possible to gather information about possible biological solutions useful for application in projects. This is based on the analysis of natural structures secrets for lightness, durability and resistance to various ef‐ forts or conditions and finding ways to link new solutions to existing or novel human needs

In Nature there are numerous structures that grow and develop in order to adapt to the con‐ ditions to which they are subject. In examples present either in flora and fauna, there are small structural solutions which represent much of the secret to optimize resistance. In trees, for example one may find technical solutions to increase the resistance of structures and ef‐

its proportion in future tests, with a full-scale working prototype.

**Figure 6.** Representing the final appearance and colour studies for bionic tower 2.

**3.2. Optimization of structures according to the rules of nature**

to the solutions and rules of Nature.

*3.2.1. Step B1 – Solution identification*

**Figure 4.** Representing the final appearance of bionic tower 1.

Due to the need to use some strength to place the objects in the "warp" system and because of susceptibility to dynamic disturbances in the structure of the tower, there is a need to in‐ crease the stability thereof. From the biological solution already analyzed (flexibility of the branches of trees) we developed the concept for the second tower (Figure 2). This concept, along with a light support structure (frame) of the "web" system, has a separate base con‐ nected to the frame via a third element consisting of a material with elastic properties, to en‐ sure the flexibility of the structure. In case of a disturbance, it will provide greater stability to the tower, which will behave just as a branch of a tree, and (Fig. 5).

**Figure 5.** Demonstration of the functionality of the joint at the base of tower 2, responding to user interaction move‐ ment, increasing the bionic nature of the solution for its dynamism.

For this resilient member, its function is to store strain energy when the user intentional tilts the tower (Fig. 5) so that it may be positioned in slope for the convenience of the user and so that the insertion force for a new object in the tower is reflected in the same inclination tem‐ porarily. The elasticity of this element is given by the properties of the elastomer selected from natural origins (similar to that used in elastic filaments selected for the concept pre‐ sented in the following section). To create additional rigidity a component arranged vertical‐ ly inside this element is incorporated, considering the feasibility of using a bamboo cane segment. This process of selection and sizing, beyond the scope of the work presented here, will bring the possibility of gauging the dimensions of the components of this element and its proportion in future tests, with a full-scale working prototype.

Apart from this enhanced property, it is also possible to introduce sand or water inside the tower base, in order to increase the mass of this element, contributing to the enhancement of stability (displacement of the centre of mass of the tower) without compromising the size and low weight of the tower in transportation or distribution stages of the product.

Figure 6 represents the final look of the bionic tower 2, with different chromatic versions.

**Figure 6.** Representing the final appearance and colour studies for bionic tower 2.

#### **3.2. Optimization of structures according to the rules of nature**

Through observations of Nature and literature searches, it is possible to gather information about possible biological solutions useful for application in projects. This is based on the analysis of natural structures secrets for lightness, durability and resistance to various ef‐ forts or conditions and finding ways to link new solutions to existing or novel human needs to the solutions and rules of Nature.

#### *3.2.1. Step B1 – Solution identification*

**Figure 4.** Representing the final appearance of bionic tower 1.

20 Advances in Industrial Design Engineering

ment, increasing the bionic nature of the solution for its dynamism.

to the tower, which will behave just as a branch of a tree, and (Fig. 5).

Due to the need to use some strength to place the objects in the "warp" system and because of susceptibility to dynamic disturbances in the structure of the tower, there is a need to in‐ crease the stability thereof. From the biological solution already analyzed (flexibility of the branches of trees) we developed the concept for the second tower (Figure 2). This concept, along with a light support structure (frame) of the "web" system, has a separate base con‐ nected to the frame via a third element consisting of a material with elastic properties, to en‐ sure the flexibility of the structure. In case of a disturbance, it will provide greater stability

**Figure 5.** Demonstration of the functionality of the joint at the base of tower 2, responding to user interaction move‐

For this resilient member, its function is to store strain energy when the user intentional tilts the tower (Fig. 5) so that it may be positioned in slope for the convenience of the user and so In Nature there are numerous structures that grow and develop in order to adapt to the con‐ ditions to which they are subject. In examples present either in flora and fauna, there are small structural solutions which represent much of the secret to optimize resistance. In trees, for example one may find technical solutions to increase the resistance of structures and ef‐ forts to prevent fragility. Other structures such as bones or skeletons are also examples of inspiration because they demonstrate being as light as possible and at the same time as strong and resistant as required. in the analysis of the solutions identified, the book "Secret Design Rules of Nature", by Mattheck (2007) was considered as a reference.

of the cross-sectional overall area of a structure and hence to its dimensions and its weight

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Powered vehicles and propulsion for human endeavours necessarily imply a lightweight and practical manner to enable and facilitate human activity. For sites with flat terrain and the difficulty of rapid movement of these vehicles is reduced, justifying the existence of many bicycles, skates, skateboards, scooters and even tricycles, among others. In most rug‐ ged and mountainous terrain rolling on these vehicles is difficult, making it uncomfortable for the user and also causing damage to structures that are not prepared for the conditions. An existing solution, present in mountain bikes, is strengthening and equipping the struc‐ ture with mechanical suspension components that allow control of the oscillations. Such a solution increases the costs of the vehicle and does not solve in a complete manner other as‐

For those who need to perform usual activities in hilly terrain, as evidenced in activities such as monitoring forests, difficulties are felt related to the actual movement or transport of other equipment necessary for the practice of the actual tasks. The bicycle is a vehicle more accessible for these functions but is revealed impractical in most scenarios meandering lack of stability, because of having only two wheels. The lack of comfort in travelling is another

According to the needs and problems identified in the previous step, requirements were es‐ tablished to guide the design of a vehicle powered by human effort in mountainous terrain. Thus, as a first requirement, it is desired to design a vehicle that allows access to rough roads (1) with improved comfort and stability when compared to a bicycle. This require‐ ment is joined by the design of a damping system (2) of oscillations and impacts without use of a mechanical components suspension. The vehicle use should be sufficiently mild so as to reduce the effort required to operate and to facilitate human activity (3). The final product should also allow adaptation of fittings (4) for transport of tools to support the development

For the goal of optimizing the shape of the required object contribute to requirements (1) and (3), while the latter requirement (4) goes against the goal of organizational effectiveness. In what concerns innovation of the paradigm inherent to the performance of functions, re‐ quirement (2) directly contributes to this and is to be achieved with the proposed bionic de‐ sign. The joint consideration of all requirements aims satisfying multiple requirements.

In order to establish a relation between the conditions and the properties of the problem, in analyzing the extracted fundamental solution, Table 7 was prepared, an association between the early solution and the extracted requirements inherent the problem and the identifica‐

without compromising strength and resistance to the loads endured.

*3.2.4. Step B4 – Problem searching*

sociated problems.

of these problems.

of other activity by the user.

*3.2.5. Step B5 – Design brief and association principles*

tion of the environmental and ecological variables desired.

### *3.2.2. Step B2 – Analysis of the solution*

According to Mattheck (2007), observing the teachings of the structures and growth of trees can solve various problems related to efficiency of formal structures, or to eliminate or re‐ duce the presence of cracks caused by accumulations of stresses (the reason for the ruin of a structure). According to the author, trees develop in order to strengthen the weaker areas of their structures. One of the main examples is how the base of the trunks develop in order to sustain the tree and the stresses to which it is subjected. The trunks develop more zones of connection to the ground, especially in directions exposed to the wind in order to reinforce the regions of greatest tension and avoid cracks (Mattheck, 2007). The branches and trunks of smaller cross-sections also demonstrate great resistance to impacts and dynamic forces through their flexible and elastic properties. The principle used here, as in all organisms is Nature, is of adaptation to the environment and surrounding conditions. In contrast, manmade mechanisms tend to resist and counteract adversity.

The same author discloses a method (tensile triangles) based on the growth of tree struc‐ tures, to reduce the accumulation of stresses at weak points (cracks susceptible to) and to counteract potential sites of fracture. The method consists in the introduction of a square tri‐ angle, with the two acute angles of 45 degrees, symmetrically about the corner of the struc‐ ture. The introduction of this triangle creates new fragile zones, susceptible to cracks, though less dangerous than the initial one. A new triangle is inserted symmetrically to the corners of the triangle resulting from the first approach, and so on to reduce the angle of fragile zones. According to the author, usually three triangles in the desired direction are sufficient. This method is similar to what the CAO (Computer Aided Optimization) method performs. The representation of this optimization system is observable in many natural structures, as for example in trees. This method can also be used in order to eliminate un‐ used areas and components subject to excessive stresses, reducing the cross-sectional area of the component and providing optimal distribution of the stresses to a minimum area, avoid‐ ing wastage of material and reducing the weight and volume of structures. These features of formal optimization are also observed in the structures of bones or skeletons and are ap‐ plied by the SKO (soft kill option) method.

#### *3.2.3. Step B3 – Reformulation of the solution*

Trees are elastic structures; such elasticity is desirable in artefacts used by man, especially in structures that are subject to dynamic loading. The solutions of optimization and adaptation to the environment that natural bodies present may contribute to the structural effectiveness of a product in order to adapt this same structure, subjected to stresses and dynamic condi‐ tions, with better results. From another perspective, the optimization and formal characteris‐ tics observed in skeletal bones (mild, simple and resistant) may contribute to the reduction of the cross-sectional overall area of a structure and hence to its dimensions and its weight without compromising strength and resistance to the loads endured.

#### *3.2.4. Step B4 – Problem searching*

forts to prevent fragility. Other structures such as bones or skeletons are also examples of inspiration because they demonstrate being as light as possible and at the same time as strong and resistant as required. in the analysis of the solutions identified, the book "Secret

According to Mattheck (2007), observing the teachings of the structures and growth of trees can solve various problems related to efficiency of formal structures, or to eliminate or re‐ duce the presence of cracks caused by accumulations of stresses (the reason for the ruin of a structure). According to the author, trees develop in order to strengthen the weaker areas of their structures. One of the main examples is how the base of the trunks develop in order to sustain the tree and the stresses to which it is subjected. The trunks develop more zones of connection to the ground, especially in directions exposed to the wind in order to reinforce the regions of greatest tension and avoid cracks (Mattheck, 2007). The branches and trunks of smaller cross-sections also demonstrate great resistance to impacts and dynamic forces through their flexible and elastic properties. The principle used here, as in all organisms is Nature, is of adaptation to the environment and surrounding conditions. In contrast, man-

The same author discloses a method (tensile triangles) based on the growth of tree struc‐ tures, to reduce the accumulation of stresses at weak points (cracks susceptible to) and to counteract potential sites of fracture. The method consists in the introduction of a square tri‐ angle, with the two acute angles of 45 degrees, symmetrically about the corner of the struc‐ ture. The introduction of this triangle creates new fragile zones, susceptible to cracks, though less dangerous than the initial one. A new triangle is inserted symmetrically to the corners of the triangle resulting from the first approach, and so on to reduce the angle of fragile zones. According to the author, usually three triangles in the desired direction are sufficient. This method is similar to what the CAO (Computer Aided Optimization) method performs. The representation of this optimization system is observable in many natural structures, as for example in trees. This method can also be used in order to eliminate un‐ used areas and components subject to excessive stresses, reducing the cross-sectional area of the component and providing optimal distribution of the stresses to a minimum area, avoid‐ ing wastage of material and reducing the weight and volume of structures. These features of formal optimization are also observed in the structures of bones or skeletons and are ap‐

Trees are elastic structures; such elasticity is desirable in artefacts used by man, especially in structures that are subject to dynamic loading. The solutions of optimization and adaptation to the environment that natural bodies present may contribute to the structural effectiveness of a product in order to adapt this same structure, subjected to stresses and dynamic condi‐ tions, with better results. From another perspective, the optimization and formal characteris‐ tics observed in skeletal bones (mild, simple and resistant) may contribute to the reduction

Design Rules of Nature", by Mattheck (2007) was considered as a reference.

made mechanisms tend to resist and counteract adversity.

plied by the SKO (soft kill option) method.

*3.2.3. Step B3 – Reformulation of the solution*

*3.2.2. Step B2 – Analysis of the solution*

22 Advances in Industrial Design Engineering

Powered vehicles and propulsion for human endeavours necessarily imply a lightweight and practical manner to enable and facilitate human activity. For sites with flat terrain and the difficulty of rapid movement of these vehicles is reduced, justifying the existence of many bicycles, skates, skateboards, scooters and even tricycles, among others. In most rug‐ ged and mountainous terrain rolling on these vehicles is difficult, making it uncomfortable for the user and also causing damage to structures that are not prepared for the conditions. An existing solution, present in mountain bikes, is strengthening and equipping the struc‐ ture with mechanical suspension components that allow control of the oscillations. Such a solution increases the costs of the vehicle and does not solve in a complete manner other as‐ sociated problems.

For those who need to perform usual activities in hilly terrain, as evidenced in activities such as monitoring forests, difficulties are felt related to the actual movement or transport of other equipment necessary for the practice of the actual tasks. The bicycle is a vehicle more accessible for these functions but is revealed impractical in most scenarios meandering lack of stability, because of having only two wheels. The lack of comfort in travelling is another of these problems.

#### *3.2.5. Step B5 – Design brief and association principles*

According to the needs and problems identified in the previous step, requirements were es‐ tablished to guide the design of a vehicle powered by human effort in mountainous terrain. Thus, as a first requirement, it is desired to design a vehicle that allows access to rough roads (1) with improved comfort and stability when compared to a bicycle. This require‐ ment is joined by the design of a damping system (2) of oscillations and impacts without use of a mechanical components suspension. The vehicle use should be sufficiently mild so as to reduce the effort required to operate and to facilitate human activity (3). The final product should also allow adaptation of fittings (4) for transport of tools to support the development of other activity by the user.

For the goal of optimizing the shape of the required object contribute to requirements (1) and (3), while the latter requirement (4) goes against the goal of organizational effectiveness. In what concerns innovation of the paradigm inherent to the performance of functions, re‐ quirement (2) directly contributes to this and is to be achieved with the proposed bionic de‐ sign. The joint consideration of all requirements aims satisfying multiple requirements.

In order to establish a relation between the conditions and the properties of the problem, in analyzing the extracted fundamental solution, Table 7 was prepared, an association between the early solution and the extracted requirements inherent the problem and the identifica‐ tion of the environmental and ecological variables desired.


Figure 8 shows the method bionic optimization of structures using the approach proposed by triangles voltage Mattheck (2007), adopted in the design of the vehicle structure, which aims to reduce and eliminate critical areas of accumulation of tensions, providing Optimum

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**Figure 8.** Formal optimization method used in the design of the bionic pedal vehicle structure.

**Figure 9.** Representation of the effect provided by the suspension of the bionic pedals vehicle.

In order to ensure greater comfort and convenience to the user, a seat was built larger than those of ordinary bicycles. At the border of the front structure of the vehicle protrudes a pro‐ tective guard thereto. In order to meet the requirement which calls for adjustment accesso‐ ries for carrying utensils, at the rear of the structure itself, support bases and hooks for fastening accessories were added. All other components of the vehicle were considered standard, rendered through CAD modelling conducted for the purpose of displaying the

counteract and withstand the irregularities of the terrain.

full product (Figure 10) and perform solid mass tests.

The four-wheel connection structure itself is tapered to allow zones of greater flexibility, thus dampening the oscillations caused by terrain (Figure 9). The purpose here, as in trees or any body of Nature, is to allow the structure to adapt to environmental conditions to which it is subjected, unlike conventional mechanical components (damper and spring) that seek to

reduction material.

**Table 7.** Association between the principles extracted from the solution and the project requirements, identifying the environmental and ecological aspects to be respected.

#### *3.2.6. Step C1 – Generating concepts*

In the generating concepts phase, creative ideas and principles extracted from the solution and the project requirements, associated in the previous step, were developed and consid‐ ered. Thus, the development of a structural form was sought based on the solutions and methods shown by Mattheck (2007) and in accordance with the teachings of the structures of trees and skeletons.

In order to provide greater stability and effectiveness in hilly and rough terrain, a fourwheeled vehicle for one person (see Figure 7), designated Biocross was conceived through a single structure and continuous lines, resembling the skeleton of an animal. The design of this object followed the steps in the methodology proposed in this chapter (steps B and C).

**Figure 7.** Sketches illustrating concepts generated for a bionic pedals vehicle and representation of a perspective drawn from the concept developed.

Figure 8 shows the method bionic optimization of structures using the approach proposed by triangles voltage Mattheck (2007), adopted in the design of the vehicle structure, which aims to reduce and eliminate critical areas of accumulation of tensions, providing Optimum reduction material.

**Figure 8.** Formal optimization method used in the design of the bionic pedal vehicle structure.

**Principles derived from the solution Project requirements**

stability

operate it

**Environmental and ecological variables**

**Table 7.** Association between the principles extracted from the solution and the project requirements, identifying the

In the generating concepts phase, creative ideas and principles extracted from the solution and the project requirements, associated in the previous step, were developed and consid‐ ered. Thus, the development of a structural form was sought based on the solutions and methods shown by Mattheck (2007) and in accordance with the teachings of the structures of

In order to provide greater stability and effectiveness in hilly and rough terrain, a fourwheeled vehicle for one person (see Figure 7), designated Biocross was conceived through a single structure and continuous lines, resembling the skeleton of an animal. The design of this object followed the steps in the methodology proposed in this chapter (steps B and C).

**Figure 7.** Sketches illustrating concepts generated for a bionic pedals vehicle and representation of a perspective

(1) Access to rustic trails with greater comfort and

(2) System for damping of oscillations and impacts, without the use of mechanical suspension components

(4) Enable fitting of accessories for transportation

(3) Lightness of product to reduce the effort required to





Reducing the environmental impact of materials:

environmental and ecological aspects to be respected.

*3.2.6. Step C1 – Generating concepts*

Materials that are recyclable at the end of product life cycle

the environment where trees are

24 Advances in Industrial Design Engineering

structures of the trees

Biodegradable materials

trees and skeletons.

drawn from the concept developed.

analogy

strong)

The four-wheel connection structure itself is tapered to allow zones of greater flexibility, thus dampening the oscillations caused by terrain (Figure 9). The purpose here, as in trees or any body of Nature, is to allow the structure to adapt to environmental conditions to which it is subjected, unlike conventional mechanical components (damper and spring) that seek to counteract and withstand the irregularities of the terrain.

**Figure 9.** Representation of the effect provided by the suspension of the bionic pedals vehicle.

In order to ensure greater comfort and convenience to the user, a seat was built larger than those of ordinary bicycles. At the border of the front structure of the vehicle protrudes a pro‐ tective guard thereto. In order to meet the requirement which calls for adjustment accesso‐ ries for carrying utensils, at the rear of the structure itself, support bases and hooks for fastening accessories were added. All other components of the vehicle were considered standard, rendered through CAD modelling conducted for the purpose of displaying the full product (Figure 10) and perform solid mass tests.

and new creative processes and designs. The design method should therefore be seen as a

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The research presented in this chapter was developed as part of the first author's Master of Science thesis in industrial design engineering and as part of his ongoing doctoral studies, both supervised by the second author. A selection of results from the projects reported in this chapter have previously appeared in the conference papers Coelho & Versos (2010) and Versos & Coelho (2010), as well as in a peer-reviewed journal paper by Coelho & Versos (2011) published by Inderscience and in a peer-reviewed book chapter and a peer-reviewed journal paper by Versos & Coelho (2011-a, 2011-b) published by InTech and Common

[1] Biomimicry Institute (2007) 'Biomimicry: a tool for innovation', available at http:// www.biomimicryinstitute.org/about-us/biomimicry-a-tool-for-innovation.html (ac‐

[2] Camocho, D. (2010) 'Design Cerâmico—Guia de apoio ao Desenvolvimento Sustentá‐ vel do Sector' Dissertação de Mestrado em Design e Cultura Visual, ramo de especia‐ lização em Design de Produção Industrial. Instituto de Artes Visuais, Design e Marketing, Portugal. [in Portuguese—'Ceramic Design—Guide to support the Sus‐ tainable Development Sector' Master's Thesis in Design and Visual Culture, speciali‐ zation in Industrial Design Production. Institute of Visual Arts, Design and

[3] Coelho, D. A., Versos, C. A. M. (2011) A comparative analysis of six bionic design

[4] Coelho, D. A., Versos, C. A. M. (2010) An approach to validation of technological in‐ dustrial design concepts with a bionic character, Proceedings of the International Conference on Design and Product Development (ICDPD'10), Athens, Greece, 40-45.

methods, International Journal of Design Engineering 4 (2), 114-131.

process of constant improvement, optimization and evolution – as in Nature.

**Acknowledgement**

Ground, respectively.

**Author details**

**References**

Carlos A. M. Versos and Denis A. Coelho

Universidade da Beira Interior, Portugal

cessed on 29 December 2009).

Marketing].

**Figure 10.** Complete visual representation of the vehicle bionic developed with two chromatic versions of the Biocross bionic pedals vehicle.

Responding to the desired requirement that calls for reducing the environmental impact of the materials used bio-polymer (PLA) Ingeo Biopolymer 3251 was selected, which is also used in the design of the first bionic project described in this chapter.
