**2. Bi-directional bionic design method proposed**

To define the contours of the method of bionic design process developed and that is reported in this book chapter, two possible starting guidelines were considered: guidance in the direction from the bionic solution to the design problem and guidance in the direction from the design problem to the bionic solution. Thus, two method branches (A and B) were developed respect‐ ing each of the two alternative orientations considered for the bionic design process. The com‐ mon steps in both directions of analysis (C1, C2 and C3) consist in the same activities, contain the same description and as such are applicable for the two orientations. The resulting proposition can be observed in summarized form in Tables 1 and 2, a design process starting from the de‐ sign problem and oriented towards the solution (A) and a design process with orientation from the bionic solution to the design problem (B), respectively.


**Table 1.** Condensed description of the steps of the method of bionic design developed following the direction from the problem to the solution (A).


and constant reassessment of the design process. The means available to man and his own needs and ambitions are targets of constant change. Therefore, methods for developing a

To define the contours of the method of bionic design process developed and that is reported in this book chapter, two possible starting guidelines were considered: guidance in the direction from the bionic solution to the design problem and guidance in the direction from the design problem to the bionic solution. Thus, two method branches (A and B) were developed respect‐ ing each of the two alternative orientations considered for the bionic design process. The com‐ mon steps in both directions of analysis (C1, C2 and C3) consist in the same activities, contain the same description and as such are applicable for the two orientations. The resulting proposition can be observed in summarized form in Tables 1 and 2, a design process starting from the de‐ sign problem and oriented towards the solution (A) and a design process with orientation from







bionic concepts developed through the validation process of the corresponding relationship between the

searches, field observations, or using open discussions with biologists and experts. A4 - Solution analysis - Identification and morphological analysis of structures, components, processes and functions of the biological

C2 - Validation - Verification of compliance with the requirements of the problem and validating the gains introduced by the

C3 - Detail and finish - Making technical drawings for manufacturing, detailed descriptions of components, materials, manufacturing processes and all the considerations adequate to the type and purpose of the project.

**Table 1.** Condensed description of the steps of the method of bionic design developed following the direction from

requirements and objectives of the project to achieve the goals established.



product should allow for continuous adjustment and restructuring.

**2. Bi-directional bionic design method proposed**

the bionic solution to the design problem (B), respectively.

requirements and restrictions involved.

solution, related to the problem at hand.

to be observed.

solution.

and the problem.

**Steps Description**

4 Advances in Industrial Design Engineering

A1 - Design brief and problem definition

A2 - Reformulation of the problem

A3 - Selection of solutions

C1 - Generating concepts

the problem to the solution (A).

**Table 2.** Summarized description of the stages of the bionic design method developed following the orientation from the bionic solution to the design problem (B).

Tables 1 and 2 depict the sequential organization of the methodology, although iterations are possible between the various stages of each of the two directions of analysis considered. This iteration aims to enable refinement and optimization of the design with the right steps and facilitate the analogies between the natural functions of the solution and the desired functions of the problem. In the validation phase it is possible in the methodological process to go back to any previous step. Here the aim is to be able to change, correct or improve certain aspects, taking into account the needs identified through the results of the evaluation performed in previous steps.

In the following sections the activities that are necessary for implementing the steps of both branches of the methodology developed are described.

The third step of the method, considering the direction of analyzing the problem towards the solution concerns the search and selection of relevant biological solutions for the design

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Selecting the solution models that address the nature, and, or the challenges posed, can be done through literature search or fieldwork, involving some knowledge about the habitat of samples to collect (Junior et al., 2002). It can also be done using open discussions with biolo‐

Some of the existing techniques, identified by Helms et al. (2009), to be taken into account in the search are the modification of the restrictions of the problem, often defined strictly and accurately, therefore reducing the search area, thereby enabling a successful search. Thus, for a problem defined as "not to suffer falls," change the restrictions into a larger search space: "stability and resistance to impact." According to those authors, in order to avoid complexity of the systems and their inherent organic nature, often demands solutions that are accessible and simple but at the same time can solve various problems at the same time. Those authors also stress the importance of this step to avoid problems of similar association and weak analogies, leading to a decline in diversity and originality of potential future de‐ sign concepts based on the solution chosen. These techniques can help to meet multiple re‐

After identification of the natural system that satisfies the aims, achieves the goals or solves

Designers must now identify and break down the structures, components, processes and functions of the biological solution, related to the problem to solve. The issues addressed in this phase, allowing a better understanding of the functional, structural, morphological and organizational levels, can be tackled by reflecting about "what is the function?" (Junior et al., 2002). This understanding of various aspects of biological characteristics of the solution can help meet multiple requirements, including effectiveness at formal, structural, functional

The functional decomposition performed in the step of defining the problem may be useful in order to relate each function or sub-function and requirement of the problem with the functions and features of the biological solution (Helms et al., 2009). Thus, the understand‐ ing of the solution will be easier. Therefore, the solution that is most relevant and feasible for the particular challenges of the project can be identified and extracted in the form of a neutral solution, which requires a maximum reduction of the structural and environmental

After extraction of the principles of the biological solution and according to the feasibil‐ ity of implementation and the needs of the project, designers can develop ideas and

the problem under study, one should perform an analysis of the biological solution.

problem.

*2.1.3. Step A3 – Selection of solutions*

gists and specialists in this field.

quirements that the project will respond to.

*2.1.4. Step A4 – Analysis of the solution*

constraints of Nature (Helms et al., 2009).

and organizational levels.

#### **2.1. Description of the methodology developed for the direction from the design problem to the bionic solution (A)**

If the guidance for the project in question follows the direction from the identification of a design problem (a new problem or an existing one), the first task will be to draft a design brief and then defining the problem and carrying out a development process following the steps described in the following sections.

#### *2.1.1. Step A1 – Design brief and problem definition*

At this stage the problem or the human need must be specified by conducting a briefing, which should identify the function (or functions) that the project will perform as well as the actual problem and the reasons for its existence. It is also important at this stage to define the target market, i.e. who is involved with the problem and the solution, as well as the defi‐ nition of where the problem is and, or, where the solution is to be applied.

For the definition of the function or functions that are intended to be carried out by the de‐ sign, an auxiliary method indicated by Helms et al. (2009) is the functional decomposition of the problem or need, starting with the more complex and general function, which is subse‐ quently decomposed into sub-functions. According to the authors, for each of these subfunctions optimization criteria can thus be defined, which are useful in further evaluation of new solutions, by measuring performance and satisfaction with the optimization criteria.

The existence of a list of requirements and restrictions, subjecting the product, is equally im‐ portant in this step. Environmental and ecological variables must be included in the list and considered in routine development, production, use and final disposal of the product (Kin‐ dlein et al., 2003). Thus, these should be included in the requirements of the problem, aim‐ ing to reducing the environmental impact caused by the extraction and processing of the raw material to be used, as well as by the product production, use and the end of useful life, where issues of recycling and biodegradation must be met.

Having a clear definition of the problem, it is necessary to comprehend it in terms of Nature, i.e., translating the roles and functions of the project into sub-functions performed by natu‐ ral phenomena. This step is defined as the reformulation of the problem.

#### *2.1.2. Step A2 – Reformulation of the problem*

According to Helms et al. (2009), in order to find solutions analogous to biology, designers must redefine and reshape the problems and functions in general and widely applicable bio‐ logical terms, questioning, for example, "how does Nature and biological solutions do (or not do) this? ". As an example, for a function defined in the first stage as "to not suffer falls," recasting this in biological terms could mean "which features in Nature and biological solu‐ tions enable resisting, preventing and reducing lack of stability?"

The third step of the method, considering the direction of analyzing the problem towards the solution concerns the search and selection of relevant biological solutions for the design problem.

#### *2.1.3. Step A3 – Selection of solutions*

In the following sections the activities that are necessary for implementing the steps of both

**2.1. Description of the methodology developed for the direction from the design problem**

If the guidance for the project in question follows the direction from the identification of a design problem (a new problem or an existing one), the first task will be to draft a design brief and then defining the problem and carrying out a development process following the

At this stage the problem or the human need must be specified by conducting a briefing, which should identify the function (or functions) that the project will perform as well as the actual problem and the reasons for its existence. It is also important at this stage to define the target market, i.e. who is involved with the problem and the solution, as well as the defi‐

For the definition of the function or functions that are intended to be carried out by the de‐ sign, an auxiliary method indicated by Helms et al. (2009) is the functional decomposition of the problem or need, starting with the more complex and general function, which is subse‐ quently decomposed into sub-functions. According to the authors, for each of these subfunctions optimization criteria can thus be defined, which are useful in further evaluation of new solutions, by measuring performance and satisfaction with the optimization criteria.

The existence of a list of requirements and restrictions, subjecting the product, is equally im‐ portant in this step. Environmental and ecological variables must be included in the list and considered in routine development, production, use and final disposal of the product (Kin‐ dlein et al., 2003). Thus, these should be included in the requirements of the problem, aim‐ ing to reducing the environmental impact caused by the extraction and processing of the raw material to be used, as well as by the product production, use and the end of useful life,

Having a clear definition of the problem, it is necessary to comprehend it in terms of Nature, i.e., translating the roles and functions of the project into sub-functions performed by natu‐

According to Helms et al. (2009), in order to find solutions analogous to biology, designers must redefine and reshape the problems and functions in general and widely applicable bio‐ logical terms, questioning, for example, "how does Nature and biological solutions do (or not do) this? ". As an example, for a function defined in the first stage as "to not suffer falls," recasting this in biological terms could mean "which features in Nature and biological solu‐

nition of where the problem is and, or, where the solution is to be applied.

where issues of recycling and biodegradation must be met.

*2.1.2. Step A2 – Reformulation of the problem*

ral phenomena. This step is defined as the reformulation of the problem.

tions enable resisting, preventing and reducing lack of stability?"

branches of the methodology developed are described.

**to the bionic solution (A)**

6 Advances in Industrial Design Engineering

steps described in the following sections.

*2.1.1. Step A1 – Design brief and problem definition*

Selecting the solution models that address the nature, and, or the challenges posed, can be done through literature search or fieldwork, involving some knowledge about the habitat of samples to collect (Junior et al., 2002). It can also be done using open discussions with biolo‐ gists and specialists in this field.

Some of the existing techniques, identified by Helms et al. (2009), to be taken into account in the search are the modification of the restrictions of the problem, often defined strictly and accurately, therefore reducing the search area, thereby enabling a successful search. Thus, for a problem defined as "not to suffer falls," change the restrictions into a larger search space: "stability and resistance to impact." According to those authors, in order to avoid complexity of the systems and their inherent organic nature, often demands solutions that are accessible and simple but at the same time can solve various problems at the same time. Those authors also stress the importance of this step to avoid problems of similar association and weak analogies, leading to a decline in diversity and originality of potential future de‐ sign concepts based on the solution chosen. These techniques can help to meet multiple re‐ quirements that the project will respond to.

After identification of the natural system that satisfies the aims, achieves the goals or solves the problem under study, one should perform an analysis of the biological solution.

#### *2.1.4. Step A4 – Analysis of the solution*

Designers must now identify and break down the structures, components, processes and functions of the biological solution, related to the problem to solve. The issues addressed in this phase, allowing a better understanding of the functional, structural, morphological and organizational levels, can be tackled by reflecting about "what is the function?" (Junior et al., 2002). This understanding of various aspects of biological characteristics of the solution can help meet multiple requirements, including effectiveness at formal, structural, functional and organizational levels.

The functional decomposition performed in the step of defining the problem may be useful in order to relate each function or sub-function and requirement of the problem with the functions and features of the biological solution (Helms et al., 2009). Thus, the understand‐ ing of the solution will be easier. Therefore, the solution that is most relevant and feasible for the particular challenges of the project can be identified and extracted in the form of a neutral solution, which requires a maximum reduction of the structural and environmental constraints of Nature (Helms et al., 2009).

After extraction of the principles of the biological solution and according to the feasibil‐ ity of implementation and the needs of the project, designers can develop ideas and concepts based on natural models, following the guidelines and principles obtained in the analysis steps of the biological solution (A4) and of the problem definition (A1). The following step is concerned with creative application of the principles and concepts generated.

**Goals to achieve Validation process for specific purposes**

(examples):

decision-making.

among others.




proposed system), but with different methods of organization.


intended by the transmitter (empirical verification)

**Table 3.** Aspects of validation of targets to be achieved in design processes making use of the bionic approach, with

According to the results of the validation process, there might be a need for further testing, making modifications or refinements to the models, and reassessment of the principles of the biological solution and the requirements of the problem through iterations between the steps of the method, in order to attain validation. In case of complete satisfaction, validating the results, one or more concepts can then move on to the detailing and finishing phase of

Optimization of shape - A comparative approach compared to a conventional product. Examples:

property implicit in each requirement.

expenditures, or funds generated.



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on both sides achieving a compromise between the requirements in question.





Innovation of paradigm for performance features

Satisfaction of multiple

requirements

Effectiveness of organization

Effective communication

indication of specific applicable procedures.

the bionic design project.

#### *2.1.5. Step C1 – Generation of concepts*

For generation of ideas, designers must consider the factors that influence the effectiveness of the natural form in the solution, the factors that influence the effectiveness of the function, the effectiveness of organization or the effectiveness of communication (in accordance with the objectives of the project in question), trying to incorporate them as similarly and as faith‐ fully as possible in the design process.

As a result of this stage, sketches and 3D models (either obtained by computer model‐ ling and, or physical models) of the concepts developed are expected. In these concepts, besides details considering all technical and functional principles identified, analogous to the biological model, environmental aspects such as life-cycle analysis, raw material, energy and waste generated (both in the manufacturing and the life of the product), the manufacturing procedures, recyclability, reuse and biodegradation after the life of the product, and aspects of packaging and transportation thereof (Kindlein et al. 2003) should also be understood.

Moreover, in this respect Nature is assumed as the protagonist and source of inspiration, whether by requiring attention to ecological aspects of the project or by focusing on the availability of natural recyclable, reusable, renewable and biodegradable materials, which should also be considered at this stage.

As a result of the process of generating concepts one may obtain a set of alternative con‐ cepts, which perhaps are not all equally suitable as a proposed solution. In these cases it is desirable to perform an intermediate stage of evaluation of the multiple concepts, according to a structured approach, such as that proposed by Ulrich and Eppinger (2004).

After selection by formal assessment of the designed concepts it is essential to validate these against the requirements and goals set for the solution.

#### *2.1.6. Step C2 – Validation*

The validation step of this method is the process where the final concepts face the needs and requirements of the problem and where the gains brought about by bionics are assessed against a conventional solution of the project.

Accordingly, and based on the results, the information and the models obtained in the pre‐ vious step enable the designer to link the specific requirements and objectives of the project with five goals to achieve (or as many as applicable) set out in this work and provided as guidelines for the corresponding validation process, shown in Table 3.


concepts based on natural models, following the guidelines and principles obtained in the analysis steps of the biological solution (A4) and of the problem definition (A1). The following step is concerned with creative application of the principles and concepts

For generation of ideas, designers must consider the factors that influence the effectiveness of the natural form in the solution, the factors that influence the effectiveness of the function, the effectiveness of organization or the effectiveness of communication (in accordance with the objectives of the project in question), trying to incorporate them as similarly and as faith‐

As a result of this stage, sketches and 3D models (either obtained by computer model‐ ling and, or physical models) of the concepts developed are expected. In these concepts, besides details considering all technical and functional principles identified, analogous to the biological model, environmental aspects such as life-cycle analysis, raw material, energy and waste generated (both in the manufacturing and the life of the product), the manufacturing procedures, recyclability, reuse and biodegradation after the life of the product, and aspects of packaging and transportation thereof (Kindlein et al. 2003)

Moreover, in this respect Nature is assumed as the protagonist and source of inspiration, whether by requiring attention to ecological aspects of the project or by focusing on the availability of natural recyclable, reusable, renewable and biodegradable materials, which

As a result of the process of generating concepts one may obtain a set of alternative con‐ cepts, which perhaps are not all equally suitable as a proposed solution. In these cases it is desirable to perform an intermediate stage of evaluation of the multiple concepts, according

After selection by formal assessment of the designed concepts it is essential to validate these

The validation step of this method is the process where the final concepts face the needs and requirements of the problem and where the gains brought about by bionics are assessed

Accordingly, and based on the results, the information and the models obtained in the pre‐ vious step enable the designer to link the specific requirements and objectives of the project with five goals to achieve (or as many as applicable) set out in this work and provided as

to a structured approach, such as that proposed by Ulrich and Eppinger (2004).

guidelines for the corresponding validation process, shown in Table 3.

generated.

*2.1.5. Step C1 – Generation of concepts*

8 Advances in Industrial Design Engineering

fully as possible in the design process.

should also be understood.

*2.1.6. Step C2 – Validation*

should also be considered at this stage.

against the requirements and goals set for the solution.

against a conventional solution of the project.

**Table 3.** Aspects of validation of targets to be achieved in design processes making use of the bionic approach, with indication of specific applicable procedures.

According to the results of the validation process, there might be a need for further testing, making modifications or refinements to the models, and reassessment of the principles of the biological solution and the requirements of the problem through iterations between the steps of the method, in order to attain validation. In case of complete satisfaction, validating the results, one or more concepts can then move on to the detailing and finishing phase of the bionic design project.

#### *2.1.7. Step C3 – Detail and finish*

In the last phase of the project the considerations required for the type and purpose of project that is developing that would enable the company to place the product on the mar‐ ket are met. Analyses of technical, financial, environmental and market aspects are also use‐ ful for the success of a product. Technical drawings and detailed descriptions of all components of the project, descriptions of the materials used, descriptions of the process of manufacture, assembly, packaging, or instructions for use are typically conducted. It is also necessary in many cases to perform the construction of a scale prototype for display and presenting the product more realistically and assessing its feasibility. In the presentation and communication of the product, eco-marketing actions should also be considered in or‐ der to effectively convey the sustainable benefits to potential customers and consumers of the product (Camocho, 2010). The existence of monitoring activities at the end of the prod‐ uct development process, such as sustainability reports, checklists (eco-design checklists) that consider experiences and evaluate the product, identifying new needs, are equally rele‐ vant (Camocho, 2010).

schematic / functional notation mode, the designer can extract the principle or principles

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The stage that follows relates to the reformulation of the solution, which aims to facilitate the search for human needs, in which the biological functions of the solution may be useful. For this purpose, with the functional principles extracted from the previous step, the design‐ er must now deduct general and specific principles, in detail, and consider possible links be‐

After reformulation of the functional principles of the natural solution in terms of technical

While the search in the biological domain is restricted to a finite space of existing solutions developed by Nature, the search for a design problem can include not only some existing need but also an entirely new problem (Helms et al., 2009). The designer must thus, taking into account the data obtained during the reformulation of the solution, look for real prob‐ lems that are unsolved or still have gaps, collect examples of existing solutions with the pos‐ sibility of more effective and sustainable solution or identify emerging needs with yet no solutions, but that may be met with bionic considerations already identified, resulting in en‐ tirely new products. Once one has identified a potential problem related to the functional principles of biological phenomena, the next step will be drafting the design brief and its as‐

For a clear association between the systems and components of the biological solution and the functional aspects of the problem to be solved with bionic inspiration, this stage includes the development, identification and outline of the general and specific principles for the op‐ eration of the product. It is also essential to bring forward at this stage a list of requirements and restrictions for the product to develop, where the environmental and ecological varia‐

The fundamental objective of this step is to draw a parallel between the principles and re‐ quirements of the problem with the fundamental properties of the solution extracted from

After understanding the analogies between the potential problem and the existing solution from the natural world, and with the aid of schematic notations, functional principles ex‐ tracted from the solution and analysis of the principles and specific requirements of the problem, follows the step of developing ideas and concepts. This step is applicable in both

that motivate the fundamental solution.

*2.2.3. Step B3 – Reformulation of the solution*

*2.2.4. Step B4 – Search for a problem*

sociation principles.

bles are also to be included.

orientations of the method.

the analysis.

tween the biological and the mechanical behaviour.

*2.2.5. Step B5 – Design brief and association principles*

principles and functions, follows the search for a problem.

#### **2.2. Description of the methodology developed following the orientation from the solution to the problem (B)**

Following the reverse path, the direction for the project in question from the observation of Nature and useful collection of possible solutions for future applications in projects, the first step is to identify the biological solution, progressing along the following steps shown and described below.

#### *2.2.1. Step B1 – Identification of the bionic solution*

At this stage, after the observation of natural phenomena has taken place, through aid from literature review or field research, potential solutions should be found with remarkable properties or characteristics, to be transferred for application to human problems. Subse‐ quently, the greatest number of information concerning the identified solution is obtained to carry out the analysis of the solution.

#### *2.2.2. Step B2 – Analysis of the solution*

At this point of the design process, a number of factors is determined that enable perceiving the shape, structure, organization and functional principles of the solution. Thus, one must recognize the components or systems involved in the phenomenon under analysis, and identify the organization and morphological structure, assimilate the mechanisms, princi‐ ples and levels of organization, understand how the environment influences these mecha‐ nisms, among other relevant aspects for the knowledge and analysis of the solution (Colombo, 2007).

The basic questions that must be tackled at this stage are the "why" and "how Nature works" and "what is the purpose of its form and structure" (Colombo, 2007). From this analysis, in schematic / functional notation mode, the designer can extract the principle or principles that motivate the fundamental solution.

### *2.2.3. Step B3 – Reformulation of the solution*

*2.1.7. Step C3 – Detail and finish*

10 Advances in Industrial Design Engineering

vant (Camocho, 2010).

described below.

(Colombo, 2007).

**solution to the problem (B)**

*2.2.1. Step B1 – Identification of the bionic solution*

carry out the analysis of the solution.

*2.2.2. Step B2 – Analysis of the solution*

In the last phase of the project the considerations required for the type and purpose of project that is developing that would enable the company to place the product on the mar‐ ket are met. Analyses of technical, financial, environmental and market aspects are also use‐ ful for the success of a product. Technical drawings and detailed descriptions of all components of the project, descriptions of the materials used, descriptions of the process of manufacture, assembly, packaging, or instructions for use are typically conducted. It is also necessary in many cases to perform the construction of a scale prototype for display and presenting the product more realistically and assessing its feasibility. In the presentation and communication of the product, eco-marketing actions should also be considered in or‐ der to effectively convey the sustainable benefits to potential customers and consumers of the product (Camocho, 2010). The existence of monitoring activities at the end of the prod‐ uct development process, such as sustainability reports, checklists (eco-design checklists) that consider experiences and evaluate the product, identifying new needs, are equally rele‐

**2.2. Description of the methodology developed following the orientation from the**

Following the reverse path, the direction for the project in question from the observation of Nature and useful collection of possible solutions for future applications in projects, the first step is to identify the biological solution, progressing along the following steps shown and

At this stage, after the observation of natural phenomena has taken place, through aid from literature review or field research, potential solutions should be found with remarkable properties or characteristics, to be transferred for application to human problems. Subse‐ quently, the greatest number of information concerning the identified solution is obtained to

At this point of the design process, a number of factors is determined that enable perceiving the shape, structure, organization and functional principles of the solution. Thus, one must recognize the components or systems involved in the phenomenon under analysis, and identify the organization and morphological structure, assimilate the mechanisms, princi‐ ples and levels of organization, understand how the environment influences these mecha‐ nisms, among other relevant aspects for the knowledge and analysis of the solution

The basic questions that must be tackled at this stage are the "why" and "how Nature works" and "what is the purpose of its form and structure" (Colombo, 2007). From this analysis, in The stage that follows relates to the reformulation of the solution, which aims to facilitate the search for human needs, in which the biological functions of the solution may be useful. For this purpose, with the functional principles extracted from the previous step, the design‐ er must now deduct general and specific principles, in detail, and consider possible links be‐ tween the biological and the mechanical behaviour.

After reformulation of the functional principles of the natural solution in terms of technical principles and functions, follows the search for a problem.

#### *2.2.4. Step B4 – Search for a problem*

While the search in the biological domain is restricted to a finite space of existing solutions developed by Nature, the search for a design problem can include not only some existing need but also an entirely new problem (Helms et al., 2009). The designer must thus, taking into account the data obtained during the reformulation of the solution, look for real prob‐ lems that are unsolved or still have gaps, collect examples of existing solutions with the pos‐ sibility of more effective and sustainable solution or identify emerging needs with yet no solutions, but that may be met with bionic considerations already identified, resulting in en‐ tirely new products. Once one has identified a potential problem related to the functional principles of biological phenomena, the next step will be drafting the design brief and its as‐ sociation principles.

#### *2.2.5. Step B5 – Design brief and association principles*

For a clear association between the systems and components of the biological solution and the functional aspects of the problem to be solved with bionic inspiration, this stage includes the development, identification and outline of the general and specific principles for the op‐ eration of the product. It is also essential to bring forward at this stage a list of requirements and restrictions for the product to develop, where the environmental and ecological varia‐ bles are also to be included.

The fundamental objective of this step is to draw a parallel between the principles and re‐ quirements of the problem with the fundamental properties of the solution extracted from the analysis.

After understanding the analogies between the potential problem and the existing solution from the natural world, and with the aid of schematic notations, functional principles ex‐ tracted from the solution and analysis of the principles and specific requirements of the problem, follows the step of developing ideas and concepts. This step is applicable in both orientations of the method.

### *2.2.6. Step C1 – Generation of concepts*

The generation of concepts step, is common to the approach oriented from the problem to the solution and was described in section 2.15. The next phase of the method deals with the evaluation or validation of the concepts generated and is also applicable for the two orienta‐ tions of the method.

*2.3.2. Satisfaction of multiple requirements*

In previous analyses, Coelho and Versos (2011) considered the Bio-inspired design method (Helms et al., 2009) as the only one of the reviewed methods applicable to support this objec‐ tive (note that this is a problem-oriented approach). In the proposed method, this is consid‐ ered in steps B3 (orientation from the solution to the problem) and A4 (direction from the problem to the solution), as this results from extracting from the constraints of the biological solution to make the most expeditious implementation of the principle of solution in anoth‐ er domain. However, these requirements are not explicitly considered after the transfer of the biological solution to the new field; considering this point, there are some shortcomings. The techniques for finding solutions, also presented in the Bio-inspired design method (Helms et al., 2009) for the selection of solutions through its various features solving several issues at the same time, also contribute to meeting this goal. In the orientation of analysis from the problem to the solution, the method developed, was considered contributing to the achievement of the satisfaction of multiple requirements in the project to be developed. The fulfilment of this goal can also be met through the consideration of environmental and eco‐

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In previous analysis by Coelho and Versos (2011), all analyzed methods were considered ap‐ plicable to provide support to achieve the objective of innovation of the paradigm for per‐ formance features. This is considered a key motivation for the proposal of each and every one of the methods previously scrutinized. It is achieved by the appearance across all the methods discussed of the processing of a biological solution so as to provide a solution to a problem inherent in a design concept. Since the proposed method considers this transforma‐ tion (as in the passage from A1 to A4 and from B1 to B5) it is obvious that it satisfies this

This goal was considered as fully supported through the use of the Aalborg method (orient‐ ed from the solution to the problem). The Aalborg method of analysis has achieved the cate‐ gory 'applicable' to achieving the goal of effectiveness of organization in view of the first stage of this method of analysis that, among other areas, focuses on the organization, struc‐ ture and morphology of levels in the natural system. Given that these aspects are contem‐ plated in both directions of analysis of the proposed method (A4 and B2), the classification of applicable is considered for this parameter for the case of the proposed bi-directional bi‐

Effective communication was considered a goal for which there is no support from existing methods (Coelho and Versos, 2011). Although one might consider, particularly in future work, giving support to achieve this objective, we chose not to follow this path in this work.

logical variables in the project, highlighted in two directions of analysis.

*2.3.3. Innovation of paradigm for performance features*

objective.

*2.3.4. Effectiveness of organization*

onic design method.

*2.3.5. Effective communication*

#### *2.2.7. Step C2 – Validation*

According to the results of the validation process, there will be a need for further testing, modifications or refinements of the models, and reassessment of the principles of biological solution of the problem and the requirements for a new validation (see description for this step in section 2.1.6). Total satisfaction and validation of results, will enable to proceed with detailing and finishing the project.

#### *2.2.8. Step C3 – Detail and finish*

This step is common to both orientations of the developed method of analysis (see descrip‐ tion in section 2.1.7).

It is a well-established fact that Nature is constantly learning, adapting and evolving. In a method for developing products, in particular, a bionic design process, it is beneficial to con‐ sider this teaching, making progressive drafts in successive stages of observation, problem definition, solutions analysis and validation. Thus it is important to note that even with the arrival of a drafted concept to the final stage of the method, there will always be the need to continue to improve the design and optimize the product.

#### **2.3. Adequacy of the proposed method to support the satisfaction of the five goals focused**

The genesis of the proposed method comes from a collection of methods retrieved from lit‐ erature which seeks to reap the benefits of the several methods reviewed in the new com‐ bined method (and still looking as far as possible to overcome some of the shortcomings pointed out). Thus, based on subjective evaluation (and its justification) of the applicability of each of the five methods for focusing on the objectives (Versos and Coelho, 2011-a, 2011 b, 2010; Coelho and Versos, 2011, 2010), we present an analysis of the same objectives to‐ wards applicability of the proposed method.

#### *2.3.1. Optimization of shape*

Based on previous analysis (Coelho and Versos, 2011) it appears that only the method of spi‐ ral design (Biomimicry Institute, 2007) was deemed applicable to pursue this goal, with the justification for this classification attributed to the fact that it is an iterative method, explicit‐ ly, which favours systematic optimization. Since the characteristic of interaction is present in the proposed method in its two directions of analysis, it is deemed applicable to support achieving this goal.

#### *2.3.2. Satisfaction of multiple requirements*

*2.2.6. Step C1 – Generation of concepts*

12 Advances in Industrial Design Engineering

detailing and finishing the project.

continue to improve the design and optimize the product.

wards applicability of the proposed method.

*2.3.1. Optimization of shape*

achieving this goal.

*2.2.8. Step C3 – Detail and finish*

tion in section 2.1.7).

**focused**

tions of the method.

*2.2.7. Step C2 – Validation*

The generation of concepts step, is common to the approach oriented from the problem to the solution and was described in section 2.15. The next phase of the method deals with the evaluation or validation of the concepts generated and is also applicable for the two orienta‐

According to the results of the validation process, there will be a need for further testing, modifications or refinements of the models, and reassessment of the principles of biological solution of the problem and the requirements for a new validation (see description for this step in section 2.1.6). Total satisfaction and validation of results, will enable to proceed with

This step is common to both orientations of the developed method of analysis (see descrip‐

It is a well-established fact that Nature is constantly learning, adapting and evolving. In a method for developing products, in particular, a bionic design process, it is beneficial to con‐ sider this teaching, making progressive drafts in successive stages of observation, problem definition, solutions analysis and validation. Thus it is important to note that even with the arrival of a drafted concept to the final stage of the method, there will always be the need to

**2.3. Adequacy of the proposed method to support the satisfaction of the five goals**

The genesis of the proposed method comes from a collection of methods retrieved from lit‐ erature which seeks to reap the benefits of the several methods reviewed in the new com‐ bined method (and still looking as far as possible to overcome some of the shortcomings pointed out). Thus, based on subjective evaluation (and its justification) of the applicability of each of the five methods for focusing on the objectives (Versos and Coelho, 2011-a, 2011 b, 2010; Coelho and Versos, 2011, 2010), we present an analysis of the same objectives to‐

Based on previous analysis (Coelho and Versos, 2011) it appears that only the method of spi‐ ral design (Biomimicry Institute, 2007) was deemed applicable to pursue this goal, with the justification for this classification attributed to the fact that it is an iterative method, explicit‐ ly, which favours systematic optimization. Since the characteristic of interaction is present in the proposed method in its two directions of analysis, it is deemed applicable to support In previous analyses, Coelho and Versos (2011) considered the Bio-inspired design method (Helms et al., 2009) as the only one of the reviewed methods applicable to support this objec‐ tive (note that this is a problem-oriented approach). In the proposed method, this is consid‐ ered in steps B3 (orientation from the solution to the problem) and A4 (direction from the problem to the solution), as this results from extracting from the constraints of the biological solution to make the most expeditious implementation of the principle of solution in anoth‐ er domain. However, these requirements are not explicitly considered after the transfer of the biological solution to the new field; considering this point, there are some shortcomings. The techniques for finding solutions, also presented in the Bio-inspired design method (Helms et al., 2009) for the selection of solutions through its various features solving several issues at the same time, also contribute to meeting this goal. In the orientation of analysis from the problem to the solution, the method developed, was considered contributing to the achievement of the satisfaction of multiple requirements in the project to be developed. The fulfilment of this goal can also be met through the consideration of environmental and eco‐ logical variables in the project, highlighted in two directions of analysis.

#### *2.3.3. Innovation of paradigm for performance features*

In previous analysis by Coelho and Versos (2011), all analyzed methods were considered ap‐ plicable to provide support to achieve the objective of innovation of the paradigm for per‐ formance features. This is considered a key motivation for the proposal of each and every one of the methods previously scrutinized. It is achieved by the appearance across all the methods discussed of the processing of a biological solution so as to provide a solution to a problem inherent in a design concept. Since the proposed method considers this transforma‐ tion (as in the passage from A1 to A4 and from B1 to B5) it is obvious that it satisfies this objective.

#### *2.3.4. Effectiveness of organization*

This goal was considered as fully supported through the use of the Aalborg method (orient‐ ed from the solution to the problem). The Aalborg method of analysis has achieved the cate‐ gory 'applicable' to achieving the goal of effectiveness of organization in view of the first stage of this method of analysis that, among other areas, focuses on the organization, struc‐ ture and morphology of levels in the natural system. Given that these aspects are contem‐ plated in both directions of analysis of the proposed method (A4 and B2), the classification of applicable is considered for this parameter for the case of the proposed bi-directional bi‐ onic design method.

#### *2.3.5. Effective communication*

Effective communication was considered a goal for which there is no support from existing methods (Coelho and Versos, 2011). Although one might consider, particularly in future work, giving support to achieve this objective, we chose not to follow this path in this work. However, in the validation itinerary, considerations are integrated into the proposed meth‐ od that are aimed at supporting the possibility of evaluating the effectiveness of communi‐ cation achieved by using conventional methods to stimulate creativity. Thus, the developed method is considered applicable, albeit with gaps to be filled in the future, to support the goal of effective communication. However, for most situations, the method is applicable to support the achievement of the goal, but it cannot be achieved if it is not explicitly consid‐ ered in the briefing that gives rise to the design project.

of optimizing the shape and satisfying multiple requirements. The purpose of communica‐ tion effectiveness is still suffering from a lack of support for its complete satisfaction. Thus it is recommended that projects where this objective is sought, make use of other approaches described in the design literature to systematically encourage their satisfaction (e.g. Figueir‐

A Bi-Directional Method for Bionic Design with Examples

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53417

15

However, the proposed method while not supporting to the same degree the validation of the five objectives focused, supports validation efforts explicitly which is very distinctive of previous methods. Thus, even if not directly supporting the process leading to the satisfac‐ tion of all stated purposes, the use of this method, providing validation mechanisms, helps designers realize the level of satisfaction of each objective achieved in each iteration of the project. This assessment will assist the recognition of the need for measures to correct the

**3. Examples of application of the bi-directonal method of bionic design**

In order to enhance and complement the method developed, its practical application is es‐ sential. In this regard two design projects were developed that follow the method of bionic design created and presented in this chapter. This was intended not only to validate and prove its practical applicability, but also as a way to complement and in order to enhance the dissemination of the method. The deployment of the method used to guide the develop‐ ment of these projects is summarily shown in the following subsections, excluding steps C2 to C3. Step C1 concerns the validation stage of the method, and its content has previously been shown by Versos and Coelho (2011-a). The first design case concerns the process of de‐ sign of a CD tower rack developed by the first author and following the proposed method (following the direction of analysis A—from design problem to bionic solution) with a solu‐ tion inspired on the spider web. The second design example reported on, was developed starting from the elastic structures of Nature arriving at a quad-cycle with frame integrated suspension developed by the first author and following the proposed method (following di‐

To consolidate and justify the method and solutions presented in this work a practical case study following the direction from the problem to the bionic solution was developed as ex‐ ample. The problem that has been proposed was to develop the design of a solution for bi‐

In a first step, and taking into account that the orientation of this project is initiated by iden‐ tifying a problem that seeks a solution, key product requirements were established so as to define and specify the problem in question. These requirements stand in addition to the ba‐ sic function of versatile storage of CDs and DVDs in their covers or books (1), in the stability

detected deviations in light of the design brief objectives.

rection of analysis B – from the bionic solution to the design problem).

**3.1. Bionic tower for storing and holding CDs and DVDs**

onic shelving for CDs, DVDs and books.

*3.1.1. Step A1 – Problem definition*

edo and Coelho, 2010).

As a summary, Table 4 compares the applicability of the method developed in its two orien‐ tations of analysis, given the five key goals considered.


**Table 4.** Comparative analysis of the applicability of the bionic design method developed in its two orientations of analysis, given the five goals selected and considered representative of those applicable to design problems.

The development of a new methodology sought to meet the issues identified during previ‐ ous study of existing methods. Steps are proposed so that the design method proposed is intended to address shortcomings in existing methods in the course of the analysis in view of their applicability to support the process to achieve five goals considered representative of the objectives pursued by those who follow a bionic approach to design. As such, we de‐ veloped a descriptive method that, in addition to considering the two directions of analysis to support the validation and fulfilment of the objectives set, provides support for an itera‐ tive approach in conducting the project. It is thus meant to assist in the optimization of the results achieved with the use of a bionic approach. The method uses an approach which combines contributions of previously existing methods, which were valued by the analysis, and support of the goals listed (Versos and Coelho, 2011-a, 2011-b, 2010; Coelho and Versos, 2011, 2010). As can be seen by the comparison presented in Table 4 on the applicability of the support given to achieve the goals chosen by the proposed method (referred to in its two directions of orientation), the method supports the applicability for all combinations of goal and orientation. In addition, the proposed method achieved an increase in applicability in relation to previous methods in order to optimize and to satisfy many requirements in the orientation from the solution to the problem and for effectiveness of organization in the di‐ rection of the design process from the problem to the solution. We also considered other ac‐ tivities not anticipated in the methods reviewed in order to more fully support the objectives

of optimizing the shape and satisfying multiple requirements. The purpose of communica‐ tion effectiveness is still suffering from a lack of support for its complete satisfaction. Thus it is recommended that projects where this objective is sought, make use of other approaches described in the design literature to systematically encourage their satisfaction (e.g. Figueir‐ edo and Coelho, 2010).

However, the proposed method while not supporting to the same degree the validation of the five objectives focused, supports validation efforts explicitly which is very distinctive of previous methods. Thus, even if not directly supporting the process leading to the satisfac‐ tion of all stated purposes, the use of this method, providing validation mechanisms, helps designers realize the level of satisfaction of each objective achieved in each iteration of the project. This assessment will assist the recognition of the need for measures to correct the detected deviations in light of the design brief objectives.
