Contents

**Preface XIII**



Chapter 4 **Recent Trends in Microbiological Decontamination of Aflatoxins in Foodstuffs 59** Carlos Augusto Fernandes Oliveira, Fernanda Bovo, Carlos Humberto Corassin, Alessandra Vincenzi Jager and Kasa Ravindranadha Reddy

Chapter 5 **Novel Methods for Preventing and Controlling Aflatoxins in Food: A Worldwide Daily Challenge 93** Eva Guadalupe Lizárraga-Paulín, Susana Patricia Miranda-Castro, Ernesto Moreno-Martínez, Irineo Torres-Pacheco and Alma Virginia Lara-Sagahón


Francisco Muñoz-Huerta, Jesus Roberto Millan-Almaraz, Ramon

Contents **VII**

Laura Anfossi, Claudio Baggiani, Cristina Giovannoli and Gianfranco

Cynthia Bley N'Dede, Curtis M. Jolly, Davo Simplice Vodouhe and

Gerardo Guevara-Gonzalez and Irineo Torres-Pacheco

Chapter 15 **Lateral Flow Immunoassays for Aflatoxins B and G and for**

Chapter 17 **Aflatoxin and Peanut Production Risk and Net Incomes 377**

**Aflatoxin M1 315**

**Section 5 Risk Assessment, Economics and Trade 341**

Chapter 16 **Aflatoxins: Risk, Exposure and Remediation 343** Antonello Santini and Alberto Ritieni

Giraudi

Pauline E. Jolly

	- **Section 3 Chemico-Biological Interactions and Human Health 221**

Francisco Muñoz-Huerta, Jesus Roberto Millan-Almaraz, Ramon Gerardo Guevara-Gonzalez and Irineo Torres-Pacheco


Chapter 6 **Recent Advances for Control, Counteraction and Amelioration of Potential Aflatoxins in Animal Feeds 129** N.K.S. Gowda, H.V.L.N. Swamy and P. Mahajan

Vivian Feddern, Giniani C. Dors, Fernando de C. Tavernari, Helenice

Mazzuco, Anildo Cunha, Everton L. Krabbe and Gerson N.

Ariane M. Kluczkovski and Augusto Kluczkovski Junior

Chapter 10 **Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw and Pasteurized Goat Milk**

**Section 3 Chemico-Biological Interactions and Human Health 221**

**in Hepatocarcinogenesis 223**

Chapter 11 **Synergistic Interaction Between Aflatoxin and Hepatitis B Virus**

Chapter 12 **Review of the Biological and Health Effects of Aflatoxins on**

William W. Anokbonggo and David B. Kyegombe

Chapter 14 **Characteristics of Mycotoxin Analysis Tools for Tomorrow 289**

Duarte-Galvan, Arturo Alfonso Fernandez-Jaramillo, Rafael

Luis Miguel Contreras-Medina, Alejandro Espinosa-Calderon, Carlos

Chapter 13 **The Significance of Glutathione Conjugation in Aflatoxin**

**Body Organs and Body Systems 239**

Tahereh Ziglari and Abdolamir Allameh

Suthep Ruangwises, Piyawat Saipan and Nongluck Ruangwises

Godfrey S. Bbosa, David Kitya, A. Lubega, Jasper Ogwal-Okeng ,

**Section 2 Food and Agriculture 141**

**VI** Contents

Scheuermann

**in Thailand 207**

Michael C. Kew

**Metabolism 267**

**Section 4 Detection and Analysis 287**

Chapter 7 **Occurrence of Aflatoxins in Food 143** Ayhan Filazi and Ufuk Tansel Sireli

Chapter 8 **Aflatoxins Importance on Animal Nutrition 171**

Chapter 9 **Aflatoxin in Fish Flour from the Amazon Region 197**


Preface

Aflatoxins are a group of polyketide mycotoxins that are produced during fungal develop‐ ment as secondary metabolites mainly by members of the fungal genus Aspergillus. Con‐ tamination of food, feed and agricultural commodities by aflatoxins impose an enormous economic concern, as these chemicals are highly carcinogenic, they can directly influence the structure of DNA, they can lead to fetal misdevelopment and miscarriages, and are known to suppress immune systems. In a global context, aflatoxin contamination is considered a perennial concern between the 35N and 35S latitude where developing countries are mainly situated. With expanding these boundaries, aflatoxins more and more become a problem in

Nowadays, aflatoxins research is one of the most exciting and rapidly developing areas of microbial toxins with applications in many disciplines from medicine to agriculture. Al‐ though aflatoxins have been a subject of several studies and reviews, but this monograph touches on fresh territory at the cutting edge of research into aflatoxins by a group of ex‐ perts in the field. Broadly divided into five sections and 17 chapters, this book highlights re‐ cent advances in aflatoxin research from epidemiology to diagnostic and control measures, biocontrol approaches, modern analytical techniques, economic concerns and underlying mechanisms of contamination processes. This book will update readers on several cuttingedge aspects of aflatoxins research bring together up-to-date information for mycologists, toxicologists, microbiologists, agriculture scientists, plant pathologists and pharmacologists, who may be interest to understanding of the impact, significance and recent advances with‐

I would like to sincere gratitude all expert scientists who actively contributed in the book as chapter editors, Ms. Romana Vukelic and Ms. Iva Simcic; publishing process managers and

> **Mehdi Razzaghi-Abyaneh** Associate professor and head Department of Mycology Pasteur Institute of Iran

> > Tehran, IRAN

InTech Open Access Publisher for providing the opportunity for publishing the book.

countries that previously did not have to worry about aflatoxin contamination.

in the field of aflatoxins with a focus on control strategies.
