**4. Pre- harvest strategies**

These include;


mushroom) is known to promote health effects in animals and human and have ability to inhibit aflatoxin biosynthesis by stimulating the antioxidant defence of the toxigenic fungus. Oxidative stress induced using paraquatenhanced the expression of β-glucan synthase gene and stimulated effect of β-glucans production that leads to a higher afla‐ toxin inhibiting capacity. Efficient inhibition could be due to higher content of β-glu‐ cans [60]. Utilization of microorganisms or their enzymatic metabolites to detoxify mycotoxins in food and feed has advantages such as mild reaction conditions, target specificity, efficiency and environmental friendly.

