**14.18. Non-dose related adverse drug reactions**

These include immunologic reactions and are related to the surface proteins present on βhumans lymphocytes (HLA antigens) which are important in the function of T-lymphocytes. The association of HLA antigens with foreign antigens stimulates T-lymphocytes. Some of these antigens expressed by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes have been associated with an increased risk of adverse drugs e.g. nephrotoxicity from penicillamine is increased in patients with HLA types B8 and DR 3 while patients with HLA- DR, 7 are protected against adverse drug effects.
