*3.2.4. Foaming*

Solutions with high protein content can cause frothing, including media containing serum and biochemical buffers with high percentage of BSA (used as blocking protein). To mini‐ mize frothing, it is recommended not to empty the tubing between dispensing (as ordinarily performed in fully automated platforms for large screenings). If tubing emptying is un‐ avoidable, it is advisable to empty a volume smaller than the dead volume. Other means to reduce frothing involve decreasing dispensing speed and applying grease to the cassette tips. Torn or cracked tubing can pull air generating bubbles.
