**Author details**

gous specimens was 94.63% : 5.37%.

**Total number of individuals**

130 Soybean - Pest Resistance

**4. Conclusions**

24-Jun 1-Jul 8-Jul 15-Jul 22-Jul 29-Jul 4-Aug 11-Aug18-Aug26-Aug 2-Sep 9-Sep

sweep net

phenophase: R1, R2 R3, R4, R6 R7, R8

Literature reports that soybean crops in the region where Croatia belongs (Croatia, Hun‐ gary, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria and Bosnia and Herzegovina) are attacked by over 180 pests (150 insects and 30 species from other animal classes). However, by literature review from Croatia, Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina we established that 52 species (or genus) of ar‐ thropods are reported to be associated with soybean crops. Out of these 52 species, seven species are zoophagous, 44 species are phytophagous and one species is myceliophagous. Additionally, we have found data on 43 species of phytoparasitic nematodes that can be find in soybean fields but without causing significant damages and literature also reports on

In our investigations the number of established species was lower than the number obtained by literature review. Total of 1357 individuals were collected and classified into the five or‐ ders from the class of Insects and one order from the class of Arachnida (infraclass Acari). 1232 individuals were classified in 15 species or genus, 58 individuals were classified into the six families while 67 individuals were classified into the orders. Phytophagous arthro‐ pods were more abundant than zoophagous. The ratio between phytophagous and zoopha‐

Based on the results of the literature review and of the research conducted, it could be con‐ cluded that significance of the arthropod pest fauna connected with soybean has changed over the time. Nowadays, soybean production in Croatia could be endangered by four phy‐

*N. viridula* is attacking soybean pods and seed causing the loss in yield quantity and quality. The early infestation is very dangerous. The population of this pest has been increasing in the past few years. This could be connected with the increase of soybean cultivation area. Obtained results indicate that the increase in pest population has occurred recently and that

tophagous arthropod species: *N. viridula* L., *V. cardui* L., *T. urticae* and *T. turkestani*.

three species of rodents that could cause significant damage on soybean fields.

**Figure 6.** The dynamic of the appearance of *Nabis ferus* on soybeans in Croatia in 2010

Renata Bažok, Maja Čačija, Ana Gajger and Tomislav Kos

\*Address all correspondence to: rbazok@agr.hr

University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagreb, Croatia

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**Chapter 6**

**Engineered Soybean Cyst Nematode Resistance**

A variety of plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs), including the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), elicit the initiation, development and maintenance of a specialized nurse cell from which they derive their nutriment (Figure 1). Remarkably, during parasitism by the PPN, the nurse cell survives the apparently significant resource drain on the root cell that would be expect‐ ed to detrimentally impact normal physiological processes of the cell. This outcome indi‐ cates that the nematode has developed a well tuned apparatus to ensure that the root cell does not collapse and die during parasitism. In contrast, in the soybean-SCN pathosystem, the nurse cell and sometimes the surrounding cells are the sites of the defense response to the parasite (Ross, 1958; Endo, 1965). Therefore, plants have in place a mechanism to over‐ come the influence of the activities of the nematode. Identifying the factor(s) is of utmost im‐

Documented accounts reveal that soybean has been in cultivation for thousands of years (Hymowitz et al. 1970), beginning in Asia perhaps as early as 3,500 B.C. (Liu et al. 1997). While the natural range of soybean is East Asia, after thousands of years of cultivation a true understanding of its native range is complicated at best. However, the extensive range of wild soybean and obvious differences in its growth habit indicates that while environmental cues may be responsible for changes in soybean and plant growth habit in general (Garner Allard 1930; Chapin III et al. 1985; Day et al. 1999), genetic variation that exists in wild popu‐ lations is of significant benefit to agriculture for production purposes and developing resist‐ ance to its many pathogens. This assessment is particularly true for soybean and its most significant pathogen, SCN, as many ecological collections have resulted in the identification

> © 2013 Klink et al.; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

© 2013 Klink et al.; licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Vincent P. Klink, Prachi D. Matsye,

portance in developing resistance to PPNs.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54514

**1. Introduction**

**1.2. History**

Katheryn S. Lawrence and Gary W. Lawrence

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

