**Author details**

Rafael Vivian1\*, André Reis2 , Pablo A. Kálnay3 , Leandro Vargas1 , Ana Carolina Camara Ferreira4 and Franciele Mariani5

\*Address all correspondence to: rafael.vivian@cpamn.embrapa.br

1 Brazilian Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service – Embrapa Mid-North, Teresina, PI, Brazil

2 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Okubo, Tokyo, Japan

3 National University of Buenos Aires/Northwest, Pergamino, Buenos Aires, Argentina

4 Federal University of Piauí, M.Sc. student – Soil conservation – Teresina – PI, Brazil

5 Federal University of Pelotas, Ph.D. student – Weed management – Passo Fundo – RS, Brazil

### **References**

weed resistance to various chemical herbicide groups used in the crop and some weed species

Even with the biotechnology advances and other GM soybean introduction, history must repeat itself, since the tendency to standardize production systems favors the weeds, allowing better adaptation response as it increases the selection pressure. The application of glyphosate to GM crops like soybeans, corn, cotton, canola, wheat, among others — all resistant to this herbicide — is not the best alternative to properly manage weeds. In regions where RR technology is predominant, shifts on weed control are increasing, as well as new weed problems, including weeds resistant to glyphosate which are infesting other crops. In this case, soybean producers must use all available technologies, considering both socioeconomic and

The use of IWM is the most suitable alternative to maintain weed populations below damage threshold on the soybean crop. Besides difficulties on IWM implementation, there are concerns about farmers' awareness and variations into each farm. The use of IWM without considering the integration of control methods of other organisms (pests and diseases) does not allow the

Even with prediction models to IWM implementation, weed control is not indefinitely assured if it is not continuously adapted to new changes in soybean production system. In this context, there is no single solution, ready and with indeterminate validity on weed management. Choosing intelligent systems, which integrate the basic concepts of ecology and biology of species to the available tools (GM crops, herbicides, biological control, etc.), should assist weed

, Leandro Vargas1

,

, Pablo A. Kálnay3

\*Address all correspondence to: rafael.vivian@cpamn.embrapa.br

and Franciele Mariani5

1 Brazilian Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service – Embrapa Mid-North,

2 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku,

5 Federal University of Pelotas, Ph.D. student – Weed management – Passo Fundo – RS, Brazil

3 National University of Buenos Aires/Northwest, Pergamino, Buenos Aires, Argentina

4 Federal University of Piauí, M.Sc. student – Soil conservation – Teresina – PI, Brazil

are resistant to more than two chemical groups.

environmental efficiency.

76 Soybean - Pest Resistance

sustainability of used practices.

management.

**Author details**

Teresina, PI, Brazil

Okubo, Tokyo, Japan

Rafael Vivian1\*, André Reis2

Ana Carolina Camara Ferreira4


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**Chapter 4**

**Weed Management in the Soybean Crop**

Inadequate weed control is one of the main factors related to decrease in soybean production. Weeds compete with crops by resources (water, light and nutrients). This competition is important mainly in the initial stages of crop development, due to possible losses in production

Weeds have traits which confer them great aggressiveness even in adverse environments. High number of seeds, seed dormancy, discontinuous germination, effective dispersal mechanisms and population heterogeneity, are very important for weed establishment during crop development. During this phase, weeds may rapidly capture resources and occupy space; this is often linked to their competitive ability, because rapid growth requires the prompt and efficient conversion of resources into biomass. Thus, the yield is reduced and production costs

Besides reducing crop yield, weeds can cause other problems, like reduce grain quality, cause loss and difficulty during harvesting and serve as hosts of pests and diseases. The role of weeds as alternate hosts for soybean crop pests and diseases and their interference with cultivation operations resulting into higher costs of production must not be over looked. Weeds can also release toxins highly harmful to crop development. However, despite weeds show many negative aspects, they can also show advantages, like: providing food for the wildlife; potential

> © 2013 da Silva et al.; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2013 da Silva et al.; licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

that can be up to 80% or even, in extreme cases, hinders harvest operations [1].

source of germoplasm; recycling nutrients and preventing soil erosion.

Alexandre Ferreira da Silva, Leandro Galon, Ignacio Aspiazú, Evander Alves Ferreira,

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

increase, resulting in a decrease in farmer's income.

Germani Concenço,

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54596

**1. Introduction**

Edison Ulisses Ramos Júnior and Paulo Roberto Ribeiro Rocha

