Preface

Chapter 9 **Integrated Management of Helicoverpa armigera in Soybean**

Yaghoub Fathipour and Amin Sedaratian

**Cropping Systems 231**

**VI** Contents

This book provides an overview of the pest resistance soybeans. The authors contributed 9 chapters in which they attempt to review recent research on soybean resistance to Hemipter‐ an pests and, in the light of various challenges to manage Hemipteran pests, propose strat‐ egies for successful and sustainable use of host plant resistance (HPR) in soybean against these pests.

The chapters also aim to present some focal issues related to weed management in soybean growing areas, which include weed potential to cause severe damage and yield losses by weeds, the evolution of resistant weeds in GR soybean monoculture, the soybean manage‐ ment characterization in the main producing countries and discussions about the benefits of IWM use as an accurate control measure. A set of information for researchers and experts on weed management service area is presented, reporting clearly and objectively the major im‐ pacts of the current management used, as well as the outlook for soybean farming.

This book will be useful for soybean researchers and other academic staff and will provide its readers with valuable insight into the last developments in the field.

> **Hany A. El-Shemy, Professor** Cairo University, EGYPT

**Chapter 1**

**Nutritional Requirements of Soybean Cyst Nematodes**

Soybeans [*Glycine max*] are the second largest cash crop in US Agriculture, but the soybean yield is compromised by infections from *Heterodera glycines*, also known as Soybean Cyst Nematodes [SCN]. SCN are the most devastating pathogen or plant disease soybean farmers confront. This obligate pathogen requires nutrients from the plant to complete its life cycle. To date, SCN nutritional requirements are not clearly defined. Growth media supporting SCN still contain soy products. Understanding the SCN nutritional requirements and how host plants meet those requirements should lead to the control of SCN infestations. The nutritional requirements of SCN are reviewed in this chapter and those requirements are compared to those of other nematodes. Carbohydrates, vitamins, amino acids, lipids, and other nutritional

The survival of parasitic nematodes requires adequate nutrition. These essential nutrients are at least partially supplied by the host. But, availability of nutrients may not alone be sufficient for survival and reproduction. The parasite must also be able to establish a feeding site. Both the establishment of the feeding site and the presence of adequate nutrients for the soybean

Nematodes have differing mouth part structures which are adapted to their food source [1]. In the case of plant-parasitic nematodes, a stylet [analogous to a hypodermic needle], is used to puncture plant cells and a pump mechanism located in the nematode esophagus allows for exchange of fluids between the nematode and plant [1]. Most studies of the economically important root-knot and cyst-forming plant-parasitic nematodes have focused on what fluids are secreted by the nematode and how this facilitates establishment of a feeding site [2-4].

> © 2013 Goheen et al.; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2013 Goheen et al.; licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Steven C. Goheen, James A. Campbell and

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Patricia Donald

**1. Introduction**

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54247

requirements are discussed.

**1.1. Feeding site establishment**

cyst nematode [SCN] are discussed below.
