**11. Conclusion**

*Helicoverpa armigera* represents a significant challenge to soybean cropping systems in many parts of the world and remain the target for concentrated management with synthetic insecti‐ cides. However, the extensive use of insecticides for combating *H. armigera* populations is of environmental concern and has repeatedly led to the development of resistance in this pest as well as the deleterious effects on nontarget organisms and environment. The common trend to‐ wards reducing reliance on chemicals for control of insect pests in agriculture renewed world‐ wide interest in integrated pest management (IPM) programmes and it seems that in most areas the aim must be integrated management, particularly on crops such as soybean where *H. armigera* is part of a diverse pest complex. Accordingly, in this chapter we attempt to introduce basic elements for implementation of sustainable management of *H. armigera*. For this, we re‐ viewed the main findings of different researchers and in some cases present our data. Howev‐ er, our findings revealed that for successful management of *H. armigera*, more attention should be devoted to some basic information such as monitoring efforts, forecasting activities and eco‐ nomic thresholds. In addition, more studies are needed to evaluate potential of novel control measures including selective insecticides and sublethal doses, HPR and genetically modified soybean cultivars and microbial pathogens (especially commercial formulations of *B. thurin‐ giensis* and NPV) for control of this noctuid pest. However, for future outlook of integrated management of *H. armigera* in soybean cropping systems, the development and use of resistant cultivars will play a crucial role. In other words, more works should be conducted to evaluate resistance of soybean cultivars to *H. armigera* in field conditions. Moreover, a further need is to evaluate tritrophic interactions among the soybean cultivars, *H. armigera* and its natural ene‐ mies and new studies should be included to evaluate such interactions. However, the informa‐ tion gathered in the current chapter could be valuable for integrated management of *H. armigera* in soybean cropping systems.
