**1. Introduction**

[97] Rodrigues, B. N, & Almeida, F. S. Guia de Herbicidas, 4 ed., Londrina: (1998). p.

[98] Silva, A. A, Ferreira, F. A, Ferreira, L. R, & Santos, J. B. Herbicidas: Resistência de plantas daninhas. In: Silva AA, Silva JF. (Eds.). Tópicos em manejo de plantas dani‐ nhas. Viçosa: Universidade Federal de Viçosa; (2007). 978-8-57269-275-5, 279-324. [99] Vargas, L, Bianchi, M. A, Rizzardi, M. A, & Agostinetto, D. Dal Magro T. Buva (Con‐ yza bonariensis) resistente ao glyphosate na região Sul do Brasil. (2007). Planta Dani‐

[100] Moreira, M. S, & Nicolai, M. Carvalho SJP, Christoffoleti PJ. Resistência de Conyza canadensis e C. bonariensis ao herbicida ghyphosate. Planta Daninha. (2007).

[101] Lamego, F. P, & Vidal, R. A. Resistência ao glyphosate em biótipos de Conyza bonar‐ iensis e Conyza canadensis no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Planta Daninha.

[102] Weed Science- International Survey Of Herbicide Resistant WeedsDisponível em:

[103] Guaratini, M. T. Toledo REP, Christoffoleti PJ. Alternativas de manejo de populações de Bidens pilosa e Bidens subalternans resistentes aos herbicidas inibidores da ALS. In: Congresso Brasileiro da Ciencia das Plantas Daninhas, 25, 2006, Resumos expan‐

<http://www.weedscience.org/in.asp>.acessed 17 march (2012).

didos.... Brasília: SBCPD, (2006). p. (CD-ROM).

859053211

112 Soybean - Pest Resistance

nha. (2007). 0100-8358, 25(3), 573-578.

0100-8358, 25(1), 157-164.

(2008). 0100-8358, 26(2), 467-471.

The importance of soybean (*Glycine max* (L.) Merr.), as today's world leading oil and protein crop, is increasing in Croatia. As a plant species, soybean was registered for the first time in Croatia in 1876. Soybean is relatively new field crop for Croatia. It was grown for the first time in 1910 but, starting with 1970s it became important field crop [1]. In 1981, soybean was cultivated on an area of 3.381 ha. Since that time the area cultivated by soybean has in‐ creased considerably, and productivity has also risen steadily. Figure 1 presents the trends in soybean production in Croatia in the period 1993-2010 [2].

**Figure 1.** Harvested area and total production of soybean in Croatia, 1993-2010

© 2013 Bažok et al.; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2013 Bažok et al.; licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Today's the area on which soybean is cultivated in Croatia varies, depending on the year, from 30.000 to 50.000 ha. Croatian government statistics [2] show gains in average yielding ability, from 2.160 to 3.000 kg/ha, between 1993 and 2010. Comparing to data from USA [3] on the aver‐ age yield between 2.197 and 2.896 kg/ha, soybean yields obtained in "regular" years in Croatia are satisfactory. The exceptions in registered yield quantity were observed in extremely dry and warm years 2000, 2003 and 2007 in which yield was between 1.380 and 1.900 kg/ha. There‐ fore, the main problem of soybean yielding stability is related to vulnerability of soybean pro‐ duction in extreme climatic conditions in which pest outbreaks influence yields negatively. Global climate changes are often discussed by numerous scientists. Besides the increase of global mean temperature [4], the incidence of the years in which extreme conditions are present vs. "regular" years is increasing. This is proved by the fact that in the period from 2000 to 2009, three years with extremely dry and warm conditions were observed. Consequently, to mitigate the negative consequences of pest outbreaks and improve profits soybean growers, in these extreme years, attempt to control the pests which can reduce crop productivity.

Ugarov & Nikolskii) could be controlled by the use of acaricides if their populations reach economic threshold (usually in warm and dry years). Other pest species are controlled only

**source**

**Croatia Neighboring**

21 +

Arthropod Fauna Associated to Soybean in Croatia

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54521

21 +

24 +

8 +

24 +

21, 24 +

24 +

6, 9 + +

6 +

9, 22, 24 + +

9 +

9 +

9, 26 +

**countries**

115

**Order Suborder Family Species Literature**

Thysanoptera Thripidae *Frankliniella intonsa* (Trybom

Collembola Smynthuridae *Sminthurus* sp. Latreille 1802 21 +

Schaeffer 1835)

*Lygus gemellatus* (Heerrich-

*Lygus pratensis* (Linneaus

*Lygus rugulipennis* Poppius

*Halticus apterus* (Linnaeus

*Apolygus lucorum* (Meyer-

*Eurydema oleracea* (Linnaeus

Anthocoridae *Anthocoris* sp. Fallen 1814 9 +

*Nabis pseudoferus* Remane

*Cicadella viridis (*Linnaeus

Aphididae *Aphis craccivora* Koch 1854 21 +

*Piezodorus* sp. Fieber 1861 9 +

*Orius niger* Woolf 1811 6 +

*Nabis feroides* Wagner 1967 6 +

*Nezara viridula* (Linnaeus

1985)

1758)

1911

1758)

1758)

1758)

Nabidae *Nabis (Nabis) ferus* Linnaeus 1758

1949

& Yonke

1758)

Homoptera Membracidae *Sctictocephala bisonia* Koop

Dur 1843)

Pentatomidae *Dolycoris bacarrum* (Linnaeus 1758)

Hemiptera Heteroptera Miridae *Lygus* sp. Hahn 1833 9 +

occasionally if pest outbreaks occur.

Comparing to weeds and diseases, in "regular years" pests are of somewhat less importance for soybean production in Croatia. In different agro-ecosystems, the arthropod fauna of soy‐ bean contains a great number of damaging species [5-8]. Soybean pests have not been inves‐ tigated completely in Croatia. It was reported [8] that in the region where Croatia belongs, soybean crops are attacked by over 180 pests (150 insects and 30 species from other animal classes) among which approximately 25 pest species are the most important.

Some investigations or observations on arthropod fauna of soybean were conducted in the past on the territory of Croatia [9 - 13], and in neighboring countries [14 - 24]. Additionally, some of the species were registered recently as the pests which could cause significant yield damage on soybean [25 - 29].

The most comprehensive overview of the potential arthropod pests' fauna of soybean in Croatia is given by Maceljski [9]. This overview is a result of the literature review and au‐ thor's long time work experience in entomology. On the other hand, investigations carried out by other scientists in Croatia [10 - 13] and neighboring countries [6-8, 14-24] reported on the presence or harmfulness of some additional species. In the Table 1 arthropod species that are reported as soybean pests both, in Croatia and in neighboring countries are listed.

Besides arthropod species, nematodes are established as potential pests on soybeans in Cro‐ atia [11, 12] and in neighboring countries [19]. Jelić [12] established 43 species of phytopara‐ sitic nematodes on 18 localities distributed in east Croatia (region of Slavonia). Identified species belonged to the genera *Ditylenchus* Filipjev, *Meloidogyne* Goeldi, *Paratylenchus* Mico‐ letzky, *Pratylenchus* Filipjev, *Rotylenchus* Filipjev, and *Tylenchorhynchus* Cobb. However sig‐ nificant damages caused by nematodes haven't been recorded jet. Besides mentioned pests, some authors [8, 30] reported that significant damage on soybean crops in Serbia could be caused by other animal species as are *Cricetus cricetus* L., *Microtus arvalis* Pallas and *Lepus europaeus* Pallas as well.

In regular farming practice in Croatia soybean seed is not treated with insecticides. Among the arthorpod pests, mites (*Tetranychus urticae* Koch and *Tetranychus atlanticus* = *T. turkestani*

Ugarov & Nikolskii) could be controlled by the use of acaricides if their populations reach economic threshold (usually in warm and dry years). Other pest species are controlled only occasionally if pest outbreaks occur.

Today's the area on which soybean is cultivated in Croatia varies, depending on the year, from 30.000 to 50.000 ha. Croatian government statistics [2] show gains in average yielding ability, from 2.160 to 3.000 kg/ha, between 1993 and 2010. Comparing to data from USA [3] on the aver‐ age yield between 2.197 and 2.896 kg/ha, soybean yields obtained in "regular" years in Croatia are satisfactory. The exceptions in registered yield quantity were observed in extremely dry and warm years 2000, 2003 and 2007 in which yield was between 1.380 and 1.900 kg/ha. There‐ fore, the main problem of soybean yielding stability is related to vulnerability of soybean pro‐ duction in extreme climatic conditions in which pest outbreaks influence yields negatively. Global climate changes are often discussed by numerous scientists. Besides the increase of global mean temperature [4], the incidence of the years in which extreme conditions are present vs. "regular" years is increasing. This is proved by the fact that in the period from 2000 to 2009, three years with extremely dry and warm conditions were observed. Consequently, to mitigate the negative consequences of pest outbreaks and improve profits soybean growers, in

these extreme years, attempt to control the pests which can reduce crop productivity.

classes) among which approximately 25 pest species are the most important.

damage on soybean [25 - 29].

114 Soybean - Pest Resistance

*europaeus* Pallas as well.

Comparing to weeds and diseases, in "regular years" pests are of somewhat less importance for soybean production in Croatia. In different agro-ecosystems, the arthropod fauna of soy‐ bean contains a great number of damaging species [5-8]. Soybean pests have not been inves‐ tigated completely in Croatia. It was reported [8] that in the region where Croatia belongs, soybean crops are attacked by over 180 pests (150 insects and 30 species from other animal

Some investigations or observations on arthropod fauna of soybean were conducted in the past on the territory of Croatia [9 - 13], and in neighboring countries [14 - 24]. Additionally, some of the species were registered recently as the pests which could cause significant yield

The most comprehensive overview of the potential arthropod pests' fauna of soybean in Croatia is given by Maceljski [9]. This overview is a result of the literature review and au‐ thor's long time work experience in entomology. On the other hand, investigations carried out by other scientists in Croatia [10 - 13] and neighboring countries [6-8, 14-24] reported on the presence or harmfulness of some additional species. In the Table 1 arthropod species that are reported as soybean pests both, in Croatia and in neighboring countries are listed.

Besides arthropod species, nematodes are established as potential pests on soybeans in Cro‐ atia [11, 12] and in neighboring countries [19]. Jelić [12] established 43 species of phytopara‐ sitic nematodes on 18 localities distributed in east Croatia (region of Slavonia). Identified species belonged to the genera *Ditylenchus* Filipjev, *Meloidogyne* Goeldi, *Paratylenchus* Mico‐ letzky, *Pratylenchus* Filipjev, *Rotylenchus* Filipjev, and *Tylenchorhynchus* Cobb. However sig‐ nificant damages caused by nematodes haven't been recorded jet. Besides mentioned pests, some authors [8, 30] reported that significant damage on soybean crops in Serbia could be caused by other animal species as are *Cricetus cricetus* L., *Microtus arvalis* Pallas and *Lepus*

In regular farming practice in Croatia soybean seed is not treated with insecticides. Among the arthorpod pests, mites (*Tetranychus urticae* Koch and *Tetranychus atlanticus* = *T. turkestani*



**Order Suborder Family Species Literature**

1766))

1816

1909)

*(*Kiefer 1909)

Agromyzidae *Lyriomyza congesta* (Becker 1903)

1836

1937

1900

**Table 1.** Arthropod species established to damage soybean in Croatia and neighburing countries

Diptera Cecidomyidae *Clinodiplosis trotteri* =

Prostigmata Tetranychidae *Tetranychus urticae* Koch

beneficial insects.

*Chloridea dipsacea* L. (*Heliothis viriplaca* (Hufnagel,

*Phragmatobia fuliginosa* (Linnaeus 1758)

*Autographa gamma* (Linnaeus 1758)

*Helicoverpa armigera* (Hubner 1808)

*Mamestra* sp. Ochensheimer

*Anabremia trotteri* (Kieffer

*Acarolestes tetranychorum*

*Tetranicuhus atlanticus* = *T. turkestani* Ugarov & Nikolskii

*Tetranychus tumidus* Banks

In only one investigation which was carried out in Serbia [21] beneficial fauna on soybean was recorded. Only three predatory species were established, *Coccinella septempunctata* L. (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae), *Chrysopa carnea* Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and *Acaro‐ lestes tetranychorum* Kief. (Diptera: Cecidomyidae). There are no similar investigations con‐ ducted in Croatia but, out of all species listed [9] as potential members of entomofauna of soybean, two species (*Anthocoris sp.* Fallen and *Nabis (Nabis) ferus* L.) are listed as potential

The subject of pest control is rarely discussed without the reference to the concept of inte‐ grated pest management (IPM). IPM is essentially a holistic approach to pest control that

Anthomyiidae *Delia platura* (Meigen 1826) 8 +

**source**

**Croatia Neighboring**

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54521

21 +

Arthropod Fauna Associated to Soybean in Croatia

21 +

7, 8 +

7, 8 +

7, 8 +

21 +

21 +

21 +

24 +

+ +

+ +

7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 16, 17, 19

7, 8, 9, 10, 16, 17, 19, 24

**countries**

117


**Order Suborder Family Species Literature**

Coleoptera Elateridae *Agriotes ustulatus* Schaller

116 Soybean - Pest Resistance

Lepidoptera Gracilariidae *Phylonorycter insignitella*

Diaspididae *Lepidosaphes* sp. Shimer 1898

1793

Scarabaeidae *Anomala* sp. Schoenherr 1817

Anobiidae *Stegobium paniceum*

Chrysomelidae *Longitarsus* sp. Berthold 1827

1758

Zeller 1846

Pyralidae *Etiella zinckenella* (Treitschke 1832)

Freeman 1941

*Grapholita compositella* Fabricius 1775

Schiffermuller 1775

Tortricidae *Olethreutes lacunana*

Geometridae *Ascotis selenaria* Dennis &

Nymphalidae *Vanessa cardui* Linnaeus 1758

Noctuidae *Acronicta (Viminia) rumicis (Linnaeus 1758)*

Cocinelidae *Subcocinella*

(Linnaeus 1758)

*vigintiquatuorpunctata (*Linnaeus 1758)

*Phylotreta undulata* Kutschera 1860

*Haltica oleracea* Linnaeus

Lathiridae *Corticaria* sp. Marsham 1802 9 + Curculionidae *Phyllobius* sp. Germar 1824 9 +

*Sitophillus* sp. Schnherr, 1838 9 +

Crambidae *Udea ferrugalis* Hubner 1796 21 +

Lymanthridae *Orgya gonostigma* L. 21 +

**source**

15

*Agriotes* sp. Eschscholtz 1829 15 +

**Croatia Neighboring**

21 +

21 +

21 +

9, 21 + +

9 +

9 +

9 +

24 +

21 +

24 +

21 +

21 +

+ +

9, 20, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29

8, 9, 14, 21 + +

**countries**

**Table 1.** Arthropod species established to damage soybean in Croatia and neighburing countries

In only one investigation which was carried out in Serbia [21] beneficial fauna on soybean was recorded. Only three predatory species were established, *Coccinella septempunctata* L. (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae), *Chrysopa carnea* Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and *Acaro‐ lestes tetranychorum* Kief. (Diptera: Cecidomyidae). There are no similar investigations con‐ ducted in Croatia but, out of all species listed [9] as potential members of entomofauna of soybean, two species (*Anthocoris sp.* Fallen and *Nabis (Nabis) ferus* L.) are listed as potential beneficial insects.

The subject of pest control is rarely discussed without the reference to the concept of inte‐ grated pest management (IPM). IPM is essentially a holistic approach to pest control that seeks to optimize the use of a combination of methods to manage whole spectrum of pests within particular cropping system. IPM relies heavily on biological controls with a perspec‐ tive chemical input only as a last resort. For effective control, there needs to be an under‐ standing of a pest's interaction with its environment. This is so called concept of "life system" which was initially conceived by Clark et al. [31] to reinforce the idea that popula‐ tion cannot be considered apart from the ecosystem with which it interacts. The life system consists of the pest population plus its "effective environment". Most ecological pest man‐ agement concentrates on the agro-ecosystem, defined as "effective environment" at the crop level [32]. Monitoring in insect pest management can be used to determine the geographical distribution of pests, to assess the effectiveness of control measures, but in its widest sense monitoring is the process of measuring the variables required for the development and use of forecast to predict pest outbreaks [33]. Such forecasts are an important component of pest management strategies because a warning of the timing and extent of pest attack can im‐ prove the efficiency of control measures. For successful pest control according to the princi‐ ples of IPM it is of great importance to have deep knowledge in harmful and beneficial arthoropods in particular agro-ecological conditions.

samples each containing 10 leaves were transported to laboratory to be examined under the stereomicroscope and all life stages of mites were counted [37]. Whole plant counts and leaf collection began one week later than sweep net sampling i.e. on July 1st 2010 and continued

Arthropod Fauna Associated to Soybean in Croatia

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54521

119

All collected insects were identified to the family or genus and species (if possible). For iden‐

Based on the number of all individuals, cenological characteristics (dominance and frequen‐

The total catch was 1357 specimens which belong to six orders: Thysanoptera, Hemiptera,

Out of 1357 specimens, only 73 individuals (5.37%) belong to beneficial fauna (mostly preda‐ tors), while all other collected specimens are herbivorous and therefore potential pests on soybean. All found beneficials belonged to predators and majority of them (70 individuals) belong to Hemiptera what confirms the statement of Ketzschmar [44] that predaceous Hem‐ iptera are usually more abundant in soybean fields than all other insect predators combined. In earlier investigations [21] conducted in Serbia no predaceous Hemiptera have been found while more recent investigations in Serbia [6] and in Croatia [9] stated that they are present in soybean crops. All predaceous Hemiptera feed on a wide range of hosts and may extend this polyphagy to plant feeding to some extent [45]. Such plant feeding causes no damage to row crops but almost certainly has survival value for the predators by maintaining popula‐ tions where prey are scarce or absent. Some of the species which belong to family Pentato‐ midae are also recognized as predators [45]. Since some of the individuals collected in our

cy) of the insect orders and families (where appropriate) were determined [43].

through September 9th 2010. It was performed for 11 weeks.

tifying insects identification keys were used [38-42].

The dominance was calculated by Balogh formula:

Σa1 = total number of all collected specimens.

The frequency was calculated by Balogh formula:

Where: a1 = number of identified specimens of one species;

Where: Ua1 = number of samples with identified species;

Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera and Prostigmata (Table 2).

D1=

a1 ∑ <sup>a</sup>*<sup>i</sup>*

Ca1 <sup>=</sup> Ua1 ∑ Ui

∑U<sup>i</sup>

x100

x 100

= total number of samples.

**3. Results and discussion**

The study was conducted to determine the harmful and beneficial arthropod fauna during the soybean growing season, and based on their dynamic of occurrence and abundance to identify the harmful and beneficial species of greater importance for soybean production in Croatia.
