**Author details**

compatible with biological control [178]. The significant and growing evidence from funda‐ mental research in allelochemically mediated interactions hold substantial promise with re‐ gard to the development of novel IPM techniques. Allelochemicals mediated interactions in insect-host plant relationship have been recognized as the most important factors in the suc‐ cessful establishment of an insect species on a crop [189]. Furthermore, allelochemicals pro‐ duced by plants also have considerable influence on the prey/host selection behavior of natural enemies, so that plants, herbivores, and natural enemies are interconnected through the well-knit array of chemicals. The host plant volatiles play a key role in attracting/repel‐ ling or retaining the natural enemies, thereby causing considerable changes in pest popula‐ tions on different plant cultivars [190]. Hare [191] cited 16 studies where interactions between resistant cultivars and natural enemies (parasitoids) were studied and the out‐ comes show a spectrum of interactions, ranging from synergistic, to additive, to none appa‐ rent through to disruptive or antagonistic. Negative interactions can occur due to the presence of secondary chemicals that are ingested or sequestered by natural enemies feed‐ ing on hosts present on resistant or partially resistant plants [192]. For example, specific tox‐ ic components in partially resistant soybean plants can be particularly problematic in this regard [193]. In addition to allelochemicals, morphological traits of host plants such as tri‐ chome density and color complexion can affect insect fitness and effectiveness of its natural enemies. It was observed that plant cultivars were sufficiently differing in their trichome density and color complexion which were considered as main resource of variations in rate of parasitism on different plant cultivars. Cotton cultivars with low density of hairs on the upper leaf surface and high hair density on the lower leaf surface help in reduction of pest incidence [194]. The rates of parasitism were negatively associated with trichome density as revealed by Mohite and Uthamasamy [195]. In another study, Asifulla *et al.* [196] noticed higher parasitism by *T. chilonis* on *H. armigera* eggs in glabrous cotton species compared to

In conclusion, as a novel strategy for IPM programmes, well understanding of multitrophic interactions is critical to develop the sustainable, less pesticide-dependent or pesticide-free pest management programmes [197]. In the interest of agricultural sustainability, tritrophic manipulation, as a distinct approach to biological or cultural control, is probably to be pri‐ oritized increasingly by both researchers and those responsible for the development and practical implementation of pest management programmes. This process will be facilitated if improvements in the understanding of crop-pest-natural enemy evolution and their inter‐ actions are achieved [26, 197]. Information in this regard are essential in finding out what role the plant play in supporting the action of natural enemies and how this role could be

*Helicoverpa armigera* represents a significant challenge to soybean cropping systems in many parts of the world and remain the target for concentrated management with synthetic insecti‐ cides. However, the extensive use of insecticides for combating *H. armigera* populations is of

hairy types.

264 Soybean - Pest Resistance

**11. Conclusion**

manipulated reserving the natural enemies.

Yaghoub Fathipour\* and Amin Sedaratian

\*Address all correspondence to: fathi@modares.ac.ir

Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

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