**Author details**

Steve F. A. Acquah\* , Darryl N. Ventura, Samuel E. Rustan and Harold W. Kroto

\*Address all correspondence to: acquah51@hotmail.com

Florida State University, United States

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**Author details**

Steve F. A. Acquah\*

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**Chapter 19**

**Carbon Nanotube-Enzyme Biohybrids in a Green**

Alternative energy pathways to replace depleting oil reserves and to limit the effects of glob‐ al warming by reducing the atmospheric emissions of carbon dioxide are nowadays re‐ quired. Dihydrogen appears as an attractive candidate because it represents the highest energy output relative to the molecular weight (120 MJ kg-1 against 50 MJ kg-1 for natural gas), and because its combustion delivers only water and heat. Whereas the main renewable sources of energy available in nature (solar, wind, geothermal…) need to be transformed, di‐ hydrogen is able to transport and store energy. Dihydrogen can be produced from renewa‐ ble energies, indirectly from photosynthesis *via* biomass transformation, or directly by bacteria. It can be converted into electricity using fuel cell technology. From all these proper‐ ties and because it does not compete with food and water resources, dihydrogen has been defined as third generation biofuel. It thus emerges as a new fully friendly environmental energy vector. The use of dihydrogen as an energy carrier is not a new idea. Let us simply remember that Jules Verne, a famous French visionary novelist, wrote early in 1874: "I be‐ lieve that O2 and H2 will be in the future our energy and heat sources" [1]. His prediction simply relied on the discovery a few years before of the fuel cell concept by C. Schönbein, then W. Groove, who demonstrated that when stopping water electrolysis, a current flow occurred in the reverse way [2]. However in order to implement the dihydrogen economy and replace fossil fuels, there are significant technical challenges that need to be overcome in

> © 2013 De Poulpiquet et al.; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2013 De Poulpiquet et al.; licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons

**Hydrogen Economy**

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/51782

each of the following domains:

Elisabeth Lojou

**1. Introduction**

Anne De Poulpiquet, Alexandre Ciaccafava,

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Saïda Benomar, Marie-Thérèse Giudici-Orticoni and

