**Author details**

Tetsu Mieno and Naoki Matsumoto

Department of Physics, Shizuoka University, Japan

#### **References**


[6] Journet, C., Maser, W. K., Bernier, P., Loiseau, A. Lamy de la Chapele, M., Lefrant, S., Deniard, P., Lee, R., Fischer, J. E., Large-scale production of single-walled carbon nanotubes by the electric-arc technique, Nature, 388, pp. 756-758.

**3.** By increasing the magnetic field, the production rate of carbon soot including SWNTs considerably increases, in which the quality of the SWNTs remains high. Water-soluble

**4.** Using the *J*x*B* arc-jet discharge, endohedral metallofullerenes, Gd@C82 and magnetic nano-particles (iron-encapsulateted carbon nanoparticles and cobalt-encapsulated car‐

**5.** For the continuous and large-scale production of carbon clusters, a revolver-injectiontype arc-jet producer (RIT-AJP) has been developed. Using this machine, the automatic mass production of SWNTs and carbon clusters is realized. We are currently attempting

We thank H. Inoue of Daiavac Co. (Chiba, Japan) for his technical support during the devel‐ opment of the RIT-AJP machine. We also thank W. Tomoda, Md. K. H. Bhuiyan and S.

[1] Iijima, S. Single-Shell Carbon Nanotubes of 1-nm Diameter, Nature 1993; 363,

[2] Bethune, D. S., Klang, M. S., de Vries, M. S., Gorman, G., Savoy, R., Vazquez, J., Be‐ yers, R., Cobalt-catalysed growth of carbon nanotubes with single-atomic-layer

[3] Dresselhaus, M. S., Dresselhaus, G., Avouris, Ph., (eds.) Carbon Nanotubes, Springer,

[4] Jorio. A., Dresselhaus, M. S., Dresselhaus, G., (eds.) Carbon Nanotubes, Springer,

[5] Harris, P. J. Carbon Nanotubes Science, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,

to fabricate many new types of carbon clusters using this machine.

SWNTs can be obtained by additional processing.

16 Syntheses and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Composites

bon nano-particles) are sucessfully produced.

Aoyama of Shizuoka University for their technical assistance.

**Acknowledgments**

**Author details**

**References**

603-605.

Tetsu Mieno and Naoki Matsumoto

Department of Physics, Shizuoka University, Japan

walls, Nature 1993; 363, 605-607.

Berlin, 2000, ISBN: 3-540-41086-4.

2009, ISBN: 978-0-521-53585-4.

Berlin, 2008, ISBN : 978-3-540-72864-1.


[20] Takahashi, T., Tsunoda, K., Yajima, H., Ishii, T., Purification of Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes Using Gelatin, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 2004; 43 (3), 1227-1230.

**Chapter 2**

**Large Arrays and Networks of Carbon Nanotubes:**

Large arrays and networks of carbon nanotubes, both single- and multi-walled, feature many superior properties which offer excellent opportunities for various modern applications rang‐ ing from nanoelectronics, supercapacitors, photovoltaic cells, energy storage and conversation devices, to gas- and biosensors, nanomechanical and biomedical devices etc. At present, arrays and networks of carbon nanotubes are mainly fabricated from the pre-fabricated separated nanotubes by solution-based techniques. However, the intrinsic structure of the nanotubes (mainly, the level of the structural defects) which are required for the best performance in the nanotube-based applications, are often damaged during the array/network fabrication by sur‐ factants, chemicals, and sonication involved in the process. As a result, the performance of the functional devices may be significantly degraded. In contrast, directly synthesized nanotube arrays/networks can preclude the adverse effects of the solution-based process and largely pre‐ serve the excellent properties of the pristine nanotubes. Owing to its advantages of scale-up production and precise positioning of the grown nanotubes, catalytic and catalyst-free chemi‐ cal vapor depositions (CVD), as well as plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD)

On the other hand, these methods demonstrate poor controllability, which results in the unpre‐ dictable properties, structure and morphology of the resultant arrays. In our paper we will dis‐ cuss our recent results obtained by the application of CVD and PECVD methods. Specifically, we will discuss carbon nanotube arrays and networks of very different morphology. The fabri‐ cation of the arrays of vertically aligned and entangled nanotubes, as well as arrays of arbitrary shapes grown directly on the pre-patterned substrates will be considered with a special atten‐ tion paid to the fabrication methods and the influence of the process parameters on the array

> © 2013 Levchenko et al.; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2013 Levchenko et al.; licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

are the methods most promising for the direct synthesis of the nanotubes.

**Morphology Control by Process Parameters**

I. Levchenko, Z.-J. Han, S. Kumar, S. Yick, J. Fang and

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

K. Ostrikov

**1. Introduction**

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52674

