**Author details**

Wondong Cho1,2, Mark Schulz2,3 and Vesselin Shanov1,2\*

\*Address all correspondence to: vesselin.shanov@uc.edu

1 Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio USA

2 Nanoworld Laboratory, Rh414, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio USA

3 Mechanical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio USA

### **References**


[6] Vix-Guterl, C., Couzi, M., & Delhaes, P. (2004). Surface charactrizations of carbon mutiwall nanotubes:comparison surface active sites and raman spectroscopy. *J. Phys. Chem. B*, 108, 19361-19367.

**Acknowledgements**

Appendix A. Supplementary data

the root growth are available online.

Wondong Cho1,2, Mark Schulz2,3 and Vesselin Shanov1,2\*

234 Syntheses and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Composites

\*Address all correspondence to: vesselin.shanov@uc.edu

bon Nanotube Carpets. *Nano Letters*, 9, 44-49.

route toward applications. *Science*, 297, 787-792.

deposition. *J. Phys. Chem. C*, 111, 17705-17712.

**Author details**

**References**

42, 1473-1482.

The financial support from NSF through grant CMMI-07272500 and from NCA&T through DURIP-ONR is highly acknowledged. We also would like to thank Jay Yocis who helped to set up the real-time photography system and Dr. John Robertson from Cambridge Universi‐

Movies showing the centimeter long CNT array growth inside of the CVD reactor, including

1 Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio USA

[1] Puretzky, A. A., Geohegan, D. B., & Eres, G. (2008). Real-time imaging of vertically aligned carbon nanotube array growth kinetics. *Nanotechnology*, 19, 055605.

[2] Amama, P. B., Pint, C. L., Mc Jilton, L., Kim, S. M., Stach, E. A., Murray, P. T., Hauge, R. H., & Maruyama, B. (2008). Role of Water in Super Growth of Single-Walled Car‐

[3] Baughman, R. H., Zakhidov, A., & de Heer, W. A. (2002). Carbon nanotubes-the

[4] Bronikowski, M. (2007). Longer nanotubes at lower temperatres: the influence of ef‐ fective activation energies on carbon nanotube growth by thermal chemical vapor

[5] Gommes, C., Pirard, J. P., & Blacher, S. (2004). Influence of the operating conditions on the production rate of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in a CVD reactor. *Carbon*,

2 Nanoworld Laboratory, Rh414, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio USA

3 Mechanical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio USA

ty who suggested real time photography of studying kinetics of CNT arrays.


[22] Li, Y., Kinloch, I. A., & Windle, A. H. (2004). Direct spinning of carbon nanotube fi‐ bers from chemical vapor deposition synthesis. *Science*, 304, 276-278.

[38] Yun, Y. H., , A. B., Shanov, V. N., & Schulz, M. J. (2006). A nanotube composite mi‐ croelectrode for monitoring dopamine levels using cyclic voltammetry and differen‐

Kinetics of Growing Centimeter Long Carbon Nanotube Arrays

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50837

237

[39] Yun, Y., Shanov, V., Tu, Y., Subramaniam, S., & Schulz, M. J. (2006). Growth Mecha‐ nism of Long Aligned Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Arrays by Water-Assisted Chemi‐

[40] Zhong, G., Iwasaki, T., Robertson, J., & Kawarada, H. (2007). Growth Kinetics of 0.5 cm Vertically Aligned Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. *J. Phys. Chem. B*, 111, 1907

cal Vapor Deposition. *The journal of physical chemistry B*, 110, 23920-23925.

tial pulse voltammetry. 220, 53 -60.



[38] Yun, Y. H., , A. B., Shanov, V. N., & Schulz, M. J. (2006). A nanotube composite mi‐ croelectrode for monitoring dopamine levels using cyclic voltammetry and differen‐ tial pulse voltammetry. 220, 53 -60.

[22] Li, Y., Kinloch, I. A., & Windle, A. H. (2004). Direct spinning of carbon nanotube fi‐

[23] Lingbo, Zhu. D. W. H., & Ching-Ping, Wong. (2006). Monitoring Carbon Nanotube growth by Formation of nanotube stacks and investigation of the diffusion-control

[25] Matthews, M. J., Pimenta, M. A., & Endo, M. (1999). Origin of disperive effects of the

[26] Meshot, E. R., & Hart, A. J. (2008). Abrupt self-termination of vertically aligned car‐

[27] Noda, S., Hasegawa, K., Sugime, H., Kakehi, K., Zhang, Z., Maruyama, S., & Yama‐

[28] Oleg, V., & Yazyev, A. P. (2008). Effect of metal elements in catalytic growth of car‐

[29] Li, Qingwen. X. , Xiefei, Z., & Zhu, Yuntian T. (2006). Sustain growth of ultralong car‐ bon nanotube arrays for fiber spinning. *Advanced Materials*, 18, 3160-3163.

[30] Brukh, R., & Mitra, S. (2006). Mechanism of carbon nanotube growth by CVD. *Chemi‐*

[31] Xiang, R., , Z. Y., & Maruyama, S. (2008). Growth deceleration of vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays: catalyst deactivation or feedstock diffusion controlled? *J.*

[32] Maruyama, S., Einarsson, E., & Edamura, T. (2005). Growth process of vertically aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes. *Chemical Physics Letters*, 403, 320-323. [33] Pal, S. K., , S. T., & Ajayan, P. M. (2008). Time and temperature dependence of mutiwalled carbon nanotube growth on inconel 600. Nanotechnology , 19, 045610. [34] Shim, J. S., Yun, Y. H., Cho, W., Shanov, V., Schulz, M. J., & Ahn, C. H. (2010). Self-Aligned Nanogaps on Multilayer Electrodes for Fluidic and Magnetic Assembly of

[35] Stadermann, M., Sherlock, S. P., In, J. B., Fornasiero, F., Park, H. G., Artyukhin, A. B., Wang, Y., De Yoreo, J. J., Grigoropoulos, C. P., Bakajin, O., Chernov, A. A., & Noy, A. (2009). Mechanism and Kinetics of Growth Termination in Controlled Chemical Va‐ por Deposition Growth of Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Arrays. *Nano Letters*, 9,

[36] Shanov, V., , W. C., Schulz, M., & Malik, N. (2008). Advances in synthesis and appli‐ cation of carbon nanotube materials. *Materials science and technology*, 2253.

[37] Zhao, X., Saito, R., & Ando, Y. (2002). Characteristic raman spectra of mutiwalled car‐

bers from chemical vapor deposition synthesis. *Science*, 304, 276-278.

[24] Liu, K., Jiang, K. L., Feng, C., Chen, Z., & Fan, S. S. (2005). *Carbon*, 43, 2850.

raman D band in carbon materials. *Physical review B*, 59, R6585.

bon nanotube growth. *Applied Physics Letters*, 92, 113107-113103.

kinetics. *J.Phys. Chem. B*, 110, 5445-5449.

236 Syntheses and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Composites

guchu, Y. (2007). *Jpn. J. Appl. Phys*, 46, L399.

*cal Physics Letters*, 424, 126-132.

*Phys. Chem. C*, 112, 4892-4896.

738-744.

bon nanotubes. *Physical review letters*, 100, 156102.

Carbon Nanotubes. *Langmuir*, 26, 11642-11647.

bon nanotubes. *Physica B*, 323, 265-266.


**Chapter 11**

**Carbon Nanotubes from Unconventional Resources:**

**Part B: Vertically-Aligned Carbon Nanotubes**

S. Karthikeyan and P. Mahalingam

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/51073

techniques on these parameters.

properly cited.

**1.1. Introduction**

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

**1. Part A: Entangled Multi-walled carbon nanotubes**

**Part A: Entangled Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and**

Nanotechnology is a topic attracting scientists, industrialists, journalists, governments and even a common people alike. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and other carbon nanostructures are supposed to be a key component of this nanotechnology. Having realized its tremen‐ dous application potential in nanotechnology, a huge amount of efforts and energy is invest‐ ed in CNT projects worldwide. Till date, the art of CNT synthesis lies in the optimization of parameters for selected group materials on a particular experimental set-up. As viewed from the perspective of green chemistry, sustaining the environment implies sustaining the human civilization. The long-term key of a sustainable society lies in stable economy that uses energy and resources efficiently. Therefore, it is high time to evaluate the existing CNT

Let us examine three popular methods of CNT synthesis viz Arc discharge, Laser-vaporiza‐ tion and CVD method. Arc-discharge method, in which the first CNT was discovered [1], employs evaporation of graphite electrodes in electric arcs that involve very high tempera‐ tures around 4000º C. Although arc-grown CNTs are well crystallized, they are highly im‐ pure. Laser-vaporization technique employs evaporation of high-purity graphite target by high-power lasers in conjunction with high-temperature furnaces [2]. Although laser-grown CNTs are of high purity, their production yield is very low. Thus it is obvious that these two methods score too low on account of efficient use of energy and resources. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD), incorporating catalyst-assisted thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons, is the most popular method of producing CNTs, and it is truly a low-cost and scalable tech‐

> © 2013 Karthikeyan and Mahalingam; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2013 Karthikeyan and Mahalingam; licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,
