**8. MAS' requirements**

data controlled by few or several genes (Quantitative linked traits or QTL). The gain from selection using such index is expected to be higher than phenotypic selection used in con‐ ventional recurrent methods [21]. Significant progress has been made through phenotypic selections for agronomic traits. However, difficulties are often encountered due to the geno‐ type x environment interactions [17]. For example, significant progress has been achieved in selecting BCMV and BCMNV resistant lines [13]. However, some of the traits are controlled by multiple genetic loci (Quantitative Trait Loci) and display a strong interaction with the environment. Molecular markers linked to such traits are available and have increased the efficiency of breeding for diseases in MAS programmes [13, 19]. The use of DNA molecular markers will improve understanding of the genetic factors conditioning these traits and is expected to assist in the selection of superior genotypes [18]. The use of disease resistant cul‐ tivars in combination with appropriate cultural practices is essential for the management of

MAS is an approach designed to avert problems encountered with conventional/classical plant breeding by increased precision of selection, selecting phenotypes through the selec‐ tion of genes that control the traits of interest [19, 51]. This is because molecular markers are clearly not influenced by environment and are detectable at all stages of plant growth [20, 28]. With the availability of an array of molecular markers and genetic maps, MAS has be‐ come possible for traits governed by single gene or QTLs. MAS is a good approach for bean breeders who also work to improve bean for disease resistance. For MAS to be highly suc‐ cessful, a high correlation and/or tight linkage must exist between the genes for resistance to diseases and molecular markers, and the markers must be stable, reproducible and easy to

MAS provide an effective and efficient breeding tool for detecting, tracking, retaining, com‐ bining, and pyramiding disease resistance genes [31]. DNA based markers can be effectively utilized for the following basic purposes (i) tracing favorable alleles (dominant or recessive) across generations and (ii) identifying the most suitable individual (s) among the segregat‐

Justifications for the application of MAS in plant breeding fall into four broad areas that are relevant to almost all target crops [53, 54, 55] (i) traits that are difficult to manage through conventional phenotypic selection because they are expensive or time-consuming to meas‐ ure, or have low penetrance or complex inheritance; (ii) traits whose selection depends on specific environments or developmental stages that influence the expression of the target phenotypes; (iii) maintenance of recessive alleles during backcrossing or for speeding up backcross breeding in general; and (iv) pyramiding multiple monogenic traits (such as pest and disease resistances or qualitative traits) or several QTL for a single target trait with com‐ plex inheritance (such as drought tolerance or other adaptive traits). Introgression and pyra‐ miding of multiple genes affecting the same trait is a great challenge to breeding programs.

ing progeny, based on allelic composition across a part or the entire genome [20, 32].

these bean diseases [2].

128 Plant Breeding from Laboratories to Fields

assay [52].

**7. Why MAS in plant breeding**

Success of marker based breeding system depends on several factors as described by [20, 19], a genetic map with an adequate number of uniformly-spaced polymorphic markers to accurately locate desired QTLs or major gene (s); close linkage between the QTL or a major gene of interest and adjacent markers; adequate recombination between the markers and rest of the genome; an ability to analyze a large number of plants in a time and cost effective manner.
