**6. Fruit tree and grapevine pests**

was grown in close vicinity in 2003. In Kranj, there was no trace of the pest at all. Based on one-year results of the monitoring of the sugarbeet moth we came to a conclusion that in 2004 in Slovenia the pest had 2 generations (figure 8). The sugarbeet moth has caused no se‐ vere yield loss in Slovenia so far. Consequently, no insecticides have been registered for its control as yet (Valič et al., 2005; Čepin, 2006). After 2006, the production of sugarbeet has stopped in Slovenia, and that is also one of the reasons that the pest was not recorded in the fodder beet field in the vicinity of Škoflja Loka during monitoring in 2010 (Dolenec, 2012).

**5.2. The turnip moth (***Agrotis segetum* **[Denis & Schiffermüller]; Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)**

The turnip moth is distributed across the European and the Mediterranean regions. *Agrotis segetum* is an important economic insect of turnip, lettuce, Swedes, wild-growing plants, couch grass, bindweed and plantain. Infestation also occurs in neighbouring vegetables in‐

The adult has a 40 mm wingspan; dark brown fore wings with, in the middle, a uniform spot and a clearer circular spot. The hind wings are white in the male and grey in the fe‐ male. The periphery of the wings bears a thin black border. Larva is 45 to 50 mm, reddish head and a greyish body with two parallel longitudinal lines in the middle region. On each segment, 2 small black spots at the front and two at the back, bearing a small bristle as well.The young caterpillar first nibbles the wild-growing plants and then attacks the neigh‐ bouring cultivated species. It feeds at night, gnawing the foliage and cutting the petioles. During the day, it conceals itself by rolling up under a lump of earth or at a slight depth in

the ground (Anderson and Löfquist, 1996). attacks the neighbouring cultivated species. It feeds at night, gnawing the foliage and cutting the petioles. During the day, it

In 2004, the monitoring of turnip moth in sugarbeet (*Beta vulgaris* var. *altissima* Döll.) were performed in two locations in Slovenia: Cvetkovci near Ormož, Rakičan and Kranj (Zalokar, 2006). Pheromone traps (VARL type, Csal♀m♂N® Budapest, Hungary) were used for monitoring the pest under investigation. Four baits were set along the margins of fields (one parcel on each location) where sugarbeet was sowed. Pheromone capsules were replaced once a month and the butterflies captured in them were counted in 2-3 week intervals. We ascertained that, under favourable climatic conditions, the turnip moth are able to overmultiply; that occurs when the air temperature rises above 12°C. The amount of rainfall does not influence the bionomics of the pest. In the neighbouring countries turnip moth develops two generations per year. Based on our observations in 2004 turnip moth appears in two generations also in Slovenia (figure 9). Similar conclusions were gained also in two researches, which took place in the vicinity of Škofja Loka; Kalan (2010), monitored the pest in 2008 on the corn field, and Dolenec (2012) studied the seasonal dynamics of the butterfly in 2010 on the fodder beet field. On the other side Srebernjak (2009) confirmed the occurrence of three generations of the

**6.1. The Plum Fruit Moth (***Grapholita funebrana* **[Treitschke]; Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)** 

are most common over most of its range. Adults are present from late May to September (Polesny et al., 2000).

A native of Europe, *Grapholita funebrana* has spread to most other fruit-growing regions of the Palaearctic. It is currently present from Europe and northern Africa across Asia Minor and Central Asia to China, Korea, and Japan (Hrdy et al., 1996). *Grapholita funebrana* is one of the most important lepidopteran pests of fruit in Europe. Larvae can cause significant damage to apricot, cherry, peach, plum, and other *Prunus* species. The Plum Fruit Moth completes 1-3 generations per year; two generations

First generation females lay eggs singly on fruitlets. Second generation females lay eggs near the base of maturing fruit. Larvae tunnel into the fruit and feed inside. Last instar larvae bore out of the fruit and overwinter in a cocoon spun on tree bark or in the soil. Pupation occurs the following spring. Larvae of the second generation cause the most damage to fruits such as plum that

conceals itself by rolling up under a lump of earth or at a slight depth in the ground (Anderson and Löfquist, 1996).

cluding red beet, potato, cereals, tobacco and vine (Wood et al., 2009).

160 Insecticides - Development of Safer and More Effective Technologies

Figure 8. Population dynamics of *Agrotis segetum* males in Rakičan in 2004.

**Figure 9.** Population dynamics of *Agrotis segetum* males in Rakičan in 2004.

25 10 Jun ‐ 18 Jun 18 Jun ‐ 5 Jul

**Time interval**

5 Jul ‐ 21 Jul

In 2004, the monitoring of turnip moth in sugarbeet (*Beta vulgaris* var. *altissima* Döll.) were performed in two locations in Slovenia: Cvetkovci near Ormož, Rakičan and Kranj (Zalokar, 2006). Pheromone traps (VARL type, Csal♀m♂N® Budapest, Hungary) were used for mon‐ itoring the pest under investigation. Four baits were set along the margins of fields (one par‐

21 Jul ‐ 3 Aug

> 3

24 Aug ‐ 7 Sep 7 Sep ‐ 28 Sep

28 Sep ‐ 19

Oct

Rakičan

Aug ‐ 24 Aug

May ‐ 10 Jun

19

May ‐ 25 May

same pest on the corn field in the vicinity of Novo mesto.

mature in mid- to late summer (Hrdy et al., 1996).

6. Fruit tree and grapevine pests

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

**No.**

**males/trap/day**

26 Apr ‐ 7 May

7

May ‐ 19 May

#### **6.1. The Plum Fruit Moth (***Grapholita funebrana* **[Treitschke]; Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)**

A native of Europe, *Grapholita funebrana* has spread to most other fruit-growing regions of the Palaearctic. It is currently present from Europe and northern Africa across Asia Minor and Central Asia to China, Korea, and Japan (Hrdy et al., 1996). *Grapholita funebrana* is one of the most important lepidopteran pests of fruit in Europe. Larvae can cause significant dam‐ age to apricot, cherry, peach, plum, and other *Prunus* species. The Plum Fruit Moth com‐ pletes 1-3 generations per year; two generations are most common over most of its range. Adults are present from late May to September (Polesny et al., 2000).

First generation females lay eggs singly on fruitlets. Second generation females lay eggs near the base of maturing fruit. Larvae tunnel into the fruit and feed inside. Last instar larvae bore out of the fruit and overwinter in a cocoon spun on tree bark or in the soil. Pupation occurs the following spring. Larvae of the second generation cause the most damage to fruits such as plum that mature in mid- to late summer (Hrdy et al., 1996).

Distribution of plum fruit moth in plum crowns and its apperance in the vicinity of the trees was investigated in 2007 in Dolenja vas near Ribnica (Pogorelc, 2008). Pheromone traps were placed in the first half of February on two trees. Experiment has lasted till the end of Sep‐ tember. The purpose of experiment was to find out in which parts of the crowns or how far from the trees the pest appears. It was found out that pest was the most abundant at sunny exposure of crowns, on SE and SW crown parts. Inside of crowns and in northern part of crowns, the pest was less abundant. Before the flowering of plums the abundance of the plum fruit moth in plum crowns and in the vicinity of the trees was almost same numbers. During the flowering and growing season, the number of the moths was higher inside crowns. Plum fruit moth appeared also in the vicinity of the trees. On baits, 10 and 20 m away of them, quite high number of the males has been caught. Air temperature and amount of rain also influenced moth apperance. From the data of our research we can con‐ clude that pest had two generations per year (figure 10), whose the second generation was more abundant from the first generation. In a related research Humski et al. (2005) and Humski (2007) studied the occurence of the plum fruit moth in 2004 and 2005 on different locations in Slovenia and concluded that the plum fruit moth has 3 generations per year on‐ ly in the littoral part of Slovenia (Kromberk near Nova Gorica and Koper), while in the con‐ tinental part of the country it has 2 generations per year.

the end of September. The purpose of experiment was to find out in which parts of the crowns or how far from the trees the pest

Figure 10.Population dynamics of *Cydia pomonella* males in Prigorica near Ribnica in 2010.

**Figure 11.** Population dynamics of *Cydia pomonella* males in Prigorica near Ribnica in 2010.

15 Jun ‐ 25 Jun 25 Jun ‐ 5 Jul

**Time interval**

5 Jul ‐ 15 Jul

15 Jul ‐ 25 Jul

25 Jul ‐ 5 Aug

> 5

In 2010, a monitoring of codling moth was conducted in an extensive mixed orchard in the village Prigorica near Ribnica (Bartol, 2011). In the orchard, four insect pheromone baits (RAG type, Csal♀m♂N® Budapest, Hungary) were placed and the occurrence of the pest was monitored from early April to mid-October. The purpose of the study was to examine the presence and the numbers in which this pest occurrs, since it was assumed that they dif‐ fer from that of the intensive orchards. With the research the author obtained useful infor‐ mations needed to optimize control strategies of codling moth, in which a pheromone baits can also be used for mass trapping of the pest. It was found out that the pest appeared from the first decade of May until the second decade of September and during this time it devel‐ oped two generations (figure 11). The first generation was larger than the second one. Both, the temperature and the rainfall affect the occurrence and the numbers of codling moth.

**6.3. The Red-belted Clearwing (***Synanthedon myopaeformis* **[Borkhausen]; Lepidoptera,**

*Synanthedon myopaeformis* is a xylophagous species that attacks pome and stone fruit trees (Trematerra, 1993). The larval form of this insect lives under the bark of fruit trees, especial‐ ly apple (*Malus*), but sometimes pear (*Pyrus*), almond (*Prunus amygdalus* Batsch) and a few other closely related plant species (Iren and Bulut, 1981). The larvae located under the bark of tree trunk and thick branches bore deep subcortical galleries 20 to 25 mm long and cut into the phloem (Iren and Bulut 1981). The control of this pest is difficult because the adults have a long emergence period and the larvae develop inside the trunk and thick branches.

Failure to prevent injury can lead to reduced tree vigor and yield (Trematerra, 1993).

In 2008 and 2009, a seasonal dynamics of apple clearwing moth (*Synanthedon myopaeformis*) was monitored in two extensive apple orchards (mowed and overgrown) in the village Bojs‐ no in the Bizeljsko region (Hriberšek, 2012) and in Roginska Gorica in the Kozjansko region

15 25 Aug ‐ 5 Sep 5 Sep ‐ 15 Sep

Research on Seasonal Dynamics of 14 Different Insects Pests in Slovenia Using Pheromone Traps

15 Sep ‐ 25 Sep 25 Sep ‐ 5 Oct

5 Oct ‐ 15 Oct Prigorica near Ribnica

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53186

163

Aug ‐ 25 Aug

Aug ‐ 15 Aug

the temperature and the rainfall affect the occurrence and the numbers of codling moth.

Failure to prevent injury can lead to reduced tree vigor and yield (Trematerra, 1993).

**Sesiidae)** 

**Sesiidae)**

**No.**

**males/trap/day**

1 Apr ‐ 5 Apr

5 Apr ‐ 15 Apr 15 Apr ‐ 25 Apr 15 Apr ‐ 5 May

5 15 25 May ‐ 5 Jun

5 Jun ‐ 15 Jun

May ‐ 25 May

May ‐ 15 May

mm.

In 2010, a monitoring of codling moth was conducted in an extensive mixed orchard in the village Prigorica near Ribnica (Bartol, 2011). In the orchard, four insect pheromone baits (RAG type, Csal♀m♂N® Budapest, Hungary) were placed and the occurrence of the pest was monitored from early April to mid-October. The purpose of the study was to examine the presence and the numbers in which this pest occurrs, since it was assumed that they differ from that of the intensive orchards. With the research the author obtained useful informations needed to optimize control strategies of codling moth, in which a pheromone baits can also be used for mass trapping of the pest. It was found out that the pest appeared from the first decade of May until the second decade of September and during this time it developed two generations (figure 11). The first generation was larger than the second one. Both,

**6.3. The Red-belted Clearwing (***Synanthedon myopaeformis* **[Borkhausen]; Lepidoptera,** 

*Synanthedon myopaeformis* is a xylophagous species that attacks pome and stone fruit trees (Trematerra, 1993). The larval form of this insect lives under the bark of fruit trees, especially apple (*Malus*), but sometimes pear (*Pyrus*), almond (*Prunus amygdalus*  Batsch) and a few other closely related plant species (Iren and Bulut, 1981). The larvae located under the bark of tree trunk and thick branches bore deep subcortical galleries 20 to 25 mm long and cut into the phloem (Iren and Bulut 1981). The control of this pest is difficult because the adults have a long emergence period and the larvae develop inside the trunk and thick branches.

In 2008 and 2009, a seasonal dynamics of apple clearwing moth (*Synanthedon myopaeformis*) was monitored in two extensive apple orchards (mowed and overgrown) in the village Bojsno in the Bizeljsko region (Hriberšek, 2012) and in Roginska Gorica in the Kozjansko region (Gradič, 2009). Pheromone traps (RAG type, Csal♀m♂N® Budapest, Hungary), which consist of a triangular plastic casing, a pheromone capsule and a sticky plate were used for monitoring. Four traps were randomly placed in each orchard. Capsules were changed monthly and caught moths were counted in 10 day intervals. The research was conducted from the beginning of April to the beginning of September. The purpose of the research was to examine influence of temperature and quantity of precipitation to the abundance of the pest regarding usage of grassland in the orchards. The results revealed that the usage of grassland has a great influence on the abundance and as well on the appearance of the apple clearwing. The pest was more abundant in the mowed extensive orchard than in the overgrown extensive orchard. First males appeared earlier in the overgrown orchard than in the mowed orchard and they stopped appearing earlier in the overgrown than in the mowed orchard. Captured moths were detected from the end of April to the beginning of August. Moths were the most abundant from June to the beginning of July. Similar conclusions gained also Gradič (2009) in her related research (figure 12). The pest occurred in the mowed extensive orchard when the temperature increased above 15 °C and in the overgrown orchard when the temperature increased above 13, 5 °C. Abundance of the male apple clearwing moths was also increased by the quantity of precipitation from 20 to 40

moth in plum crowns and in the vicinity of the trees was almost same numbers. During the flowering and growing season, the

Distribution of plum fruit moth in plum crowns and its apperance in the vicinity of the trees was investigated in 2007 in Dolenja vas near Ribnica (Pogorelc, 2008). Pheromone traps were placed in the first half of February on two trees. Experiment has lasted till **Figure 10.** Population dynamics of *Grapholita funebrana* males in Dolenja vas near Ribnica in 2007.

#### appears. It was found out that pest was the most abundant at sunny exposure of crowns, on SE and SW crown parts. Inside of crowns and in northern part of crowns, the pest was less abundant. Before the flowering of plums the abundance of the plum fruit **6.2. The codling moth (***Cydia pomonella* **[L.]); Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)**

Figure 9. Population dynamics of *Grapholita funebrana* males in Dolenja vas near Ribnica in 2007.

number of the moths was higher inside crowns. Plum fruit moth appeared also in the vicinity of the trees. On baits, 10 and 20 m away of them, quite high number of the males has been caught. Air temperature and amount of rain also influenced moth apperance. From the data of our research we can conclude that pest had two generations per year (figure 10), whose the second generation was more abundant from the first generation. In a related research Humski et al. (2005) and Humski (2007) studied the occurence of the plum fruit moth in 2004 and 2005 on different locations in Slovenia and concluded that the plum fruit moth has 3 generations per year only in the littoral part of Slovenia (Kromberk near Nova Gorica and Koper), while in the continental part of the country it has 2 generations per year. **6.2. The codling moth (***Cydia pomonella* **[L.]); Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)**  The Codling Moth is a cosmopolitan insect pest of deciduous fruits. It has a remarkable ability to adapt to a wide range of climatic conditions. The number of generations gradually increases toward the southern latitude in the Northern Hemisphere and towards the north in the Southern Hemisphere. In, general, the larva of codling moth have five instars (Witzgall et al., 2008). Weitzner and Whalon (1987) describes that the codling moth overwinters as either a fourth or fifth instar diapausing larvae. Codling moth overwinters as a mature larva beneath tree bark scales or at the base of the tree. Adults appear in the spring and eggs are laid singly on or near the fruit. Eggs hatch in 5 to 12 days, depending upon temperature, and the young larvae move to developing fruit within a few hours, chew through the skin, and burrow into the flesh. Subsequently, the larva burrows to the fruit core and feeds on seeds. The potential for crop loss to the codling moth makes it the most important pest of pome fruits. When uncontrolled, the codling moth is capable of annually destroying 80 % or more of an apple crop and 40-60 % of a pear crop. Besides apples, the codling moth can develop on other pome fruits such as pear and quince, on stone fruits such as apricot, plum and peaches as well as on walnuts (Witzgall et al., 2008), apricot, almond, pecan nuts and pomegranates (Weitzner and Whalon, 1987). The Codling Moth is a cosmopolitan insect pest of deciduous fruits. It has a remarkable abil‐ ity to adapt to a wide range of climatic conditions. The number of generations gradually in‐ creases toward the southern latitude in the Northern Hemisphere and towards the north in the Southern Hemisphere. In, general, the larva of codling moth have five instars (Witzgall et al., 2008). Weitzner and Whalon (1987) describes that the codling moth overwinters as ei‐ ther a fourth or fifth instar diapausing larvae. Codling moth overwinters as a mature larva beneath tree bark scales or at the base of the tree. Adults appear in the spring and eggs are laid singly on or near the fruit. Eggs hatch in 5 to 12 days, depending upon temperature, and the young larvae move to developing fruit within a few hours, chew through the skin, and burrow into the flesh. Subsequently, the larva burrows to the fruit core and feeds on seeds. The potential for crop loss to the codling moth makes it the most important pest of pome fruits. When uncontrolled, the codling moth is capable of annually destroying 80 % or more of an apple crop and 40-60 % of a pear crop. Besides apples, the codling moth can de‐ velop on other pome fruits such as pear and quince, on stone fruits such as apricot, plum and peaches as well as on walnuts (Witzgall et al., 2008), apricot, almond, pecan nuts and pomegranates (Weitzner and Whalon, 1987).

Figure 10.Population dynamics of *Cydia pomonella* males in Prigorica near Ribnica in 2010. **Figure 11.** Population dynamics of *Cydia pomonella* males in Prigorica near Ribnica in 2010.

Humski (2007) studied the occurence of the plum fruit moth in 2004 and 2005 on different locations in Slovenia and concluded that the plum fruit moth has 3 generations per year on‐ ly in the littoral part of Slovenia (Kromberk near Nova Gorica and Koper), while in the con‐

tinental part of the country it has 2 generations per year.

162 Insecticides - Development of Safer and More Effective Technologies

Figure 9. Population dynamics of *Grapholita funebrana* males in Dolenja vas near Ribnica in 2007.

**6.2. The codling moth (***Cydia pomonella* **[L.]); Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)**

**Figure 10.** Population dynamics of *Grapholita funebrana* males in Dolenja vas near Ribnica in 2007.

**6.2. The codling moth (***Cydia pomonella* **[L.]); Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)** 

the country it has 2 generations per year.

pomegranates (Weitzner and Whalon, 1987).

**No.**

**males/trap/day**

16

25 Feb ‐ 7 Mar

7 17 27 Mar ‐ 6 Apr 6 Apr ‐ 16 Apr 16 Apr ‐ 26 Apr 26 Apr ‐ 6 May

6 16 26 May ‐ 5 Jun

**Time interval**

5 Jun ‐ 15 Jun 15 Jun ‐ 25 Jun 25 Jun ‐ 5 Jul 5 Jul ‐ 15 Jul

The Codling Moth is a cosmopolitan insect pest of deciduous fruits. It has a remarkable abil‐ ity to adapt to a wide range of climatic conditions. The number of generations gradually in‐ creases toward the southern latitude in the Northern Hemisphere and towards the north in the Southern Hemisphere. In, general, the larva of codling moth have five instars (Witzgall et al., 2008). Weitzner and Whalon (1987) describes that the codling moth overwinters as ei‐ ther a fourth or fifth instar diapausing larvae. Codling moth overwinters as a mature larva beneath tree bark scales or at the base of the tree. Adults appear in the spring and eggs are laid singly on or near the fruit. Eggs hatch in 5 to 12 days, depending upon temperature, and the young larvae move to developing fruit within a few hours, chew through the skin, and burrow into the flesh. Subsequently, the larva burrows to the fruit core and feeds on seeds. The potential for crop loss to the codling moth makes it the most important pest of pome fruits. When uncontrolled, the codling moth is capable of annually destroying 80 % or more of an apple crop and 40-60 % of a pear crop. Besides apples, the codling moth can de‐ velop on other pome fruits such as pear and quince, on stone fruits such as apricot, plum and peaches as well as on walnuts (Witzgall et al., 2008), apricot, almond, pecan nuts and

15 Jul ‐ 25 Jul 25 Jul ‐ 4 Aug

> 4

14 24 Aug ‐ 3 Sep 3 Sep ‐ 13 Sep Dolenja vas near Ribnica

Aug ‐ 24 Aug

Aug ‐ 14 Aug

May ‐ 26 May

May ‐ 16 May

Mar ‐ 27 Mar

Mar ‐ 17 Mar

Feb ‐ 25 Feb

Distribution of plum fruit moth in plum crowns and its apperance in the vicinity of the trees was investigated in 2007 in Dolenja vas near Ribnica (Pogorelc, 2008). Pheromone traps were placed in the first half of February on two trees. Experiment has lasted till the end of September. The purpose of experiment was to find out in which parts of the crowns or how far from the trees the pest appears. It was found out that pest was the most abundant at sunny exposure of crowns, on SE and SW crown parts. Inside of crowns and in northern part of crowns, the pest was less abundant. Before the flowering of plums the abundance of the plum fruit moth in plum crowns and in the vicinity of the trees was almost same numbers. During the flowering and growing season, the number of the moths was higher inside crowns. Plum fruit moth appeared also in the vicinity of the trees. On baits, 10 and 20 m away of them, quite high number of the males has been caught. Air temperature and amount of rain also influenced moth apperance. From the data of our research we can conclude that pest had two generations per year (figure 10), whose the second generation was more abundant from the first generation. In a related research Humski et al. (2005) and Humski (2007) studied the occurence of the plum fruit moth in 2004 and 2005 on different locations in Slovenia and concluded that the plum fruit moth has 3 generations per year only in the littoral part of Slovenia (Kromberk near Nova Gorica and Koper), while in the continental part of

The Codling Moth is a cosmopolitan insect pest of deciduous fruits. It has a remarkable ability to adapt to a wide range of climatic conditions. The number of generations gradually increases toward the southern latitude in the Northern Hemisphere and towards the north in the Southern Hemisphere. In, general, the larva of codling moth have five instars (Witzgall et al., 2008). Weitzner and Whalon (1987) describes that the codling moth overwinters as either a fourth or fifth instar diapausing larvae. Codling moth overwinters as a mature larva beneath tree bark scales or at the base of the tree. Adults appear in the spring and eggs are laid singly on or near the fruit. Eggs hatch in 5 to 12 days, depending upon temperature, and the young larvae move to developing fruit within a few hours, chew through the skin, and burrow into the flesh. Subsequently, the larva burrows to the fruit core and feeds on seeds. The potential for crop loss to the codling moth makes it the most important pest of pome fruits. When uncontrolled, the codling moth is capable of annually destroying 80 % or more of an apple crop and 40-60 % of a pear crop. Besides apples, the codling moth can develop on other pome fruits such as pear and quince, on stone fruits such as apricot, plum and peaches as well as on walnuts (Witzgall et al., 2008), apricot, almond, pecan nuts and pomegranates (Weitzner and Whalon, 1987).

2011). In the orchard, four insect pheromone baits (RAG type, Csal♀m♂N® Budapest, Hungary) were placed and the occurrence of the pest was monitored from early April to mid-October. The purpose of the study was to examine the presence and the numbers in which this pest occurrs, since it was assumed that they differ from that of the intensive orchards. With the research the author obtained useful informations needed to optimize control strategies of codling moth, in which a pheromone baits can also be used for mass trapping of the pest. It was found out that the pest appeared from the first decade of May until the second decade of September and during this time it developed two generations (figure 11). The first generation was larger than the second one. Both, the temperature and the rainfall affect the occurrence and the numbers of codling moth. **6.3. The Red-belted Clearwing (***Synanthedon myopaeformis* **[Borkhausen]; Lepidoptera, Sesiidae)**  *Synanthedon myopaeformis* is a xylophagous species that attacks pome and stone fruit trees (Trematerra, 1993). The larval form of this insect lives under the bark of fruit trees, especially apple (*Malus*), but sometimes pear (*Pyrus*), almond (*Prunus amygdalus*  In 2010, a monitoring of codling moth was conducted in an extensive mixed orchard in the village Prigorica near Ribnica (Bartol, 2011). In the orchard, four insect pheromone baits (RAG type, Csal♀m♂N® Budapest, Hungary) were placed and the occurrence of the pest was monitored from early April to mid-October. The purpose of the study was to examine the presence and the numbers in which this pest occurrs, since it was assumed that they dif‐ fer from that of the intensive orchards. With the research the author obtained useful infor‐ mations needed to optimize control strategies of codling moth, in which a pheromone baits can also be used for mass trapping of the pest. It was found out that the pest appeared from the first decade of May until the second decade of September and during this time it devel‐ oped two generations (figure 11). The first generation was larger than the second one. Both, the temperature and the rainfall affect the occurrence and the numbers of codling moth.

In 2010, a monitoring of codling moth was conducted in an extensive mixed orchard in the village Prigorica near Ribnica (Bartol,

Batsch) and a few other closely related plant species (Iren and Bulut, 1981). The larvae located under the bark of tree trunk and

#### thick branches bore deep subcortical galleries 20 to 25 mm long and cut into the phloem (Iren and Bulut 1981). The control of this pest is difficult because the adults have a long emergence period and the larvae develop inside the trunk and thick branches. Failure to prevent injury can lead to reduced tree vigor and yield (Trematerra, 1993). **6.3. The Red-belted Clearwing (***Synanthedon myopaeformis* **[Borkhausen]; Lepidoptera, Sesiidae)**

In 2008 and 2009, a seasonal dynamics of apple clearwing moth (*Synanthedon myopaeformis*) was monitored in two extensive apple orchards (mowed and overgrown) in the village Bojsno in the Bizeljsko region (Hriberšek, 2012) and in Roginska Gorica in the Kozjansko region (Gradič, 2009). Pheromone traps (RAG type, Csal♀m♂N® Budapest, Hungary), which consist of a triangular plastic casing, a pheromone capsule and a sticky plate were used for monitoring. Four traps were randomly placed in each orchard. Capsules were changed monthly and caught moths were counted in 10 day intervals. The research was conducted from the beginning of April to the beginning of September. The purpose of the research was to examine influence of temperature and quantity of precipitation to the abundance of the pest regarding usage of grassland in the orchards. The results revealed that the usage of grassland has a great influence on the abundance and as well on the appearance of the apple clearwing. The pest was more abundant in the mowed extensive orchard than in the overgrown extensive orchard. First males appeared earlier in the overgrown orchard than in the mowed orchard and they stopped appearing earlier in the overgrown than in the mowed orchard. Captured moths were detected from the end of April to the beginning of August. Moths were the most abundant from June to the *Synanthedon myopaeformis* is a xylophagous species that attacks pome and stone fruit trees (Trematerra, 1993). The larval form of this insect lives under the bark of fruit trees, especial‐ ly apple (*Malus*), but sometimes pear (*Pyrus*), almond (*Prunus amygdalus* Batsch) and a few other closely related plant species (Iren and Bulut, 1981). The larvae located under the bark of tree trunk and thick branches bore deep subcortical galleries 20 to 25 mm long and cut into the phloem (Iren and Bulut 1981). The control of this pest is difficult because the adults have a long emergence period and the larvae develop inside the trunk and thick branches. Failure to prevent injury can lead to reduced tree vigor and yield (Trematerra, 1993).

beginning of July. Similar conclusions gained also Gradič (2009) in her related research (figure 12). The pest occurred in the mowed extensive orchard when the temperature increased above 15 °C and in the overgrown orchard when the temperature increased above 13, 5 °C. Abundance of the male apple clearwing moths was also increased by the quantity of precipitation from 20 to 40 mm. In 2008 and 2009, a seasonal dynamics of apple clearwing moth (*Synanthedon myopaeformis*) was monitored in two extensive apple orchards (mowed and overgrown) in the village Bojs‐ no in the Bizeljsko region (Hriberšek, 2012) and in Roginska Gorica in the Kozjansko region

(Gradič, 2009). Pheromone traps (RAG type, Csal♀m♂N® Budapest, Hungary), which con‐ sist of a triangular plastic casing, a pheromone capsule and a sticky plate were used for monitoring. Four traps were randomly placed in each orchard. Capsules were changed monthly and caught moths were counted in 10 day intervals. The research was conducted from the beginning of April to the beginning of September. The purpose of the research was to examine influence of temperature and quantity of precipitation to the abundance of the pest regarding usage of grassland in the orchards. The results revealed that the usage of grassland has a great influence on the abundance and as well on the appearance of the apple clearwing. The pest was more abundant in the mowed extensive orchard than in the over‐ grown extensive orchard. First males appeared earlier in the overgrown orchard than in the mowed orchard and they stopped appearing earlier in the overgrown than in the mowed orchard. Captured moths were detected from the end of April to the beginning of August. Moths were the most abundant from June to the beginning of July. Similar conclusions gained also Gradič (2009) in her related research (figure 12). The pest occurred in the mowed extensive orchard when the temperature increased above 15 °C and in the overgrown or‐ chard when the temperature increased above 13, 5 °C. Abundance of the male apple clearw‐ ing moths was also increased by the quantity of precipitation from 20 to 40 mm.

Figure 11.Population dynamics of *Synanthedon myopaeformis* males in Bojsno (2008) and in Roginska Gorica (2009). **Figure 12.** Population dynamics of *Synanthedon myopaeformis* males in Bojsno (2008) and in Roginska Gorica (2009).

#### **6.4. The Goat Moth (***Cossus cossus* **[L.]; Lepidoptera, Cossidae)**

**6.4. The Goat Moth (***Cossus cossus* **[L.]; Lepidoptera, Cossidae)** 

moth is an important biotic factors for limitation of fruit production (Trdan and Jeršič, 2008).

Figure 12. Population dynamics of *Cossus cossus* males in Pišece in the period 2005-2006.

11 Jun ‐ 18 Jun 18 Jun ‐ 25 Jun 25 Jun ‐ 2 Jul 2 Jul ‐ 9 Jul

**Time interval**

9 Jul ‐ 16 Jul

16 Jul ‐ 23 Jul 23 Jul ‐ 30 Jul 30 Jul ‐ 6 Aug

> 6

13 20 27 Aug ‐ 3 Sep 2005 2006 poplar, aspen, alder, ash-tree, birches, beech, oak, maple, elm (*Ulmus suberosa*), oleaster. Adults fore wings are white and the hind wing grey in colour. Head, thorax and abdomen on the adult has the similar grey colour. Antennal type is pactinate type. Larvae head is black and shiny, body yellowish white with a dorsal band of purplish red. It has special dis‐ tinctive goat type smell. Larvae bore the trees from bark and take 2-4 years to complete full growth. Pupation takes place in a cocoon made with silk and wood materials (Pasqualini

5 Jul ‐ 15 Jul 15 Jul ‐ 25 Jul 25 Jul ‐ 5 Aug

Research on Seasonal Dynamics of 14 Different Insects Pests in Slovenia Using Pheromone Traps

5 15 25 Aug ‐ 5 Sep Bojsno ‐ mowed Roginska Gorica

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53186

165

Aug ‐ 25 Aug

Aug ‐ 15 Aug

In the period 2005-2006, the monitoring of male adults of the goat moth (*Cossus cossus* L.) were performed with pheromone traps in plantation of apricots and cherries in the vicinity of Pišece (Jeršič, 2009). In the past years the caterpillars of this insect pest caused languishing state of the trees. In both years the massive occurrence of the pest was established in the pe‐ riod from the end of June until the end of July. In 2005, the highest number of the males (one specimen/trap/2 days) was found in the first decade of July, when the degree-day sum was 595.4 °C. In 2006, the highest number of butterflies (1.4 males/trap/day) were found in the second half of the last decade of June, when the degree-day sum was 519.0 °C (figure 13). The hypothetical lower developmental threshold was 10.0 °C. In Slovenia, no insecticides are registered for controlling the goat moth, therefore other ways of suppressing its damage should be found. One of the most promissing methods is the use of controlled-release pher‐ omone dispensers (mating disruption method), which we suggest for implementation in the systems of the fruit production in these areas, where the goat moth is an important biotic

Goat moth is an important forest insect of Europe. It is distributed in North America, China and Siberia. Larvae cause the main damage. It bores into the heart wood causing extensive damage and finally killing the tree (Oberhauser and Peterson, 2003). In southern Europe this species has been recorded on sugar beet and Artichoke (Pasqualini and Natale, 1999). Caterpillars can also damage wood of pears, apple, plums, cherries, quince, apricot, walnut, persimmon, European olives, wild olives (*Olea oleaster*), mulberries, sea-buckthorn, willow, poplar, aspen, alder, ash-tree, birches, beech, oak, maple, elm (*Ulmus suberosa*), oleaster. Adults fore wings are white and the hind wing grey in colour. Head, thorax and abdomen on the adult has the similar grey colour. Antennal type is pactinate type. Larvae head is black and shiny, body yellowish white with a dorsal band of purplish red. It has special distinctive goat type smell. Larvae bore the trees from bark and take 2-4 years to complete full growth. Pupation takes place

In the period 2005-2006, the monitoring of male adults of the goat moth (*Cossus cossus* L.) were performed with pheromone traps in plantation of apricots and cherries in the vicinity of Pišece (Jeršič, 2009). In the past years the caterpillars of this insect pest caused languishing state of the trees. In both years the massive occurrence of the pest was established in the period from the end of June until the end of July. In 2005, the highest number of the males (one specimen/trap/2 days) was found in the first decade of July, when the degree-day sum was 595.4 °C. In 2006, the highest number of butterflies (1.4 males/trap/day) were found in the second half of the last decade of June, when the degree-day sum was 519.0 °C (figure 13). The hypothetical lower developmental threshold was 10.0 °C. In Slovenia, no insecticides are registered for controlling the goat moth, therefore other ways of suppressing its damage should be found. One of the most promissing methods is the use of controlled-release pheromone dispensers (mating disruption method), which we suggest for implementation in the systems of the fruit production in these areas, where the goat

Figure 11.Population dynamics of *Synanthedon myopaeformis* males in Bojsno (2008) and in Roginska Gorica (2009).

**6.4. The Goat Moth (***Cossus cossus* **[L.]; Lepidoptera, Cossidae)** 

factors for limitation of fruit production (Trdan and Jeršič, 2008).

Figure 12. Population dynamics of *Cossus cossus* males in Pišece in the period 2005-2006.

**Figure 13.** Population dynamics of *Cossus cossus* males in Pišece in the period 2005-2006.

11 Jun ‐ 18 Jun 18 Jun ‐ 25 Jun 25 Jun ‐ 2 Jul 2 Jul ‐ 9 Jul

**Time interval**

9 Jul ‐ 16 Jul

16 Jul ‐ 23 Jul 23 Jul ‐ 30 Jul 30 Jul ‐ 6 Aug

> 6

13 20 27 Aug ‐ 3 Sep 2005 2006

Aug ‐ 27 Aug

Aug ‐ 20 Aug

Aug ‐ 13 Aug

moth is an important biotic factors for limitation of fruit production (Trdan and Jeršič, 2008).

in a cocoon made with silk and wood materials (Pasqualini and Natale, 1999).

and Natale, 1999).

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

**No.**

**males/trap/day**

16 Apr ‐ 23 Apr 23 Apr ‐ 7 May

7 21 28

May ‐ 11 Jun

May ‐ 28 May

May ‐ 21 May

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

**No.**

**males/trap/day**

5 Apr ‐ 15 Apr 15 Apr ‐ 25 Apr 15 Apr ‐ 5 May

5 15 25 May ‐ 5 Jun

5 Jun ‐ 15 Jun 15 Jun ‐ 25 Jun

**Time interval**

25 Jun ‐ 5 Jul

May ‐ 25 May

May ‐ 15 May

Aug ‐ 27 Aug

Aug ‐ 20 Aug

Aug ‐ 13 Aug

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

**No.**

**males/trap/day**

16 Apr ‐ 23 Apr 23 Apr ‐ 7 May

7 21 28

May ‐ 11 Jun

May ‐ 28 May

May ‐ 21 May

damage. It bores into the heart wood causing extensive damage and finally killing the tree (Oberhauser and Peterson, 2003). In southern Europe this species has been recorded on sugar beet and Artichoke (Pasqualini and Natale, 1999). Caterpillars can also damage wood of pears, apple, plums, cherries, quince, apricot, walnut, persimmon, European olives, wild olives (*Olea oleaster*), mulberries, sea-buckthorn, willow, poplar, aspen, alder, ash-tree, birches, beech, oak, maple, elm (*Ulmus suberosa*), oleaster. Adults fore wings are white and the hind wing grey in colour. Head, thorax and abdomen on the adult has the similar grey colour. Antennal type is pactinate type. Larvae head is black and shiny, body yellowish white with a dorsal band of purplish red. It has special distinctive goat type smell. Larvae bore the trees from bark and take 2-4 years to complete full growth. Pupation takes place in a cocoon made with silk and wood materials (Pasqualini and Natale, 1999). Goat moth is an important forest insect of Europe. It is distributed in North America, China and Siberia. Larvae cause the main damage. It bores into the heart wood causing extensive damage and finally killing the tree (Oberhauser and Peterson, 2003). In southern Europe this species has been recorded on sugar beet and Artichoke (Pasqualini and Natale, 1999). Cater‐ pillars can also damage wood of pears, apple, plums, cherries, quince, apricot, walnut, per‐ simmon, European olives, wild olives (*Olea oleaster*), mulberries, sea-buckthorn, willow,

Goat moth is an important forest insect of Europe. It is distributed in North America, China and Siberia. Larvae cause the main

In the period 2005-2006, the monitoring of male adults of the goat moth (*Cossus cossus* L.) were performed with pheromone traps in plantation of apricots and cherries in the vicinity of Pišece (Jeršič, 2009). In the past years the caterpillars of this insect pest caused languishing state of the trees. In both years the massive occurrence of the pest was established in the period from the end of June until the end of July. In 2005, the highest number of the males (one specimen/trap/2 days) was found in the first decade of July, when the degree-day sum was 595.4 °C. In 2006, the highest number of butterflies (1.4 males/trap/day) were found in the second half of the last decade of June, when the degree-day sum was 519.0 °C (figure 13). The hypothetical lower developmental threshold was 10.0 °C. In Slovenia, no insecticides are registered for controlling the goat moth, therefore other ways of suppressing its damage should be found. One of the most promissing methods is the use of controlled-release pheromone dispensers (mating disruption method), which we suggest for implementation in the systems of the fruit production in these areas, where the goat poplar, aspen, alder, ash-tree, birches, beech, oak, maple, elm (*Ulmus suberosa*), oleaster. Adults fore wings are white and the hind wing grey in colour. Head, thorax and abdomen on the adult has the similar grey colour. Antennal type is pactinate type. Larvae head is black and shiny, body yellowish white with a dorsal band of purplish red. It has special dis‐ tinctive goat type smell. Larvae bore the trees from bark and take 2-4 years to complete full growth. Pupation takes place in a cocoon made with silk and wood materials (Pasqualini and Natale, 1999). 0 0.5 5 Apr ‐ 15 Apr 15 Apr ‐ 25 Apr 15 Apr ‐ 5 May 5 May ‐ 15 May 15 May ‐ 25 May 25 May ‐ 5 Jun 5 Jun ‐ 15 Jun 15 Jun ‐ 25 Jun 25 Jun ‐ 5 Jul 5 Jul ‐ 15 Jul 15 Jul ‐ 25 Jul 25 Jul ‐ 5 Aug 5 Aug ‐ 15 Aug 15 Aug ‐ 25 Aug 25 Aug ‐ 5 Sep **No.Time interval** Bojsno ‐ mowed Roginska Gorica

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

**males/trap/day**

(Gradič, 2009). Pheromone traps (RAG type, Csal♀m♂N® Budapest, Hungary), which con‐ sist of a triangular plastic casing, a pheromone capsule and a sticky plate were used for monitoring. Four traps were randomly placed in each orchard. Capsules were changed monthly and caught moths were counted in 10 day intervals. The research was conducted from the beginning of April to the beginning of September. The purpose of the research was to examine influence of temperature and quantity of precipitation to the abundance of the pest regarding usage of grassland in the orchards. The results revealed that the usage of grassland has a great influence on the abundance and as well on the appearance of the apple clearwing. The pest was more abundant in the mowed extensive orchard than in the over‐ grown extensive orchard. First males appeared earlier in the overgrown orchard than in the mowed orchard and they stopped appearing earlier in the overgrown than in the mowed orchard. Captured moths were detected from the end of April to the beginning of August. Moths were the most abundant from June to the beginning of July. Similar conclusions gained also Gradič (2009) in her related research (figure 12). The pest occurred in the mowed extensive orchard when the temperature increased above 15 °C and in the overgrown or‐ chard when the temperature increased above 13, 5 °C. Abundance of the male apple clearw‐

ing moths was also increased by the quantity of precipitation from 20 to 40 mm.

Figure 11.Population dynamics of *Synanthedon myopaeformis* males in Bojsno (2008) and in Roginska Gorica (2009).

Goat moth is an important forest insect of Europe. It is distributed in North America, China and Siberia. Larvae cause the main damage. It bores into the heart wood causing extensive damage and finally killing the tree (Oberhauser and Peterson, 2003). In southern Europe this species has been recorded on sugar beet and Artichoke (Pasqualini and Natale, 1999). Caterpillars can also damage wood of pears, apple, plums, cherries, quince, apricot, walnut, persimmon, European olives, wild olives (*Olea oleaster*), mulberries, sea-buckthorn, willow, poplar, aspen, alder, ash-tree, birches, beech, oak, maple, elm (*Ulmus suberosa*), oleaster. Adults fore wings are white and the hind wing grey in colour. Head, thorax and abdomen on the adult has the similar grey colour. Antennal type is pactinate type. Larvae head is black and shiny, body yellowish white with a dorsal band of purplish red. It has special distinctive goat type smell. Larvae bore the trees from bark and take 2-4 years to complete full growth. Pupation takes place

In the period 2005-2006, the monitoring of male adults of the goat moth (*Cossus cossus* L.) were performed with pheromone traps in plantation of apricots and cherries in the vicinity of Pišece (Jeršič, 2009). In the past years the caterpillars of this insect pest caused languishing state of the trees. In both years the massive occurrence of the pest was established in the period from the end of June until the end of July. In 2005, the highest number of the males (one specimen/trap/2 days) was found in the first decade of July, when the degree-day sum was 595.4 °C. In 2006, the highest number of butterflies (1.4 males/trap/day) were found in the second half of the last decade of June, when the degree-day sum was 519.0 °C (figure 13). The hypothetical lower developmental threshold was 10.0 °C. In Slovenia, no insecticides are registered for controlling the goat moth, therefore other ways of suppressing its damage should be found. One of the most promissing methods is the use of controlled-release pheromone dispensers (mating disruption method), which we suggest for implementation in the systems of the fruit production in these areas, where the goat

**6.4. The Goat Moth (***Cossus cossus* **[L.]; Lepidoptera, Cossidae)** 

**6.4. The Goat Moth (***Cossus cossus* **[L.]; Lepidoptera, Cossidae)**

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

**No.**

**males/trap/day**

16 Apr ‐ 23 Apr 23 Apr ‐ 7 May

7 21 28

May ‐ 11 Jun

May ‐ 28 May

May ‐ 21 May

**No.**

**males/trap/day**

5 Apr ‐ 15 Apr 15 Apr ‐ 25 Apr 15 Apr ‐ 5 May

5 15 25 May ‐ 5 Jun

5 Jun ‐ 15 Jun 15 Jun ‐ 25 Jun

**Time interval**

25 Jun ‐ 5 Jul 5 Jul ‐ 15 Jul

**Figure 12.** Population dynamics of *Synanthedon myopaeformis* males in Bojsno (2008) and in Roginska Gorica (2009).

Goat moth is an important forest insect of Europe. It is distributed in North America, China and Siberia. Larvae cause the main damage. It bores into the heart wood causing extensive damage and finally killing the tree (Oberhauser and Peterson, 2003). In southern Europe this species has been recorded on sugar beet and Artichoke (Pasqualini and Natale, 1999). Cater‐ pillars can also damage wood of pears, apple, plums, cherries, quince, apricot, walnut, per‐ simmon, European olives, wild olives (*Olea oleaster*), mulberries, sea-buckthorn, willow,

15 Jul ‐ 25 Jul

25 Jul ‐ 5 Aug

> 5

15 25 Aug ‐ 5 Sep Bojsno ‐ mowed Roginska Gorica

Aug ‐ 25 Aug

Aug ‐ 15 Aug

May ‐ 25 May

May ‐ 15 May

164 Insecticides - Development of Safer and More Effective Technologies

in a cocoon made with silk and wood materials (Pasqualini and Natale, 1999).

moth is an important biotic factors for limitation of fruit production (Trdan and Jeršič, 2008).

Figure 12. Population dynamics of *Cossus cossus* males in Pišece in the period 2005-2006.

11 Jun ‐ 18 Jun 18 Jun ‐ 25 Jun 25 Jun ‐ 2 Jul

2 Jul ‐ 9 Jul

**Time interval**

9 Jul ‐ 16 Jul 16 Jul ‐ 23 Jul 23 Jul ‐ 30 Jul 30 Jul ‐ 6 Aug

> 6

13 20 27 Aug ‐ 3 Sep 2005 2006

Aug ‐ 27 Aug

Aug ‐ 20 Aug

Aug ‐ 13 Aug In the period 2005-2006, the monitoring of male adults of the goat moth (*Cossus cossus* L.) were performed with pheromone traps in plantation of apricots and cherries in the vicinity of Pišece (Jeršič, 2009). In the past years the caterpillars of this insect pest caused languishing state of the trees. In both years the massive occurrence of the pest was established in the pe‐ riod from the end of June until the end of July. In 2005, the highest number of the males (one specimen/trap/2 days) was found in the first decade of July, when the degree-day sum was 595.4 °C. In 2006, the highest number of butterflies (1.4 males/trap/day) were found in the second half of the last decade of June, when the degree-day sum was 519.0 °C (figure 13). The hypothetical lower developmental threshold was 10.0 °C. In Slovenia, no insecticides are registered for controlling the goat moth, therefore other ways of suppressing its damage should be found. One of the most promissing methods is the use of controlled-release pher‐ omone dispensers (mating disruption method), which we suggest for implementation in the systems of the fruit production in these areas, where the goat moth is an important biotic factors for limitation of fruit production (Trdan and Jeršič, 2008). Figure 11.Population dynamics of *Synanthedon myopaeformis* males in Bojsno (2008) and in Roginska Gorica (2009). **6.4. The Goat Moth (***Cossus cossus* **[L.]; Lepidoptera, Cossidae)**  Goat moth is an important forest insect of Europe. It is distributed in North America, China and Siberia. Larvae cause the main damage. It bores into the heart wood causing extensive damage and finally killing the tree (Oberhauser and Peterson, 2003). In southern Europe this species has been recorded on sugar beet and Artichoke (Pasqualini and Natale, 1999). Caterpillars can also damage wood of pears, apple, plums, cherries, quince, apricot, walnut, persimmon, European olives, wild olives (*Olea oleaster*), mulberries, sea-buckthorn, willow, poplar, aspen, alder, ash-tree, birches, beech, oak, maple, elm (*Ulmus suberosa*), oleaster. Adults fore wings are white and the hind wing grey in colour. Head, thorax and abdomen on the adult has the similar grey colour. Antennal type is pactinate type. Larvae head is black and shiny, body yellowish white with a dorsal band of purplish red. It has special distinctive goat type smell. Larvae bore the trees from bark and take 2-4 years to complete full growth. Pupation takes place in a cocoon made with silk and wood materials (Pasqualini and Natale, 1999). In the period 2005-2006, the monitoring of male adults of the goat moth (*Cossus cossus* L.) were performed with pheromone traps in plantation of apricots and cherries in the vicinity of Pišece (Jeršič, 2009). In the past years the caterpillars of this insect pest caused languishing state of the trees. In both years the massive occurrence of the pest was established in the period from the end of June until the end of July. In 2005, the highest number of the males (one specimen/trap/2 days) was found in the first decade of July,

when the degree-day sum was 595.4 °C. In 2006, the highest number of butterflies (1.4 males/trap/day) were found in the second half of the last decade of June, when the degree-day sum was 519.0 °C (figure 13). The hypothetical lower developmental threshold was 10.0 °C. In Slovenia, no insecticides are registered for controlling the goat moth, therefore other ways of suppressing its damage should be found. One of the most promissing methods is the use of controlled-release pheromone dispensers (mating disruption method), which we suggest for implementation in the systems of the fruit production in these areas, where the goat

moth is an important biotic factors for limitation of fruit production (Trdan and Jeršič, 2008).

**Figure 13.** Population dynamics of *Cossus cossus* males in Pišece in the period 2005-2006.

Figure 12. Population dynamics of *Cossus cossus* males in Pišece in the period 2005-2006.

#### **6.5. The European grape berry moth (***Clysia ambiguella* **[Hübner]; Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) and the European Grapevine Moth (***Lobesia botrana* **[Denis & Schiffermüller]; Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)**

The life cycle of *C. ambiguella* is similar to that of *L. botrana*, with the exception of two gener‐ ations for *C. ambiguella* versus three or more generations for *L. botrana*. Over most of its range, adults are present in May and June for the first generation and again in August and September for the second generation (Gilligan and Epstein, 2011).

**6.5. The European grape berry moth (***Clysia ambiguella* **[Hübner]; Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) and the European Grapevine Moth (***Lobesia botrana* **[Denis & Schiffermüller]; Lepidoptera,** 

The life cycle of *C. ambiguella* is similar to that of *L. botrana*, with the exception of two generations for *C. ambiguella* versus three or more generations for *L. botrana*. Over most of its range, adults are present in May and June for the first generation and again

Females deposit eggs singly on buds, pedicels, and flowers during the first generation, and on grape berries during the second generation. Early instar larvae burrow into the buds or berries and feed internally; later instars web together buds or berries, and a single larva can feed on up to a dozen berries. Pupation occurs in leaves for the first generation and under bark for the second generation. Overwintering occurs as a second generation pupa. Development time is highly dependent on temperature and humidity. The optimum relative humidity level for development is 70% or higher; eggs will fail to hatch at low relative humidity

Economic losses on grape are caused by direct feeding damage and secondary infections. Feeding damage is similar to that of *L. botrana*. Larvae of the first generation cause minor damage by feeding on flower buds, while those of the second generation cause the most damage by feeding on grape berries. The most significant losses are due to secondary infection of feeding sites on berries and clusters by *Botrytis cinerea.* Economic thresholds vary with the type of grape and cultivar (Gilligan and Epstein, 2011).

During 2007 the occurrence of European grape berry moth (*Clysia ambiguella*) and European grapevine moth (*Lobesia botrana*) was monitored in vineyard at Gaberje village near Ajdovščina (Florijančič, 2010). We observed them on two grapevine varieties: 'Chardonnay' and 'Rebula'. Four pheromone lures (type Pherocon 1C trap, manufacturer Trécé Incorporated, Oklahoma, USA) were placed symmetrically on each variety of grapevine in the vineyard with the size of 0,35 ha. From the end of April to the first days of September, the butterflies developed two generations (figure 14). The peak of the first generation of European grape berry moth was established from 23rd April to 6th May, followed by the second generation, which peaked between 18th June and 1st July. The first generation of European grapevine moth occurred in the period between 7th and 27th of May, followed by the second generation, which established between 11th June and 22nd July. The last three specimens were caught between 27th August and 2nd September. The number of present specimens during the growing season was influenced by weather conditions, namely the air temperature, quantity of precipitations and the relative humidity. In our lures almost twice as many butterflies of European grapevine moth were collected in comparison to European grape berry moth. It is assumed that in Slovenia at least two generations of European grape berry moth and European grapevine moth appear per year. It is assumed also that the variety of grapevine has

Research on Seasonal Dynamics of 14 Different Insects Pests in Slovenia Using Pheromone Traps

Monitoring of harmful insects is one of the basic steps of integrated food production and storing of plant products, since timely detection of the pests prevents their development, spreading and consecutive damage, as well it enables the diminishing of insecticide use. Pheromone traps belong among the most commonly used detection methods of insects, and their advantage over other methods (coloured sticky boards, light traps…) is particularly in their specificity, which is the reason for simple and reliable assessment on the number of harmful insects under investigation. With the use of pheromone traps it is possible – more effective than with other detection methods - to realize one of the fundamental principles of integrated pest management (Milevoj, 2007), i.e. the use of insecticides against insects pests only then, when they reach the damage threshold in agricultural plants and products. In this way the pheromone traps enable the insecticide use in time, which is one of the more important conditions of their satisfactory

in August and September for the second generation (Gilligan and Epstein, 2011).

**Tortricidae)** 

levels (Gilligan and Epstein, 2011).

**7. Conclusions** 

traps have important role.

**7. Conclusions**

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

**No.**

**males/trap/day**

23 Apr ‐ 29 Apr 29 Apr ‐ 6 May

6

May ‐ 13 May

13 20 27 May ‐ 3 Jun

3 Jun ‐ 10 Jun 10 Jun ‐ 17 Jun 17 Jun ‐ 24 Jun 24 Jun ‐ 1 Jul

**Time interval**

1 Jul ‐ 8 Jul

8 Jul ‐ 15 Jul

Monitoring of harmful insects is one of the basic steps of integrated food production and storing of plant products, since timely detection of the pests prevents their development, spreading and consecutive damage, as well it enables the diminishing of insecticide use. Pheromone traps belong among the most commonly used detection methods of insects, and their advantage over other methods (coloured sticky boards, light traps…) is particularly in their specificity, which is the reason for simple and reliable assessment on the number of harmful insects under investigation. With the use of pheromone traps it is possible – more effective than with other detection methods - to realize one of the fundamental principles of integrated pest management (Milevoj, 2007), i.e. the use of insecticides against insects pests only then, when they reach the damage threshold in agricultural plants and products. In this way the pheromone traps enable the insecticide use in time, which is one of the more impor‐ tant conditions of their satisfactory efficacy. The greater part of investigations, which are present in this chapter, are bounded with the monitoring of insect pests, which bionomics was up to now not studied in Slovenia. Therefore these resuls are important contribution to the field of applied entomology. Results of some researches only confirmed the statements from Slovenian scientific monographies (Vrabl, 1992; Vrabl, 1999), which were in many cas‐ es summarized from foreign authors. Other investigations offer less expected results, which can be influenced by climate change, changing of plant varieties, food production techni‐ ques etc. In any case this chapter presents the first comprehensive review of monitoring of many insects pests (14 species in 26 different locations) in Slovenia, which can be a good ba‐ sis for further investigations of complexicity of relations between insects and environment. We hope that with the results of mentioned investigations we will be able to offer the an‐ swers for higher present economic impact of some insect pests compared with past decades and to found out if the populations of harmful insect pests can be effectivelly diminished with the use of environmentally friendly methods, in the group of which also pheromone

15 Jul ‐ 22 Jul

22 Jul ‐ 29 Jul

29 Jul ‐ 6 Aug

> 6

13 20 27 Aug ‐ 3 Sep 3 Sep ‐ 10 Sep C. ambiguella L. botrana

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53186

167

Aug ‐ 27 Aug

Aug ‐ 20 Aug

Aug ‐ 13 Aug

May ‐ 27…

May ‐ 20…

no influence on the occurrence of both species of butterflies.

Figure 13.Population dynamics of *Clysia ambiguella* and *Lobesia botrana* males in Gaberje in 2007.

**Figure 14.** Population dynamics of *Clysia ambiguella* and *Lobesia botrana* males in Gaberje in 2007.

Females deposit eggs singly on buds, pedicels, and flowers during the first generation, and on grape berries during the second generation. Early instar larvae burrow into the buds or berries and feed internally; later instars web together buds or berries, and a single larva can feed on up to a dozen berries. Pupation occurs in leaves for the first generation and under bark for the second generation. Overwintering occurs as a second generation pupa. Devel‐ opment time is highly dependent on temperature and humidity. The optimum relative hu‐ midity level for development is 70% or higher; eggs will fail to hatch at low relative humidity levels (Gilligan and Epstein, 2011).

Economic losses on grape are caused by direct feeding damage and secondary infections. Feeding damage is similar to that of *L. botrana*. Larvae of the first generation cause minor damage by feeding on flower buds, while those of the second generation cause the most damage by feeding on grape berries. The most significant losses are due to secondary infec‐ tion of feeding sites on berries and clusters by *Botrytis cinerea.* Economic thresholds vary with the type of grape and cultivar (Gilligan and Epstein, 2011).

During 2007 the occurrence of European grape berry moth (*Clysia ambiguella*) and Euro‐ pean grapevine moth (*Lobesia botrana*) was monitored in vineyard at Gaberje village near Ajdovščina (Florijančič, 2010). We observed them on two grapevine varieties: 'Chardon‐ nay' and 'Rebula'. Four pheromone lures (type Pherocon 1C trap, manufacturer Trécé In‐ corporated, Oklahoma, USA) were placed symmetrically on each variety of grapevine in the vineyard with the size of 0,35 ha. From the end of April to the first days of Septem‐ ber, the butterflies developed two generations (figure 14). The peak of the first genera‐ tion of European grape berry moth was established from 23rd April to 6th May, followed by the second generation, which peaked between 18th June and 1st July. The first genera‐ tion of European grapevine moth occurred in the period between 7th and 27th of May, followed by the second generation, which established between 11th June and 22nd July. The last three specimens were caught between 27th August and 2nd September. The num‐ ber of present specimens during the growing season was influenced by weather condi‐ tions, namely the air temperature, quantity of precipitations and the relative humidity. In our lures almost twice as many butterflies of European grapevine moth were collected in comparison to European grape berry moth. It is assumed that in Slovenia at least two generations of European grape berry moth and European grapevine moth appear per year. It is assumed also that the variety of grapevine has no influence on the occurrence of both species of butterflies.

**6.5. The European grape berry moth (***Clysia ambiguella* **[Hübner]; Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) and the European Grapevine Moth (***Lobesia botrana* **[Denis & Schiffermüller]; Lepidoptera,** 

The life cycle of *C. ambiguella* is similar to that of *L. botrana*, with the exception of two generations for *C. ambiguella* versus three or more generations for *L. botrana*. Over most of its range, adults are present in May and June for the first generation and again

Females deposit eggs singly on buds, pedicels, and flowers during the first generation, and on grape berries during the second generation. Early instar larvae burrow into the buds or berries and feed internally; later instars web together buds or berries, and a single larva can feed on up to a dozen berries. Pupation occurs in leaves for the first generation and under bark for the second generation. Overwintering occurs as a second generation pupa. Development time is highly dependent on temperature and humidity. The optimum relative humidity level for development is 70% or higher; eggs will fail to hatch at low relative humidity

Economic losses on grape are caused by direct feeding damage and secondary infections. Feeding damage is similar to that of *L. botrana*. Larvae of the first generation cause minor damage by feeding on flower buds, while those of the second generation cause the most damage by feeding on grape berries. The most significant losses are due to secondary infection of feeding sites on berries and clusters by *Botrytis cinerea.* Economic thresholds vary with the type of grape and cultivar (Gilligan and Epstein, 2011).

During 2007 the occurrence of European grape berry moth (*Clysia ambiguella*) and European grapevine moth (*Lobesia botrana*) was monitored in vineyard at Gaberje village near Ajdovščina (Florijančič, 2010). We observed them on two grapevine varieties: 'Chardonnay' and 'Rebula'. Four pheromone lures (type Pherocon 1C trap, manufacturer Trécé Incorporated, Oklahoma, USA) were placed symmetrically on each variety of grapevine in the vineyard with the size of 0,35 ha. From the end of April to the first days of September, the butterflies developed two generations (figure 14). The peak of the first generation of European grape berry moth was established from 23rd April to 6th May, followed by the second generation, which peaked between 18th June and 1st July. The first generation of European grapevine moth occurred in the period between 7th and 27th of May, followed by the second generation, which established between 11th June and 22nd July. The last three specimens were caught between 27th August and 2nd September. The number of present specimens during the growing season was influenced by weather conditions, namely the air

of European grape berry moth and European grapevine moth appear per year. It is assumed also that the variety of grapevine has

detection of the pests prevents their development, spreading and consecutive damage, as well it enables the diminishing of

in August and September for the second generation (Gilligan and Epstein, 2011).

Figure 13.Population dynamics of *Clysia ambiguella* and *Lobesia botrana* males in Gaberje in 2007. **Figure 14.** Population dynamics of *Clysia ambiguella* and *Lobesia botrana* males in Gaberje in 2007.

#### Monitoring of harmful insects is one of the basic steps of integrated food production and storing of plant products, since timely **7. Conclusions**

**7. Conclusions** 

**Tortricidae)** 

levels (Gilligan and Epstein, 2011).

no influence on the occurrence of both species of butterflies.

**6.5. The European grape berry moth (***Clysia ambiguella* **[Hübner]; Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) and the European Grapevine Moth (***Lobesia botrana* **[Denis &**

September for the second generation (Gilligan and Epstein, 2011).

with the type of grape and cultivar (Gilligan and Epstein, 2011).

The life cycle of *C. ambiguella* is similar to that of *L. botrana*, with the exception of two gener‐ ations for *C. ambiguella* versus three or more generations for *L. botrana*. Over most of its range, adults are present in May and June for the first generation and again in August and

Females deposit eggs singly on buds, pedicels, and flowers during the first generation, and on grape berries during the second generation. Early instar larvae burrow into the buds or berries and feed internally; later instars web together buds or berries, and a single larva can feed on up to a dozen berries. Pupation occurs in leaves for the first generation and under bark for the second generation. Overwintering occurs as a second generation pupa. Devel‐ opment time is highly dependent on temperature and humidity. The optimum relative hu‐ midity level for development is 70% or higher; eggs will fail to hatch at low relative

Economic losses on grape are caused by direct feeding damage and secondary infections. Feeding damage is similar to that of *L. botrana*. Larvae of the first generation cause minor damage by feeding on flower buds, while those of the second generation cause the most damage by feeding on grape berries. The most significant losses are due to secondary infec‐ tion of feeding sites on berries and clusters by *Botrytis cinerea.* Economic thresholds vary

During 2007 the occurrence of European grape berry moth (*Clysia ambiguella*) and Euro‐ pean grapevine moth (*Lobesia botrana*) was monitored in vineyard at Gaberje village near Ajdovščina (Florijančič, 2010). We observed them on two grapevine varieties: 'Chardon‐ nay' and 'Rebula'. Four pheromone lures (type Pherocon 1C trap, manufacturer Trécé In‐ corporated, Oklahoma, USA) were placed symmetrically on each variety of grapevine in the vineyard with the size of 0,35 ha. From the end of April to the first days of Septem‐ ber, the butterflies developed two generations (figure 14). The peak of the first genera‐ tion of European grape berry moth was established from 23rd April to 6th May, followed by the second generation, which peaked between 18th June and 1st July. The first genera‐ tion of European grapevine moth occurred in the period between 7th and 27th of May, followed by the second generation, which established between 11th June and 22nd July. The last three specimens were caught between 27th August and 2nd September. The num‐ ber of present specimens during the growing season was influenced by weather condi‐ tions, namely the air temperature, quantity of precipitations and the relative humidity. In our lures almost twice as many butterflies of European grapevine moth were collected in comparison to European grape berry moth. It is assumed that in Slovenia at least two generations of European grape berry moth and European grapevine moth appear per year. It is assumed also that the variety of grapevine has no influence on the occurrence

**Schiffermüller]; Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)**

166 Insecticides - Development of Safer and More Effective Technologies

humidity levels (Gilligan and Epstein, 2011).

of both species of butterflies.

insecticide use. Pheromone traps belong among the most commonly used detection methods of insects, and their advantage over other methods (coloured sticky boards, light traps…) is particularly in their specificity, which is the reason for simple and reliable assessment on the number of harmful insects under investigation. With the use of pheromone traps it is possible – more effective than with other detection methods - to realize one of the fundamental principles of integrated pest management (Milevoj, 2007), i.e. the use of insecticides against insects pests only then, when they reach the damage threshold in agricultural plants and products. In this way the pheromone traps enable the insecticide use in time, which is one of the more important conditions of their satisfactory Monitoring of harmful insects is one of the basic steps of integrated food production and storing of plant products, since timely detection of the pests prevents their development, spreading and consecutive damage, as well it enables the diminishing of insecticide use. Pheromone traps belong among the most commonly used detection methods of insects, and their advantage over other methods (coloured sticky boards, light traps…) is particularly in their specificity, which is the reason for simple and reliable assessment on the number of harmful insects under investigation. With the use of pheromone traps it is possible – more effective than with other detection methods - to realize one of the fundamental principles of integrated pest management (Milevoj, 2007), i.e. the use of insecticides against insects pests only then, when they reach the damage threshold in agricultural plants and products. In this way the pheromone traps enable the insecticide use in time, which is one of the more impor‐ tant conditions of their satisfactory efficacy. The greater part of investigations, which are present in this chapter, are bounded with the monitoring of insect pests, which bionomics was up to now not studied in Slovenia. Therefore these resuls are important contribution to the field of applied entomology. Results of some researches only confirmed the statements from Slovenian scientific monographies (Vrabl, 1992; Vrabl, 1999), which were in many cas‐ es summarized from foreign authors. Other investigations offer less expected results, which can be influenced by climate change, changing of plant varieties, food production techni‐ ques etc. In any case this chapter presents the first comprehensive review of monitoring of many insects pests (14 species in 26 different locations) in Slovenia, which can be a good ba‐ sis for further investigations of complexicity of relations between insects and environment. We hope that with the results of mentioned investigations we will be able to offer the an‐ swers for higher present economic impact of some insect pests compared with past decades and to found out if the populations of harmful insect pests can be effectivelly diminished with the use of environmentally friendly methods, in the group of which also pheromone traps have important role.
