**8. New trends and conclusions**

Recent studies have shown that an alternative to improve the pheromone performance on male catch is the use of volatile compounds of plants. Tests at wind-tunnel, demonstrated that the volatile compounds of plants, such as limonene, pear ester, ß-farnesene and linalool increased the attraction of codling moth males, *C. pomonella*, when associated with codlemone phero‐ mone also proving that these volatiles not only increase the attractiveness, but also decrease (shorten) the response time of the males to codlemone (Schmera & Guerin 2012). Thus, based on these observations, it is concluded that admixing limonene, pear ester, *β*-farnesene or linalool to codlemone aids source location by males, such that host plant volatiles dispensed with codlemone should contribute to better mating disruption of *C. pomonella*. These authors also state that the attractiveness increasing of codlemone to codling moth males can be regarded as a key to increasing the efficiency of mating disruption of codling moth.

[2] Bohnenblust E, Hull LA, Krawczyk G. A comparison of various mating disruption technologies for control of two internally feeding Lepidoptera in apples. Entomolo‐

The Use of Behavioral Manipulation Techniques on Synthetic Insecticides Optimization

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53354

191

[3] Bostanian NJ, Racette G. Attract and kill, an effective technique to manage apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tehpritidae) in high density Quebec apple

[4] Botton M, Kulcheski F, Collena VD, Arioli CJ, Pastori PL. Avaliação do uso do fero‐ mônio de confundimento no controle de Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortrici‐

[5] Cardé, RT, Minks AK. Control of moth pests by mating disruption: success and con‐

[6] Charlton RE, Wyman JA, McLaughlin JR, Du JW, Roelofs WL. Identification of sex pheromone of tomato pinworm, Keiferia lycopersicella (Wals.) Journal of Chemical

[7] Charmillot PJ, Hofer D, Pasquier D. Attract and kill: a new method for control of the codling moth Cydia pomonella. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 2000; 94(2):

[9] Cook SM, Khan ZR, Pickett JA. The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest

[10] Duraimurugan P, Regupathy A. Push-pull Strategy with Trap Crops, Neem and Nu‐ clear Polyhedrosis Virus for Insecticide Resistance Management in Helicoverpa armi‐ gera (Hubner) in Cotton. American Journal of Applied Sciences 2005; 2(6): 1042-1048.

[11] Ebbinghaus D, Losel PM, Romeis J, Cianciulli-Teller MG, Leusch H, Olszak R, Plu‐ ciennik Z, Schekenbeck J. Appeal: efficacy and mode of action of attract and kill for

[12] El-Sayed AM, Suckling DM, Wearing CH, Byers JA. Potential of mass trapping for long-term pest management and eradication of invasive species. Journal of Economic

[13] Emel'yanov VA, Bulyginskaya MA. Use of pheromones for control of codling moth Laspeyresia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) by elimination and disorienta‐

[14] Evenden ML, Mclaughlin JR. Initial development of an attracticide formulation against the Oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Envi‐

[15] Foster SP, Harris MO. Behavioral manipulation methods for insect pest-manage‐

[8] Cohen AC. Insect diets: Science and technology. Washington: CRC Press; 2003.

management. Annual Review of Entomology 2007; 52: 375-400.

codling moth control. IOBC wprs Bulletin 2001; 24(2): 95-99.

tion of males. Entomological Review 1999; 79: 539-546.

ment. Annual Review of Entomology 1997 42: 123–46.

ronmental Entomology 2004; 33(2): 213-220.

gia Experimentalis et Applicata 2012; 138 (3): 202–211.

dae) em pomares de pessegueiro. Idesia 2005; 23: 43-50

straints. Annual Review of Entomology 1995; 40: 559-585.

orchards. Phytoprotection 2001; 82 (1): 25-34.

Ecology 1991; 17(1): 175-183.

Entomology 2006; 99(5): 1550-1564.

211-216.

The public demand for environmentally correct alternatives to broad-spectrum insecticides or strategies that reduce the use of these pesticides has never been greater. The adoption of behavioral manipulation techniques can help to meet this demand, since the amount of semiochemicals released into the environment is relatively small. In addition, most of the semiochemicals are relatively nontoxic to vertebrates as well as to beneficial insects, having a high selectivity to the target pest species.
