**Author details**

Andréia da Silva Almeida1 , Francisco Amaral Villela2 , João Carlos Nunes3 , Geri Eduardo Meneghello4 and Adilson Jauer5

1 Seed Care Institute- Syngenta, Brazil

2 PPG Ciência e Tecnologia de Sementes, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil

3 Syngenta Crop Protection- Seed Care Institute, Brazil

4 Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil

5 Syngenta Crop Protection, Brazil

### **References**

**Figure 6.** Average germination, cultivar BR IRGA 417, under different doses of thiamethoxam.

422 Insecticides - Development of Safer and More Effective Technologies

**Figure 7.** Growth of rice seedlings exposed to different doses of thiamethoxam temperatures of 13 and 25°C


[6] Castro, P. R. C.; Pitelli, A.M.C.M.; Peres, L.E.P.; Aramaki, P.H. . Análise da atividade reguladora de crescimento vegetal de tiametoxam através de biotestes. Publicatio. UEPG (Ponta Grossa), v. 13, p. 25-29, 2007.

**Chapter 15**

**Spatial and Monthly Behaviour of**

**Subtropical Estuarine Ecosystems**

T.S. Imo, T. Oomori, M.A. Sheikh, T. Miyagi and

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

(dry weight) (Chang & Doong, 2006; Zhou et al.*,* 1994).

likelihood of detecting compounds that are present in the river.

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are one of the most important persistent organic pollu‐ tants (POPs) which pose threats to ecosystems and human health. The twelve so-called POPs; nine of which are organochlorine pesticides. The two organochlorine pesticides (HCH and dieldrin) were used in or arise from industry mainly for agriculture purposes. Sediments serve as both a source and a removal mechanisms for contaminants to and from rivers and streams and as a means of contaminant transport downstream. Sediment also provides habitat for benthic biota and can be in the food web around rivers and stream, and some organisms such as fish are consumed by people and birds (Brasher & Anthony, 1998; Laabs et al.*,* 2002). Although the residue levels of the chlorinated com‐ pounds in the environments have considerable declined in the past 20 years, recent work has depicted that chlorinated pesticides could be detected in the range of 0.03-25.17 ngg-1

Some OCPs such as DDT and endosulfan are still used in some countries around the tropical and subtropical regions for agricultural and medicinal purposes. These compounds can be deposited into the sediments through long-range atmospheric transport, resulting in a high exposure to OCPs in the area near the pollution source (Tanabe et al.*,* 1994; Doong et al.*,* 2002; Fabricius, 2005). River bed sediments and fish tissues contain higher concentrations of organochlorine compounds than the surrounding water, so analysis of sediment increases the

> © 2013 Imo et al.; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

© 2013 Imo et al.; licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

F. Tamaki

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54842

**1. Introduction**

**Selective Organochlorine Pesticides in**

[7] Mertz, L.M.; Henning, F.A.; Soares, R.C.; Baldiga, R.F.;Peske,F.B.; Moraes, D.M.Alter‐ ações fisiológicas em sementes de arroz expostas ao frio na fase de germinação. Re‐ vista Brasileira de Sementes, v. 31, n. 2. p 262-2701. 2009.

**Chapter 15**
