**Acknowledgements**

Many thanks to Kristie Heard (Environment Canada, Fredericton) for her assistance with the taxonomy and subsampling procedure, to Dave Hryn (Environment Canada, Frederic‐ ton) for his technical expertise and assistance in conducting the artificial stream experiment, and to Jon Bailey (Environment Canada, Saskatoon) who conducted the chemical analyses. This work was made possible by the support of Environment Canada and a grant from Health Canada's Pesticide Science Fund. Further support was provided by a National Scien‐ ces and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) Discovery Grant to JMC and a NSERC (PGS-D3) to A.C. Alexander.

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