Contents

### **Preface XIII**



Chapter 8 **Insecticide Use and the Ecology of Invasive Liriomyza Leafminer Management 233**

**Section 6 Insecticides Against Pests of Urban Area, Forests and**

Chapter 16 **Bait Evaluation Methods for Urban Pest Management 445**

Chapter 17 **Advances in Insecticide Tools and Tactics for Protecting Conifers from Bark Beetle Attack in the Western**

**Section 7 Biotechnology and Other Advances in Pest Control 503**

Chapter 19 **Use of Biotechnology in the Control of Insects-Prague 505**

Gabriel Loli Bazo and Fernanda Brunetta Godinho

Chapter 20 **Polymeric Nanoparticle-Based Insecticides: A Controlled Release Purpose for Agrochemicals 521**

Chapter 18 **The Use of Deltamethrin on Farm Animals 493**

Bennett W. Jordan, Barbara E. Bayer, Philip G. Koehler and Roberto

Contents **VII**

Christopher J. Fettig, Donald M. Grosman and A. Steven Munson

Gleberson Guillen Piccinin, Alan Augusto Donel, Alessandro de Lucca e Braccini, Lilian Gomes de Morais Dan, Keila Regina Hossa,

Bruno Perlatti, Patrícia Luísa de Souza Bergo, Maria Fátima das Graças Fernandes da Silva, João Batista Fernandes and Moacir Rossi

**Farm Animals 443**

**United States 471**

Papadopoulos Elias

Forim

M. Pereira

Stuart R. Reitz, Yulin Gao and Zhongren Lei


#### **Section 6 Insecticides Against Pests of Urban Area, Forests and Farm Animals 443**

Chapter 8 **Insecticide Use and the Ecology of Invasive Liriomyza**

Stuart R. Reitz, Yulin Gao and Zhongren Lei

Chapter 9 **Plant–Derived Products for Leaf–Cutting Ants Control 257**

Chapter 10 **Use of Botanicals and Safer Insecticides Designed in Controlling**

Juliana Cristina dos Santos, Ronald Zanetti, Denilson Ferreira de Oliveira, Giovanna Cardoso Gajo and Dejane Santos Alves

Patrick Kareru, Zacchaeus Kipkorir Rotich and Esther Wamaitha

María-Lourdes Aldana-Madrid, María-Isabel Silveira-Gramont, Fabiola-Gabriela Zuno-Floriano and Guillermo Rodríguez-Olibarría

Chapter 12 **DDT as Anti-Malaria Tool: The Bull in the China Shop or the**

Mauro Prato, Manuela Polimeni and Giuliana Giribaldi

Francisco Sánchez-Bayo, Henk A. Tennekes and Koichi Goka

Andréia da Silva Almeida, Francisco Amaral Villela, João Carlos

Nunes, Geri Eduardo Meneghello and Adilson Jauer

Chapter 15 **Spatial and Monthly Behaviour of Selective Organochlorine Pesticides in Subtropical Estuarine Ecosystems 425** T.S. Imo, T. Oomori, M.A. Sheikh, T. Miyagi and F. Tamaki

**Section 3 Non-Chemical Alternatives to Insecticides 255**

**Leafminer Management 233**

**Insects: The African Case 295**

Chapter 11 **Insecticide Residuality of Mexican Populations Occupationally Exposed 311**

**Elephant in the Room? 331**

Chapter 13 **Impact of Systemic Insecticides on Organisms and**

Chapter 14 **Thiamethoxam: An Inseticide that Improve Seed Rice Germination at Low Temperature 415**

**Section 5 Insecticides and Environment 363**

**Ecosystems 365**

**Section 4 Insecticides and Human Health 309**

Maina

**VI** Contents


Preface

creased production economy.

of pest insects.

Insecticides are products that help to minimise the damage to plants, animals and human beings by controlling pest insects. From the point of view of protecting cultivated or wildgrowing plants, insects are the most important group of pests because theyrepresent the most abundant animal group. Of the approximately 1.2 million known insect species, 5,000 to 10,000 are economically noxious,and their influence on reduced quantity and quality of plants depends on numerous abiotic and biotic factors. The most important biotic factor is the role of humans, who with appropriate control measures for pest insects can achieve the desired result – the reduction of individual abundance under the economic threshold of damage. However,with unsuitable control measures,humans can also demolish the natural balance in agroecosystems,resulting in larger noxiousness of harmful organisms or a de‐

Until the Second World War, only some insecticides were known. Some inorganic substan‐ ces (arsenious, leaden, baric) were used to control biting insects;on smaller scales, plant ex‐ tracts (tobacco, rotenone) were used against sucking insects; and carbolines or mineral oils were usedfor thewinter spraying of fruit trees. Close to and after the Second World War, organic insecticides were chemically synthesised, and this method spread worldwide in the fifties.These synthesised insecticides were chlorinate carbon hydrogen (DDT, lindane, en‐ drine) and organic phosphor esters, which control biting and sucking insects.The develop‐ ment ofcarbamates, synthetic pyretroids, neonicotinoids, octadiazyonids, antifeedants, and inhibitors and regulators of insect development followed.The last two groups along with natural and plant insecticides are an important part of integrated plant protection and other forms of environmentally friendly production of food, ornamental plants or forage feed. Their efficacies, when compared to the groups of insecticidesfirst mentioned,areseveral times smaller but they can offer protection measures (usage of pheromone traps, colored sticky boards, natural enemies, usage of resistant plant varieties, plant hygiene, etc.)when combined with other plants to attain better synergy and consequently reduce the abundance

Experts and users of insecticides are aware of the great importance of this group of plant protection products in providing sufficient quantities of food for the fast-growing human population and feed for livestock, which isan important food source for the majority of the human population.Still, many negative examples of improper usage of insecticides from the past and present warn us about the great attention necessary when using insecticides. The application of insecticides, especially the improper application, can cause many negative outcomes. The number of selective insecticide products is relatively small; thus, many insec‐ ticides demonstrate a non-targeted influence on other insect species includingbeneficialspe‐ cies. A smaller number of natural enemies can also influence the larger abundance and
