**Author details**

Diofantos G. Hadjimitsis1 , Dimitrios D. Alexakis1 , Athos Agapiou1 , Kyriacos Themistocleous1 , Silas Michaelides2 and Adrianos Retalis3

1 Cyprus University of Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Department of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Remote Sensing and Geo-Environment Lab, Cyprus

2 Meteorological Service of Cyprus, Cyprus

3 National Observatory of Athens, Greece

## **References**

[1] Agapiou, A. & Hadjimitsis, D.G. (2011). Vegetation indices and field spectroradio‐ metric measurements for validation of buried architectural remains: verification un‐ der area surveyed with geophysical campaigns, *Journal of Applied Remote Sensing,* Vol. 5, doi:10.1117/1.3645590

[12] Hadjimitsis, D.G.; Clayton, C.R.I. & Hope, V.S. (2004b). An assessment of the effec‐ tiveness of atmospheric correction algorithms through the remote sensing of some

Integrated Remote Sensing and GIS Applications for Sustainable Watershed Management: A Case Study from Cyprus

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/39307

127

[13] Hadjimitsis, D.G. (2007) The use of satellite remote sensing and GIS for assisting flood risk assessment: a case study of the Agriokalamin Catchment area in Paphos-

[14] Hadjimitsis, D.G. (2010). The importance of monitoring urban growth and land-cover changes in catchment areas in Cyprus using multi-temporal remotely sensed data, *Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Journal*, Vol.10, pp. 2235-2240, doi:10.5194/

[15] Hadjimitsis, D.G., Clayton, C. & Toulios, L., (2010a). Retrieving visibility values us‐ ing satellite remote sensing data, *Physics and Chemistry of the Earth*, Parts A/B/C, 35

[16] Hadjimitsis, D.G.; Perdikou S. & Themistocleous, K. (2010b). Overview of remote sensing applications for assessing and monitoring natural hazards in Cyprus, *In: Pro‐*

[17] Haralick, R.M.; Shanmugam, K. & Dinstein, I. (1973). Textural features for image classification, *IEEE Transactions on Systems*, Man, and Cybernetics SMC-3, Vol. 3, pp.

[18] Herold, M.; Scepan, J. & Clarke, C. (2002). The use of remote sensing and landscape metrics to describe structures and changes in urban land uses, *Environmental Plan‐*

[19] Herold, M.; Couclelis, H. & Clarke, K.C. (2005). The role of spatial metrics in the anal‐ ysis and modeling of urban land use change, *Computers. Environment and Urban Sys‐*

[20] Hongga, Li.; Huang., B. & Xiaoxia Huang, X., (2010). A Level Set Filter for Speckle Reduction in SAR Images*. EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing*, Vol.

[21] Kouli, M.; P Soupios, P. & Vallianatos, F. (2009). Soil erosion prediction using the Re‐ vised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) in a GIS framework, Chania, Northwest‐

[22] Karydas, C.; Sekuloska T. & Silleos, G. (2009). Quantification and site-specification of the support practice factor when mapping soil erosion risk associated with olive plantations in the Mediterranean island of Crete, *Environmental Monitoring and As‐*

[23] Lewis, A.J. (1998). Geomorphic and hydrologic applications of active microwave re‐ mote sensing in 5 principles and application of imaging radar, *Manual of Remote Sens‐*

ern Crete, Greece, *Environmental Geology ,* Vol.57, 483–497

*sessment*., Vol. 149, pp. 19–28, doi: 10.1007/s10661-008-0179-8

*ing*, Vol 2, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, pp. 567–618

reservoirs, *International Journal of Remote Sensing*, Vol. 25, pp. 3651-3674

Cyprus, *In: Proceedings SPIE*, *6742, 67420Z* ; doi:10.1117/12.751855

(1–2), pp. 121-124, doi: 10.1016/j.pce.2010.03.002

nhess-10-2235-2010

*ceedings SPIE*, 7826, 78262B

*ning Journal*., Vol.34, pp. 1443-1458

*tems*, Vol.29, pp. 369-399

2010, doi : 10.1155/2010/745129

610–621


[12] Hadjimitsis, D.G.; Clayton, C.R.I. & Hope, V.S. (2004b). An assessment of the effec‐ tiveness of atmospheric correction algorithms through the remote sensing of some reservoirs, *International Journal of Remote Sensing*, Vol. 25, pp. 3651-3674

**References**

5, doi:10.1117/1.3645590

126 Remote Sensing of Environment: Integrated Approaches

July 2, 2011

s11600-012-0025-9

Vol 99, pp. 239–254

5239 doi:10.1117/12.511522

[1] Agapiou, A. & Hadjimitsis, D.G. (2011). Vegetation indices and field spectroradio‐ metric measurements for validation of buried architectural remains: verification un‐ der area surveyed with geophysical campaigns, *Journal of Applied Remote Sensing,* Vol.

[2] Alberti, M. & Waddel, P. (2000). An integrated urban development and ecological

[3] Alexakis, D.D; Hadjimitsis, D.G.; Agapiou, A., Themistocleous K. & Retalis, A. (2011). Contribution of Earth Observation to flood risk assessment in Cyprus: the Yialias catchment area in Nicosia, *Proceedings of VI EWRA International Symposium - Water Engineering and Management in a Changing Environment*, Catania, Italy, June 29 -

[4] Alexakis, D.D.; Hadjimitsis, D.G.; Agapiou, A. & Retalis, A. (2012). Optimizing statis‐ tical classification accuracy of satellite remotely sensed imagery for supporting fast flood hydrological analysis, *Acta Geophysica*, Vol 60(3), pp 959-984, doi: 10.2478/

[5] Alexakis, D.D.; Hadjimitsis, D.G. & Agapiou, A. (2013a). Estimating Flash Flood Dis‐ charge in a Catchment Area with the Use of Hydraulic Model and Terrestrial Laser Scanner, *Advances in Meteorology, Climatology and Atmospheric Physics Springer Atmos‐*

[6] Alexakis, D.D.; Hadjimitsis, D.G.; Michaelides, S.; Tsanis I.; Retalis, A.; Demetriou, A.; Agapiou A.; Themistocleous K.; Pashiardis S.; Aristeidou, K. & Tymvios F. (2013b). Application of GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques for Flood Risk Assess‐ ment in Cyprus, *Advances in Meteorology, Climatology and Atmospheric Physics Springer*

[7] Barredo, J. & Engelen, G. (2010). Land Use Scenario Modeling for Flood Risk Mitiga‐

[8] Bou Kheir R; Abdallah, C & Khawlie, M. (2008). Assessing soil erosion in Mediterra‐ nean karst landscapes of Lebanon using remote sensing and GIS, *Engineering Geology*,

[9] Eiumnoh, A. & Shrestha, R. (2000). Application of DEM data to Landsat image classi‐ fication: Evaluation in a tropical wet-dry landscape of Thailand, *Photogrammetric En‐*

[10] Ferro, V; Giordano, G. & Lovino, M. (1991). Isoerosivity and erosion risk map for Si‐

[11] Hadjimitsis, D.G.; Retalis, A. & Clayton, C. (2004a). Satellite remote sensing and GIS for sustainable development in Skiathos Island, Greece, In: *Proceedings SPIE*, Vol.63,

simulation model, *Integrated Assessment*, Vol 1, pp. 215-227

*pheric Sciences*, pp 9-14, doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-29172-2\_2

*Atmospheric Sciences*, pp. 9-14. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-29172-2\_1

tion. *Sustainability,* pp.1327-1344; doi:10.3390/su2051327

*gineering and Remote Sensing*, Vol 66, pp. 297-1304

cily, Hydrological Sciences Journal, Vol 36(6), pp.549–564


[24] Lillesand, T.,M. & Kiefer, R.W. (2000). *Remote Sensing and Image ınterpretation*. Fourth edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Toronto. ISBN:0-471 25525-7

[37] Zhang R. & Zhu D. (2011). Study of land cover classification based on knowledge rules using high-resolution remote sensing images, *Expert Systems with Applications*,

Integrated Remote Sensing and GIS Applications for Sustainable Watershed Management: A Case Study from Cyprus

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/39307

129

Vol.38, pp. 3647-3652


[24] Lillesand, T.,M. & Kiefer, R.W. (2000). *Remote Sensing and Image ınterpretation*. Fourth

[25] Lin, Y.P.; Lin, Y.B.; Wang, Y.T. & Hong, N.M. (2008). Monitoring and prediction land-use changes and the hydrology of urbanized Paochiao Watershed in Taiwan us‐ ing remote sensing data urban growth models and a hydrological model, *Sensors*,

[26] Michaelides, S.; Tymvios, F. & Michaelidou, T. (2009). Spatial and temporal charac‐ teristics of the annual rainfall frequency distribution in Cyprus, *Atmospheric Research*,

[27] Moore, I. D. & Burch, F.J. (1986). Physical basic of the length–slope factor in the Uni‐ versal Soil Loss Equation. *Soil Science Society of America Journal,* Vol. 50, pp. 1294–1298

[28] Murray, H.; Lucieer, A. & Williams, R. (2010). Texture-based classification of sub-Antarctic vegetation communities on Heard Island, *International Journal of Applied*

[29] Nekhay, O.; Arriaza, M. & Boerboom, L. (2009). Evaluation of soil erosion risk using Analytic Network Process and GIS: A case study from Spanish mountain olive plan‐

[30] O'Neill, R.V.; Krummel, J.R.; Gardner, R.H.; Sugihara, G.; Jackson, B.; Deangelis, D.L.; Milne, B.T.; Turner, B.T.; Zygmunt, B.; Christensen, S.W.; Dale, V.H. & Graham,

[31] Peijun, D.; Xingli, L.; Wen, C.; Yan, L. & Huapeng, Z. (2010). Monitoring urban land cover and vegetation change by multi-temporal remote sensing information. *Mining*

[32] Prasannakumar, V.; Vijith, H. & Geetha, N. (2011). Estimation of soil erosion risk within a small mountainous sub-watershed in Kerala, India, using Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and geo-information technology, *Geoscience Frontiers*,

[33] Renard, K.G. & Freimund, J.R. (1994). Using monthly precipitation data to estimate the R factor in the revised USLE, Journal of Hydrology, Vol.157, pp. 287–306

[34] Rongqun, Z. & Daolin, Z. (2011). Study of land cover classification based on knowl‐ edge rules using high-resolution remote sensing images, *Expert Systems with Applica‐*

[35] Tim, S. & Mallavaram, S. (2003). Application of GIS Technology in Watershed-based

[36] Yingxin, Z.; Linlin, G. (2010). Using passive and active remote sensing in combina‐ tion with GIS for bushfire detection, *In Proceedings 15th Australasian Remote Sensing &*

Management and Decision Making, *Watershed Update*, Vol.1, pp.1-6

*Photogrammetry Conference*, Alice Springs, 13-17 September

R.L. (1988). Indices of landscape pattern, *Landscape Ecology*, Vol.1, pp. 153–162

tations, *Journal of Environmental Management*, Vol.90, pp. 3091 – 3104

edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Toronto. ISBN:0-471 25525-7

*Earth Observation and Geoinformation*, Vol.12, pp. 138–149

*Science and Technology*, Vol.20, pp. 0922–0932

doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2011.11.003

*tions*. Vol.38, pp. 3647–3652

Vol.8, pp. 680–685

128 Remote Sensing of Environment: Integrated Approaches

Vol.94, pp. 606–615

**Chapter 5**

**Remote Sensing for Water Quality Surveillance in Inland**

**Waters: The Case Study of Asprokremmos Dam in Cyprus**

Monitoring, protecting, and improving the quality of water in lakes and reservoirs is critical for targeting conservation efforts and improving the quality of the environment (Ritchie et al., 1994; Nellis et al., 1998). The standard traditional mapping and monitoring techniques of lakes have already become too expensive compared with the information achieved for environ‐

Sustainable management of freshwater resources has gained importance at regional (e.g., European Union, 2000) and global scales (United Nations, 2002, 2006; World Water Council, 2006), and 'Integrated Water Resources Management' has become the corresponding scientific paradigm (IPCC, 2007). Water resources, both in terms of quantity and quality, are critically influenced by human activity, including agriculture and land-use change, construction and management of reservoirs, pollutant emissions, and water and wastewa‐

Traditional water quality monitoring typically involves costly and time consuming insitu boat surveys in which in situ measurements or water samples are collected and returned to laboratory for testing of water quality indicators e.g. chlorophyll-a (indicator of algae) and suspended solids. This method allows accurate measurements within a water body but only at discrete points, they can't give the real-time spatial overview that is necessary for the global assessment and monitoring of water quality (Curran et al., 1987;

The challenge of water-quality management associated with the principle of sustainable development has been of concern to many researchers and managers in the last decade. A variety of models have been developed for supporting missions of water-quality management.

> © 2013 Papoutsa and Hadjimitsis; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2013 Papoutsa and Hadjimitsis; licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Christiana Papoutsa and Diofantos G. Hadjimitsis

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/39308

mental use (Östlund et al., 2001).

ter treatment (IPCC, 2008).

Wang et al., 2004; Brivio et al., 2001).

**1. Introduction**

**Chapter 5**
