**6. References**


[11] Bishop J, Feintuch A, Bock NA, Nieman B, Dazai J, Davidson L, Henkelman RM. Retrospective gating for mouse cardiac MRI. Magn Reson in Med 2006; 55(3):472- 477.

Study of the Murine Cardiac Mechanical Function Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging:

[26] Constantinides C, Mean R, Janssen BJ. Effects of Isoflurane Anesthesia on the

[27] Constantinides C, Angeli S, Mean R. Changes in Murine Cardiac Ionotropy and Hemodynamics following Manganese administration under isoflurane anesthesia. Annals in Biomedical Engineering 2011; 39(11):2706-2720; DOI: 10.1007/s10439-011-

[28] Constantinides C, Angeli S, Gkagarelis S, Cofer G. Intercomparison of performance of RF Coil Geometries for High Field Mouse Cardiac MRI. Concepts of Magnetic Resonance Part A 2011; 38A(5):236-252. DOI 10.1002/cmr.a.20225 (accessed 4 August

[29] Constantinides C, Mean R, Janssen BA. Heart rate and blood pressure variability effects as a result of oxygen and nitrous oxide administration in the anesthetized Mouse 2010: 32nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (IEEE-EMBS) 'Merging Medical Humanism and Technology', August 2010,

[30] Constantinides C, Aristocleous A, Johnson A, Perperidis D. Static and Dynamic Cardiac modeling: initial strides and results towards a quantitatively accurate mechanical heart model 2009: Proceedings of the IEEE Society on Biomedical Imaging (SBI), Rotterdam,

[31] Constantinides C, Angeli A, Mean R. Murine cardiac catheterizations and hemodynamics: On the issue of parallel conductance, IEEE Transactions of Biomedical

[32] Constantinides C, Angeli S, Kossivas F, Ktorides P. Underestimation of cardiac hemodynamics using invasive catheters: errors, limitations, and remedies. Cardiovascular Engineering Technology 2012; 3(2):179-193; DOI: 10.1007/s13239-012-

[33] Constantinides C, Nearchou D, Constantinou C, Ktorides P, Gravett R, Tzagarakis V. A Novel Cardiac Phantom to Study Murine and Human Cardiac Motion and Function using MRI 2011: Proceedings of the International Society of Magnetic Resonance in

[34] Constantinides C, Zhong X, Tzangarakis G, Cofer G, Gravett R. A Computer-Controlled Cardiac Phantom to Emulate Human and Murine Motion using DENSE MRI.

[35] Dobson GP, Headrick JP. Bioenergetic scaling: Metabolic design and body-size

[36] Doevendans PA, Daemen MJ, de Muinck ED, Smits JF. Cardiovascular phenotyping in

[37] Dawson D, Lygate C, Saunders J, Schneider JE, Ye X, Hulbert K, Noble JA, Neubauer S. Quantitative 3-Dimensional Echocardiography for accurate and rapid cardiac

[38] Ehmke H. Mouse gene targeting in cardiovascular physiology. Am J Physiol Regul

constraints in mammals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995; 92:7317-7321.

phenotype characterization in mice. Circulation 2004; 110:1632-1637.

Cardiovascular Function of the C57BL/6 Mouse. ILAR 2011; 52:e21-e31.

0367-5 (accessed August 5, 2011).

2010, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

The Netherlands, February 2009.

Engineering 2011; 58(11), 3260-3268.

0084-8 (accessed June 2012).

Submitted, June 2012.

Medicine, Montreal, Canada 2011.

mice. Cardiovascular Research 1998; 39:34–49.

Integr Comp Physiol 2003; 284: R28–R30.

2011).

The Current Status, Challenges, and Future Perspectives 377


[26] Constantinides C, Mean R, Janssen BJ. Effects of Isoflurane Anesthesia on the Cardiovascular Function of the C57BL/6 Mouse. ILAR 2011; 52:e21-e31.

376 Practical Applications in Biomedical Engineering

Biomedicine 2011; 24(3):307-315.

ed. London: Academic Press. 2008; p29-41.

contrast agent. Magn Reson Med 2008; 60:111–8.

BMA. Magn Reson in Med 2010; 63(4):979-97.

Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2004; 19:229–237.

mice using tagged MRI. Magnetic Reson Med 2010; 64(5):1281-8.

Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000; 279(5):H2218-H2224.

1958; 112:1693-1701.

281:R987-R933.

diseases. Circ Res 2000; 88:546–9.

477.

49(1):158-167.

[11] Bishop J, Feintuch A, Bock NA, Nieman B, Dazai J, Davidson L, Henkelman RM. Retrospective gating for mouse cardiac MRI. Magn Reson in Med 2006; 55(3):472-

[12] Blank S, Chen V, Hamilton N, Salerno T, Ianuzzo C. Biochemical characteristics of

[13] Bock NA, Konyer NB, Henkelman RM. Multiple-mouse MRI. Magn Reson in Med 2003;

[14] Bovens SM, te Boekhorst BC, den Ouden K, van de Kolk KW, Nauerth A, Nederhoff MG, Pasterkamp G, ten Hove M, van Echteld CJ. Evaluation of infracted murine cardiac function: comparison of prospectively triggered with self-gated MRI. NMR in

[15] Brede M, Hadamek K, Meinel L, Wiesmann F, Peters J, Engelhardt S, Simm A, Haase A, Lohse MJ, Hein L. Vascular hypertrophy and increased P70S6 kinase in mice lacking the

[16] Brunson DB. Pharmacology of inhalation anesthetics (Chapter 2). In: Fish RE, Brown MJ, Danneman PJ, Karas AZ (eds.) Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals. 2nd

[17] Bucholz E, Ghaghada K, Qi Y, Mukundan S, Johnson GA. Four-dimensional MR microscopy of the mouse heart using radial acquisition and liposomal gadolinium

[18] Bucholz E, Ghaghada K, Qi Y, Mukundan S, Rockman H, Johnson GA. Cardiovascular phenotyping of the mouse heart using a 4D radial acquisition and liposomal Gd-DTPA-

[19] Carr HY. Steady-State Free Precession in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Physical Review

[20] Cassidy PJ, Schneider JE, Grieve SM. Lygate C, Neubauer S, Clarke K. Assessment of Motion Gating Strategies for Mouse Magnetic Resonance at High Magnetic Fields.

[21] Chacko VP, Aresta F, Chacko SM, Weiss RG. MRI/MRS assessment of in vivo murinecardiac metabolism, morphology, and function at physiological heart rates. Am J

[22] Chien KR. To Cre or not to Cre: the next generation of mouse models of human cardiac

[23] Cholewa BC, Mattson DL. Role of the renin-angiotensin system during alterations of sodium intake in conscious mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2001;

[24] Chuang JS, Zemlijic-Harpf A, Ross RS, Frank LR, McCulloch AD, Omens JH. Determination of three-dimensional ventricular strain distributions in gener-targeted

[25] Collins FS, Green ED, Guttmacher AE, Guyer MS. A vision for the future of genomics

research: A blueprint for the genomic era. Nature 2003; 422(6934):835-847.

mammalian myocardial. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1989; 21:367-373.

angiotensin II AT(2) receptor. Circulation 2001; 104(31):2602:2607.


[39] Engel D, Peshock R, Armstong RC, Sivasubramanian N, Mann DL. Cardiac myocyte apoptosis provokes adverse cardiac remodeling in transgenic mice with targeted TNF overexpression. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 287(3):H1303- H1311.

Study of the Murine Cardiac Mechanical Function Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging:

Jones S, Smith M, Asano J, Bosdet I, Chan S, Chittaranjan S, Chiu R, Fjell C, Fuhrmann D, Girn N, Gray C, Guin R, Hsiao L, Krzywinski M, Kutsche R, Sen Lee S, Mathewson C, McLeavy C, Messervier S, Ness S, Pandoh P, Prabhu A-L, Saeedi P, Smailus D, Spence L, Stott J, Taylor S, Terpstra W, Tsai M, Vardy J, Wye N, Yang G, Shatsman S, Ayodeji B, Geer K, Tsegaye G, Shvartsbeyn A, Gebregeorgis E, Krol M, Russell D, Overton L, Malek JA, Holmes M, Heaney M, Shetty J, Feldblyum T, Nierman WC, Catanesek JJ, Hubbard T, Waterston RH, Rogers J, de Jongk PJ, Fraser CM, Marra M, McPherson JD, Bentley DR. A Physical Map of the Mouse Genome. Nature 2002;

[52] Haase A, Frahm J, Matthaei D, Hanicke W, Merboldt KD. FLASH imaging rapid NMR imaging using low flip-angle pulses. Journal of Magnetic Resonance 1986;

[53] Hart CYT, Burnett JC, Redfield MM. Effects of avertin versus xylazine-ketamine anesthesia on cardiac function in normal mice. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ Physiol. 2001;

[54] Hedlund LW, Gluckman TL. Basics of Small Animal Handling for In Vivo Imaging (Chapter 24). In: Pomper M, Gelovani J, (eds.) Molecular Imaging in Oncology. First

[55] Heijman E, Strijkers GJ, Habets J, Janssen B, Nicolay K. Magnetic resonance imaging of

[56] Heijman E. Mouse Cardiac MRI. Doctoral Thesis. University of Eindhoven, The

[57] Helm PA, Younes L, Beg MF, Ennis DB, Leclercq C, Faris OP, et al. Evidence of structural remodelling in the dyssynchronous failing heart. Circ Res 2006; 98:125–

[58] Henkelman RM. Systems biology through mouse imaging centers: experience and new

[59] Henson RE, Song SK, Pastorek JS, Ackerman JJ, Lorenz CH. Left ventricular torsion is equal in mice and humans. Am J Physiolo Heart Circ Physiol 2000; 278(4):H1117-

[60] Herzog H,Pietrzyk U, Shah NJ, Ziemons K. The current state, challenges and

[61] Hildebrandt IJ, Su H, Weber WA. Anesthesia and other considerations for in vivo

[62] Hiba B, Richard N, Thibault H, Janier M. Cardiac and respiratory self-gated Cine MRI in the mouse: comparison between radial and rectilinear techniques at 7T. Magn Reson

[63] Hinshaw WS. Image formation by nuclear magnetic resonance: The sensitive point

[64] Hoit BD. New Approaches to Phenotypic Analysis in Adult Mice. J. Mol. Cell Cardiol.

regional cardiac function in the mouse. MAGMA 2004; 17: 170–178.

418:743-750.

67(2):258-266.

281:H1938-H1945.

Netherlands; 2008.

in Med 2007; 58:745-753.

2001; 33:27-35.

32.

H1123.

Edition, INFRMAN-HC; 2008; p377-390.

directions. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2010; 12:143–66.

perspectives of MR-PET. NeuroImage 2010; 49(3):2072-82.

imaging of small animals. ILAR , 2008; 49(1): 17-26.

method. Journal of Applied Physics 1976; 8:3709-3721.

The Current Status, Challenges, and Future Perspectives 379


Jones S, Smith M, Asano J, Bosdet I, Chan S, Chittaranjan S, Chiu R, Fjell C, Fuhrmann D, Girn N, Gray C, Guin R, Hsiao L, Krzywinski M, Kutsche R, Sen Lee S, Mathewson C, McLeavy C, Messervier S, Ness S, Pandoh P, Prabhu A-L, Saeedi P, Smailus D, Spence L, Stott J, Taylor S, Terpstra W, Tsai M, Vardy J, Wye N, Yang G, Shatsman S, Ayodeji B, Geer K, Tsegaye G, Shvartsbeyn A, Gebregeorgis E, Krol M, Russell D, Overton L, Malek JA, Holmes M, Heaney M, Shetty J, Feldblyum T, Nierman WC, Catanesek JJ, Hubbard T, Waterston RH, Rogers J, de Jongk PJ, Fraser CM, Marra M, McPherson JD, Bentley DR. A Physical Map of the Mouse Genome. Nature 2002; 418:743-750.

378 Practical Applications in Biomedical Engineering

Physiol 2001; 281:R1420-R1425.

Trans Med Imag 2002; 21(9):1151–66.

1998; 274:H679-H683.

1999; 99(3):448-454.

279:H733-H740.

H1416–H1422.

H1497.

Resonance 2007; 9:623-627.

H1311.

55.

[39] Engel D, Peshock R, Armstong RC, Sivasubramanian N, Mann DL. Cardiac myocyte apoptosis provokes adverse cardiac remodeling in transgenic mice with targeted TNF overexpression. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 287(3):H1303-

[40] Epstein FH, Yang Z, Gilson WD, Berr SS, Kramer CM, French BA. MR tagging early after myocardial infarction in mice demonstrates contractile dysfunction in adjacent and

[41] Epstein FH. MR in mouse models of cardiac disease. NMR Biomed 2007; 20(3):238–

[42] Feng MG, Dukaez SAW, Kline RL. Selective effect of tempol on renal medullary hemodynamics in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp

[43] Frahm J, Hanicke W, Merboldt KD. Transverse coherence in rapid FLASH NMR

[44] Frangi A, Rueckert D, Schnabel J, Niessen W. Automatic construction of multiple-object three-dimensional statistical shape models: applications to cardiac modelling. IEEE

[45] Franco F, Dubois SK, Peshock RM, Shohet RV. Magnetic resonance imaging accurately estimates LV mass in a transgenic mouse model of cardiac hypertrophy. Am J Physiol

[46] Franco F, Thomas GD, Giroir B, Bryant D, Bullock MC, Chwialkowski MC, Victor RF, Peshock RM. Magnetic resonance imaging and invasive evaluation of heart failure in transgenic mice with myocardial expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Circulation

[47] Frydrychowicz A, Spindler M, Rommel E, Erti G, Haase A, Neubauer S, Wiesmann F. Functional assessment of isolated right heart failure by high resolution in-vivo cardiovascular magnetic resonance in mice. Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic

[48] Gehrmann, Hammer PE, Maguire CT, Wakimoto H, Triedman JK, Berul CI. Phenotypic screening for heart rate variability in the mouse. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ Physiol 2000;

[49] Georgakopoulos D, Mitzner W, Chen CH, Byrne BJ, Millar HD, Hare JM, and Kass DA, "In vivo murine left ventricular pressure–volume relations by miniaturized conductance micromanometry," Amer. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol 1998; 274(43):

[50] Gilson WD, Yang Z, French BA, Epstein FH. Measurement of myocardial mechanics in mice before and after infarction using multislice displacement-encoded MRI with 3D motion encoding. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 288:H1491-

[51] Gregory SG, Sekhon M, Schein J, Zhao S, Osoegawak K, Scott CE, Evans RS, Burridge PW, Cox TV, Fox CA, Hutton RD, Mullenger IR, Phillips KJ, Smith J, Stalker J, Threadgold GJ, Birney E, Wylie K, Chinwalla A, Wallis J, Hillier L, Carter J, Gaige T, Jaeger S, Kremitzki C, Layman D, Maas J, McGrane R, Mead K, Walker R,

remote regions. Magn Reson in Med 2002; 48(2):399-403.

Imaging. Journal of Magnetic Resonance 1987;72:307-314.


[65] Hoit BD. Murine physiology: measuring the phenotype. *J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol.* 2004; 37:377-387.

Study of the Murine Cardiac Mechanical Function Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging:

[80] Ma X, Abboud FM, Chapleau MW. Analysis of afferent, central, and efferent components of the baroreceptor reflex in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol

[81] Manning WJ, Wei JY, Fossel ET, Burnstein D. Measurement of left ventricular mass in rats using electrocardiogram-gated magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Physiol 1990;

[82] Markiewicz FX, Zamora M, Karczmar GS, Roman BB. Comparison and evaluation of mouse cardiac MRI acquired with open birdcage, single loop surface, and volume

[83] Maze M, Daunt DA, Salonen M. Current Research in Anesthesia and Trends in Clinical Applications (Chapter 17): In: Fish RE, Brown MJ, Danneman PJ, Karas AZ (eds.) Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals. 2nd ed. London: Academic Press 2008;

[84] MacGowan GA, Du C, Cowan DB, Stamm C, McGowan FX, Solaro RJ, Koretsky AP, Del Nido PJ. Ischemic Dysfunction in transgenic mice expressing troponin I lacking protein kinase C phosphorylation sites. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol 2001; 280:H835-

[85] McLean M, Prothero J. Determination of relative fiber orientation in heart muscle:

[86] Milano CA, Allen LF, Rockman HA, Dolber PC, McMinn TR, Chien KR, Johnson TD, Bond RA, Lefkowitz RJ. Enhanced Myocardial Function in Transgenic Mice

[88] Mitchell S, Bosche J, Lelieveldt B, van der Geest R, Reiber J, Sonka M. 3-D active appearance models: segmentation of cardiac MR and ultrasound images. IEEE Trans

[89] Nahrendorf M, Wiesmann F, Hiller KH, Han H, Hu K, Waller C, Ruff J, Haase A, Ertl G, Bauer WR. In vivo assessment of cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction in rats by cine-magnetic resonance imaging. J. Cardiovascular Magn Reson 2000;

[90] Ng L, Lau C, Sunkin SM, Bernard A, Chakravarty MM, Lein ES, Jones AR, Hawrylycz M. Surface-based mapping of gene expression and probabilistic expression maps in the

[91] Nielsen KS, Larimer JL. Oxygen Dissociation Curves of Mammalian Blood in Relation

[92] Ohnishi TS, Pressman GS, Price HL. A possible mechanism of anesthetic-induced myocardial depression. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1974;

[93] Olivetti G, Lagstra C, Quanini F et al. Capillary growth in anemia-induced ventricular

Overexpressing the beta-Adrenergic Receptor. Science 1994; 264:5158:582-586. [87] Moore CC, Lugo-Olivieri CH, McVeigh ER, Zerhouni EA. Three-dimensional systolic strain patterns in the normal human left ventricle: characterization with tagged MR

2002; 283:R1033-R1040.

birdcage coils. Phys Med Biol 2006; 51(24):N451-9.

methodological problems. Anat Rec 1992; 232:459-465.

Imaging. Radiology 2000; 214(2):453-466.

mouse cortex. Methods 2010; 50:55-62.

to Body Size. Am. J. Physiol. 1958; 195(2):424-428.

wall remodeling in the rat heart. Circ Res 1989; 65:1182-1192.

Med Imag 2002; 21(9):1167–78.

2(3):171-180.

57(1):316-322.

258:H1181-H1186.

p387-408.

H843.

The Current Status, Challenges, and Future Perspectives 381


[80] Ma X, Abboud FM, Chapleau MW. Analysis of afferent, central, and efferent components of the baroreceptor reflex in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2002; 283:R1033-R1040.

380 Practical Applications in Biomedical Engineering

*Research* 1998; 82:407-415.

282:R1545-R1564.

37:377-387.

R225.

H1624.

606.

999.

2004; 8:371–86.

[65] Hoit BD. Murine physiology: measuring the phenotype. *J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol.* 2004;

[66] Hoogendoorn C, Sukno FM, Ordas S, Frangi AF. Bilinear models for spatiotemporal point distribution analysis: application to extrapolation of whole cardiac dynamics 2007: Proceedings of mathematical methods in biomedical image analysis. Rio de

[67] James JF, Hewett TE, Robbins J. Cardiac Physiology in Transgenic Mice. *Circulation* 

[68] Janssen BJ, Leenders PJ, Smits JF. Short-term and long-term blood pressure and heart rate variability in the mouse. *Am. J. Physiol. Reg. Integr. Comp. Physiol.* 2000; 278(1): R215-

[69] Janssen B, Smits JFM. Autonomic control of blood pressure in mice: basic physiology and effects of genetic modification. *Am. J. Physiol. Reg. Integr. Comp. Physiol.* 2002;

[70] Janssen BJA, Celle TD, Debets J, Brouns A, Callahan M, Smith T. Effects of anesthetics on systemic hemodynamics in mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 287:H1618-

[71] Johnson GA, Cofer GP, Gewalt SL, Hedlund LW. Morphologic Phenotyping with MR

[72] Kass DA, Hare JM, Georgakopoulos D. Murine Cardiac Function: A Cautionary Tail.

[73] Klein A, Andersson J, Ardekani BA, Ashburner J, Avants B, Chiang MC, et al. Evaluation of 14 nonlinear deformation algorithms applied to human brain MRI

[74] Kober F, Iltis I, Cozzone PJ, Bernard M. Myocardial Blood Flow Mapping in Mice Using High Resolution Spin Labeling Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Influence of Ketamine/Xylazine and Isoflurane Anesthesia. Magn. Reson. in Med. 2005; 553:601-

[75] Kovacs H, Moskau D, Sraul M. Cryogenically cooled probes: a leap in NMR technology.

[76] Kuijer JPA, Jansen E, Marcus JT, van Rossum AC, Heethaar RM. Improved Harmonic Phase Myocardial Strain Maps. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 2001; 46:993–

[77] Lauterbur PC. Image formation by induced local interactions: examples employing

[78] Liu W, Ashford MW, Chen J, Watkins MP, Williams TA, Wickline SA, Yu X. MR tagging demonstrates quantitative differences in regional ventricular wall motion in

mice, rats, and men. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 291: H2515–H2521. [79] Lotjonen J, Kivisto S, Koikkalainen J, Smutek D, Lauerma K. Statistical shape model of atria, ventricles and epicardium from short- and long-axis MR images. Med Image Anal

Janeiro, Brazil: IEEE Computer Society Press, p 1–8, 2007.

Microscopy: The Visible Mouse. Radiology 2002; 222:789-793.

Circulation Research 1998; 82:519-522.

registration. Neuroimage 2009; 46:786–802.

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 2005; 46:131-255.

nuclear magnetic resonance. Nature 1973; 242:190-191.


[94] Ordas S, Oubel E, Sebastian R, Frangi AF. Computational anatomy atlas of the heart. In: International symposium on image and signal processing and analysis (ISPA), 2007; 338–42.

Study of the Murine Cardiac Mechanical Function Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging:

[109] Rosenblum W. Regional cerebral blood flow in the anesthetized mouse as measured

[110] Rosenzweig A. Cardiac cell therapy – mixed results from mixed cells. The New

[111] Ross AJ, Yang Z, Berr SS, Gilson WD, Petersen WC, Oshinski JN, French BA. Serial MRI evaluation of cardiac structure and function in mice after reperfused myocardial

[112] Ruff J, Wiesmann F, Hiller KH, Voll S, von Kienlin M, Bauer WR, Rommel E, Neubauer S, Haase A. Magnetic resonance microimaging for noninvasive quantification

[114] Sabbah HN, Sharov VG, Lesch M, Goldstein S. Progression of heart failure: a role for

[115] Sandgaard NCF, Andersen JL, Holstein-Rathlou NN, Bie P. Aortic blood flow subtraction: an alternative method for measuring total renal blood flow in conscious

[116] Sarin SK, Sabba C, Groszmann RJ. Splanchnic and systemic hemodynamics in mice using a radioactive microsphere technique. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol

[117] Schaper W, Winkler B. Of mice and men – the future of cardiovascular research in the

[118] Schneider JE, Cassidy PJ, Lygate C, Tyler DJ, Wiesmann F, Grieve SM, Hulbert K, Clarke K, Neubauer S. Fast, High- Resolution In Vivo Cine Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Normal and Failing Mouse Hearts on a Vertical 11.7 T System. Journal of

[119] Schneider JE, Hulbert KJ, Lygate CA, Hove MT, Cassidy PJ, Clarke K, Neubauer S. Long-term stability of cardiac function in normal and chronically failing mouse hearts

[120] Schneider JE, Lanz T, Barnes H, Lee-Anne Stork, Bohl S, Lygate CA, Ordidge RJ, Neubauer S. Accelerated cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the mouse using an

[121] Schwartz LA, Zuurbier CJ, Ince C. Mechanical ventilation of mice. Basic Res Cardiol

[122] Shapiro EP. Evaluation of left ventricular hypertrophy by magnetic resonance

[123] Sharief A, Badea A, Dale AM, Johnson GA. Automated segmentation of the actively stained mouse brain using multi-spectral MR microscopy. Neuroimage 2008; 39:136–45. [124] Sheuer J, Bahn AK. Cardiac contractile proteins: adenosine triphosphatase activity and

eight-channel array at 9.4 Tesla. Magn Reson in Med 2010; 65(1):60-70.

dogs. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2002; 282:R1528-R1535.

of myocardial function and mass in the mouse. Magn Reson Med 1998; 40:43-48. [113] Ruff J, Wiesmann F, Lanz T, Haase A. Magnetic resonance imaging of coronary arteries and heart valves in a living mouse: techniques and preliminary results. J. Magn

by local hydrogen clearance. Stroke 1977; 8:103-106.

England Journal of Medicine 2006; 355(12):1274-1277.

infarction. Magn Reson in Med 2002; 47:1158-1168.

interstitial fibrosis. Mol Cell Biochem 1995; 147:29-34.

molecular era. Cardiovascular Research 1998; 39:3–7.

in a vertical-bore MR system. MAGMA 2004; 17: 162–169.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2003; 18:691-701.

imaging. Am J Card Imaging 1994; 8:310-315.

physiological function. Circ Res 1979; 45:1-12.

Reson 2000; 146(2):290-296.

1990; 258:G365-G369.

2000; 95:510-520.

The Current Status, Challenges, and Future Perspectives 383


[109] Rosenblum W. Regional cerebral blood flow in the anesthetized mouse as measured by local hydrogen clearance. Stroke 1977; 8:103-106.

382 Practical Applications in Biomedical Engineering

1999; 42(6): 1048–1060.

(accessed August 2011).

2005; 568.1: 255–265.

Physiol 2009; 107:1693-1703.

USA 1991; 88(18):8277-8281.

39:1575-1579.

Academy of Sciences 1952; 38:112-118.

Comput Sci, LNCS 1995; 3750:402–10.

Comp Physiol. 2012; 302(9):R1034-48.

results. European Radiology 2008; 18(6):1077-86.

mice. Cardiovascular Res 1994; 28(7):969-972.

of Receive Coils. Magn Reson Med. 2010; 63(3): 803–810.

338–42.

[94] Ordas S, Oubel E, Sebastian R, Frangi AF. Computational anatomy atlas of the heart. In: International symposium on image and signal processing and analysis (ISPA), 2007;

[95] Osman NF, Kerwin WS, McVeigh ER, Jerry L. Prince JL. Cardiac Motion Tracking Using CINE Harmonic Phase (HARP) Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Magn Reson Med.

[96] Pauling L, Marsh RE. The structure of chlorine hydrate. Proceedings of the National

[97] Perperidis D, Mohiaddin RH, Rueckert D. Construction of probabilistic and statistical atlases of the cardiac anatomy and function using MR image sequences. Lect Notes

[98] Perperidis D, Mohiaddin R, Rueckert D. Spatio-temporal free-form registration of

[99] Perperidis D, Bucholz E, Johnson GA, Constantinides C. Morphological Studies of the Murine Heart Based on Probabilistic and Statistical Atlases. Computerized Graphics and Medical Imaging 2012; 36(2):119-29. DOI 10.1016/j.compmedimag 2011.07.001

[100] Phillips D, Covian R, Aponte A, Glancy B, Taylor JF, Chess D, Balaban RS. Regulation of oxidative phosphorylation complex activity: effects of tissue specific metabolic stress within an allometric series and acute changes in workload. Am J Physiol Regul Integr

[101] Popovic ZB, Sun JP, Yamada H, Drinko J, Mauer K, Greenberg NL, Cheng Y, Moravec CS, Penn MS, Mazgalev TN, Thomas JD. Differences in left ventricular long-axis function from mice to humans follow allometric scaling to ventricular size. J Physiol

[102] Pichler BJ, Judenhofer MS, Wherl HF. PET/MRI hybrid imaging: devices and initial

[103] Price HL, Ohnishi T. Effects of anesthetics on the heart. Federation Proceedings 1980;

[104] Porterfield JE, Kottam ATG, Raghavan K, Escobedo D, Jenkins JT, Larson ER, Trevino RJ, Valvano JW, Pearce JA, Feldman MD. Dynamic correction for parallel conductance, Gp, and gain factor, α, in invasive murine left ventricular volume measurements. J Appl

[105] Przylenk K, Groom AC. Microvascular evidence for a transition zone around a chronic

[106] Rakusan K, Nagal J. Morphometry of arterioles and capillaries in hearts of senescent

[107] Ramirez MS, Esparza-Coss E, Bankson JA. Multiple-Mouse MRI with Multiple Arrays

[108] Rockman HA, Ross RS, Harris AN, Knowlton KU, Steinhelper ME, Field LJ, Ross J, Chien KR. Segregation of atrial-specific and inducible expression of an atrial natriuretic factor transgene in an in vivo murine model of cardiac hypertrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci

myocardial infarct in the rat. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1983; 61:1516-1522.

cardiac MR image sequences. Med Image Anal 2005; 9(5):441–56.


[125] Siri FM, Jelicks LA, Leinwand LA, Gardin JM. Gated magnetic resonance imaging of normal and hypertrophied murine hearts. Am J Physiology Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 1997; 272(41): H2394-H2402.

Study of the Murine Cardiac Mechanical Function Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging:

[139] Webb S, Brown NA, Anderson RH. The structure of the mouse heart in late fetal

[140] Wiesmann F, Ruff J, Haase A. High-resolution MR imaging in mice. MAGMA 1998;

[141] Wiesmann F, Ruff J, Dienesch C, Leupold A, Rommel E, Haase A, Neubauer S. Cardiovascular phenotype characterization in mice by high resolution magnetic

[142] Wiesmann F, Neubauer S, Haase A, Hein L. Can we use vertical bore magnetic resonance scanners for murine cardiovascular phenotype characterization? Influence of upright body position on left ventricular hemodynamics in mice. J. Cardiovascular

[143] Wiesmann F, Frydrychowicz A, Rautenberg J, Illinger R, Rommel E, Haase A, Neubauer S. Analysis of right ventricular function in healthy mice and a murine model of heart failure by in vivo MRI. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002; 283: H1065–

[144] Wiesmann F, Ruff J, Engelhardt S, Hein L, Dienesch C, Leupold A, Illinger R, Frydrychowicz A, Hiller KH, Rommel E, Haase A, Lohse MJ, Neubauer S. Dobutamine-Stress Magnetic Resonance Microimaging in mice: acute changes of cardiac geometry and function in normal and failing murine hearts. Circulation Research 2001; 88:563-

[145] Wilding JR, Schneider JE, Sang AE, Davies KE Neubauer S, Clarke K. Dystrophin- and MLP-deficient mouse hearts: marked differences in morphology and function, but

[146] Williams SP, Gerber HP, Giordano FJ, Peale FV, Bernstein LJ, Bunting S, Chien KR, Ferrara N, van Bruggen N. Dobutamine Stress Cine-MRI of Cardiac Function in the Hearts of Adult Cardiomyocyte-Specific VEGF Knockout Mice. J. Magnetic Resonance

[147] Young A, Frangi AF. Computational cardiac atlases: from patient to population and

[148] Zamyadi M, Baghdadi L, Lerch JP, Bhattacharya S, Schneider JE, Henkelman RM, Sled JG. Mouse embryonic phenotyping by morphometric analysis of MR images. Physiol

[149] Zerhouni EA, Parish DM, Rogers WJ, Yang A, Shapiro EP. Human heart: tagging with MR Imaging – a method for noninvasive assessment of myocardial motion. Radiology

[150] Zhang W, ten Hove M, Schneider JE, Stuckey DH, Sebag-Montefiore L, Bia BL, Radda GK, Davies KE, Neubauer S, Clarke K. Abnormal cardiac morphology, function and energy metabolism in the dystrophic mdx mouse: an MRI and MRS study. J. Mol Cell

[151] Zhou R, Pickup S, Glickson JD, Scott CH, Ferrari VA. Assessment of global and regional myocardial function in the mouse using cine and tagged MRI. Magn. Reson in

similar accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins. FASEB J 2005; 19(1):79-81.

stages. Anat Embryol Berl 1996; 194:37-47.

resonance imaging. MAGMA 2000; 11(1-2):10-5.

Magn Reson 2001; 3(4):311-315.

Imaging 2001; 14:374-382.

Genomics 2010; 42A:89-95.

Cardiol 2008; 45(6):754-60.

Med 2003; 49(4):760-764.

1988; 169(1):59-63.

back. Exp Physiol 2009; 94(5):578–96.

6:186-188.

H1071.

569.

The Current Status, Challenges, and Future Perspectives 385


[139] Webb S, Brown NA, Anderson RH. The structure of the mouse heart in late fetal stages. Anat Embryol Berl 1996; 194:37-47.

384 Practical Applications in Biomedical Engineering

Physiol. 1997; 272(41): H2394-H2402.

Springer-Verlag; 1991. p 1-29.

2011; 65:1335-1345.

Med 2005; 53(3):584-592.

34(10):1367-76.

Lond 1997; 502:661-677.

321.

[125] Siri FM, Jelicks LA, Leinwand LA, Gardin JM. Gated magnetic resonance imaging of normal and hypertrophied murine hearts. Am J Physiology Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ.

[126] Slawson SE, Roman BB, Williams DS, Koretsky AP. Cardiac MRI of the normal and

[127] Smaill B, Hunter P. Structure and function of the diastolic heart: Material properties of passive myocardium. In Glass L, Hunter P, McCulloch A, Theory of heart: biomechanics, biophysics, and nonlinear dynamics of cardiac function. Chapter 1:

[128] Sosnovick DE, Dai G, Nahrendorf M, Rosen BR, Seethamraju R. Cardiac MRI in mice at 9.4 Tesla with a transmit-Receive surface coil and a cardiac-tailored intensity-

[129] Staehle F, Jung BA, Bauer S, Leupold J, Bock J, Lorenz R, Foll D, Markl M. Three-Directional acceleration phase mapping of myocardial function. Magn Reson in Med

[130] Streif JUG, Herold V, Szimtenings M, Lanz TE, Nahrendorf M, Wiesmann F, Rommel E, Haase A. In Vivo Time-Resolved Quantitative Motion Mapping of the Murine Myocardium With Phase Contrast MRI. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 2003; 49:315–

[131] Streif JU, Nahrendorf M, Hiller KH, Waller C, Wiesmann F, Rommel E, Haase A, Bauer WR. In vivo assessment of absolute perfusion and intracapillary blood volume in the murine myocardium by spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson in

[132] Stoker ME, Gerdes AM, May JF. Regional differences in capillary density and myocyte

[133] Stuckey DJ, Carr CA, Martin-Rendon E, Tyler DJ, Wilmott C, Cassidy PJ, Hale SMJ, Schneider JE, Tatton L, Harding SE, Radda GK, Clarke K. Iron particles for non-invasive monitoring of bone marrow stromal cell engraftment and isolation of viable engrafted

[134] Stuckey DJ, Carr CA, Camelliti P, Tyler DJ, Davies KE, Clarke K. In vivo MRI characterization of progressive cardiac dysfunction in the mdx mouse model of

[135] Stull LB, Leppo MK, Marban E, Janssen PM. Physiological determinants of contractile force generation and calcium handling in mouse myocardium. J Mol Cel Cardiol 2002;

[136] Stuyvers BDMY, Miura M, Ter Keuers HEDJ. Dynamics of viscoelastic properties of rat cardiac sarcomeres during the diastolic interval: involvement of Ca2+. J. Physiol

[137] Thireau J, Zhang BL, Poisson D, Babuty D. Heart rate variability in mice: a theoretical

[138] van Rugge P, van der Wall EE, Bruschke AVG. New Developments in Pharmacologic

hypertrophied mouse heart. Magnetic Reson in Med 1998; 39:980-987.

correction algorithm. J. Magn Reson Imaging 2007; 26:27-287.

size in the normal human heart. Anato Rec 1982; 202(2):187-191.

donor cells from the heart. Stem Cells 2006; 24: 1986-75.

muscular dystrophy. PLoS ONE 2012; 7(1):e28569.

and practical guide. Exp. Physiol 2008; 93(1): 83-94.

Stress Imaging. Progress in Cardiology 1992; 124(2):468-484.


	- [152] Zhong X, Spottinswoode BS, Meyer CH, Kramer CM, Epstein FH. Imaging threedimensional myocardial mechanics using navigator-gated volumetric spiral cine DENSE MRI. Magn Reson in Med 2010; 64(4):1089-1097.

**Chapter 15** 

© 2012 Dubey et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 Dubey et al., licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The application of engineering techniques into biomedical procedures has proved extremely beneficial in many areas of medicine. A developing area is in epidural analgesia and anaesthesia, a technique employed for the relief of pain in both acute and chronic, and for anaesthesia to enable pain-free surgery. The aim of this chapter is to demonstrate several specific areas of research and how biomedical engineering techniques are used to improve and enhance the experience and training in the epidural procedure. The overall goal is to reduce the risks and subsequent morbidity in patients using advanced technologies to recreate the epidural procedure replicating as far as possible the in-vivo procedure. This would allow anaesthetists to practice the procedure in a safe and controlled environment without risk to patients. This could be achieved by recreating the sensation of the needle passing through the tissues and ligaments and by the generation of forces that match exactly those felt in-vivo. Epidural simulators are currently used as a training aid for anaesthetists, however existing simulators lack realism to various degrees and their operation is not based on measured invivo data that can accurately simulate the procedure. The techniques of advanced simulation

Haptic devices have been used previously to reproduce needle forces but the forces are often not based on measured data. Needle insertion forces in-vivo are largely unknown as there are few studies in this specific area. Without accurate measurement of resultant pressure on the syringe plunger of the epidural needle, as the needle passes through the various ligaments and tissues of the spine, it is difficult to create accurate simulation of the epidural procedure. The ideal model would require other features such as a palpable spine, ability to accommodate for patient variation, 3D graphics visualisation and an adjustable needle insertion point. Techniques in biomedical engineering can provide solutions through

and biomedical engineering detailed in this chapter can provide a solution.

**Biomedical Engineering in** 

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Venketesh N. Dubey, Neil Vaughan, Michael Y. K. Wee and Richard Isaacs

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50764

**1. Introduction** 

**Epidural Anaesthesia Research** 

**Chapter 15** 
