**Acknowledgement**

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR) at King Abdulaziz University (KAU) represented by the Unit of Strategic Technologies Research through the Project number **(10-BIO1257-03)**.

<sup>\*</sup> Corresponding Author

#### **5. References**

126 Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization in a Diverse World

around the world.

**Author details** 

Hassan A. I. Ramadan\*

Hassan A. I. Ramadan

**Acknowledgement** 

Corresponding Author

 \*

*Science Daily* (Apr. 8, 2012) — Researchers from Mount Sinai School of Medicine have developed a method to derive enough DNA information from non-DNA sources -- such as RNA -- to clearly identify individuals whose biological data are stored in massive research repositories. The approach may raise questions regarding the ability to protect individual

A paper introducing the technique appears in the April 8 online edition of *Nature Genetics*.

great majority of processes needed for tissue to function properly can be carried out.

DNA contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of every living cell. RNA acts as a messenger that relays genetic information in the cell so that the

To date, access to databases with DNA information has been restricted and protected as it has long been considered the sole genetic fingerprint for every individual. However, vast amounts of RNA data have been made publicly available via a number of databases in the United States and Europe. These databases contain thousands of genomic studies from

In this study, authors developed a technique whereby a person's DNA could be inferred from RNA data using gene-expression levels monitored in any of a number of tissues. In contrast, most studies involving DNA and RNA begin with DNA sequences and then seek to associate expression patterns with changes in DNA between individuals in a population.

"By observing RNA levels in a given tissue, we can infer a genotypic barcode that uniquely tags an individual in ways that enables matching the individual to an independently derived DNA sample,". Not only can genotypic barcodes be deduced from RNA, but RNA levels in some tissue can inform not only individual characteristics like age and sex, but on diseases such as Alzheimer's and cancer, as well as the risks of developing those diseases."

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR) at King Abdulaziz University (KAU) represented by the Unit of Strategic

This is the first time going from RNA levels to DNA sequence has been described.

and Nabih A. Baeshen

*Department of Cell Biology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt* 

Technologies Research through the Project number **(10-BIO1257-03)**.

*Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia* 

identity when high-dimensional data are collected for research purposes.


[17] Hajibabaei M, Janzen DH, Burns JM, Hallwachs W, Hebert PDN (2006) DNA barcodes distinguish species of tropical Lepidoptera. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:968–971

**Section 3** 

**Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology** 


**Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology** 

128 Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization in a Diverse World

sequences and mammals. J Mammal 82: 960–973

doi:10.1186/1742- 9994-2-5

doi:10.1186/1741-7007-5-24)

sheep and goat. J Appl Biosci 21:1258–1264

cattle, sheep and goats. Mol. Biol. Rep. 38 (6) 3929-3934.

Biol 330:86–94

189-196.

120

[17] Hajibabaei M, Janzen DH, Burns JM, Hallwachs W, Hebert PDN (2006) DNA barcodes distinguish species of tropical Lepidoptera. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:968–971 [18] Vences M, Thomas M, Meijden AVD, Chiari Y, Vieites DR (2005) Comparative performance of the 16S rRNA gene in DNA barcoding of amphibians. Front Zool 2:5.

[19] Bradley RD, Baker RJ (2001) A test of the genetic species concept: cytochrome b

[20] Lemer S, Aurelle D, Vigliola L, Durand JD, Borsa P (2007) Cytochrome b barcoding, molecular systematics and geographic differentiation in rabbitfishes (Siganidae). C R

[21] De Salle R, Egan MG, Siddall M (2005) The unholy trinity: taxonomy, species delimitation and DNA barcoding. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B 360(1462):1905–1916 [22] Hajibabaei M, Singer GAC, Clare EL, Hebert PDN (2007) Design and applicability of DNA arrays and DNA barcodes in biodiversity monitoring. BMC Biol 5:24.

[23] Ramadan HAI, Mahfouz ER (2009) Sequence of specific mitochondrial 12S rRNA fragment of Egyptian buffalo as a reference for discrimination between buffalo, cattle,

[24] Ramadan, H.A.I (2011). Sequence of specific mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene fragment from Egyptian buffalo is used as a pattern for discrimination between river buffaloes,

[25] Ramadan, H.A.I., El-Banhawy, E.M., Hassan, A.A., and Afia,S.I. (2004): Genetic variation in the predacious phytoseiid mite, Amblyseius Swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae): Analysis of specific mitochondrial and nuclear sequences. Arab J. Biotech., 7, No.(2):

[26] Ramadan, H. A. I, El-Banhawy, E. M and Afia, S. I. (2009). On the identification of taxa collected from Egypt in the species sub-group andersoni Chant and McMurtry: Morphological relationships with related species and molecular analysis of inter and intra-specific variations (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Acarologia (France), Vol 49, fasc 3-4: 115-

[27] Ramadan, H.A.I, Galal, A., Fathi, M.M., El Fiky, S.A., Yakoub, H.A. (2011): Characterization of Two Egyptian Native Chicken Breeds Using Genetic and

Immunological Parameters. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry 27 (1), p 1-16.

**Chapter 6** 

© 2012 Vartolomei, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 Vartolomei, licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The Prut River is the last largest tributary of the Danube, before it discharges into the Black Sea (through the Danube Delta). The Prut river springs in Ukraine, flows through the border area between Romania and Republic of Moldova, down to the point where it enters the

**Integrated Measurements for Biodiversity** 

To establish protected areas together with an efficient management is a necessity as: protected areas are representative of natural and semi-natural ecological ecosystems that can be valued and monitored to a certain degree in relation to their state as well. Such ecosystems are the main components of the natural capital providing resources and services for the socioeconomic development; protected areas are zones where it is possible to develop the knowledge necessary for passing from the transition period to a sustainable development model; protected areas are *"out-door lessons"* of education on nature's role and the necessity of nature's conservation and sustainable development. Differences of terminology can be eliminated simply, by using IUCN system of classification whose main aim is to manage the protected area. In the system there are 6 categories of protected areas, which also involve a varying degree of human intervention – from nonexistent (category I-a and I-b) to a higher degree (category V). All categories are the same importance and relevance for biodiversity conservation. According to the Urgency Ordinance No. 236/2000 on the system of protected natural areas, conservation of natural habitats and wild flora and fauna, in our country the accepted *categories of natural protected areas* defined depending on the assigned management goals are the following: *scientific reserve, natural reserve, national park, natural park, natural's monument, biosphere reserve*, *wet area importance (RAMSAR site), site* 

**Conservation in Lower Prut Basin** 

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Florin Vartolomei

**1. Introduction** 

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/48683

*of the world natural inheritance.* 

**2. About study area** 

Danube (Figure 1).

**Chapter 6** 
