**3.4 Optimization of extraction conditions**

126 Mass Transfer in Chemical Engineering Processes

(a)

(b) Fig. 9. 3-D mesh plot (a) and contour plot (a) of the effects of extraction temperature and

time on capsanthin in *n*-hexane PCO.

RSM plays a key role in an efficient identification of the optimum values of the independent variables, under which depend variable could achieve a maximum response. In line with this, the set of optimum extraction conditions were determined by superimposing the contour plots of all the responses (Montgomery, 2001). The criteria applied for the optimization included maximum PCO yield and capsaicin in ethanol and methanol as well as maximum PCO yield and capsanhin in *n*-hexane. Data obtained from the profiles for predicted values and desirability are shown in Table 4. The desirability was calculated by simultaneous optimization of multiple responses, and ranges from low (0) to high (1). The optimum combined condition for PCO yield and capsaicin in ethanol was found to be at 68C for 165 min. When methanol is used as extraction solvent, the lower temperature for protracted time contributes to maximum PCO yield and capsaicin. Therefore, the optimum combined condition in methanol is confirmed to be at 57C for 256 min. The instability of capsanthin at increased temperature is again confirmed by optimum combined condition in *n*-hexane at 45C for 256 min.


Table 4. The optimum combined condition predicted values for dependent variables at optimal values of variables.

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