**4. Chapter conclusion**

MFC produce current through the action of bacteria that can pass electrons to an anode, the negative electrode of a fuel cell. The electrons flow from the anode through a wire to a cathode The idea of making electricity using biological fuel cell may not be new in theory, certainly as a practical method of energy production it is quite new. Some of MFCs don't need mediators for transfer electrons but some of others need mediators in anode chamber for transfer electrons to anode surface.

Bioelectricity production from pure glucose by *S cerevisiae* in dual chambered MFC was successfully carried out in batch and continuous modes. Potassium permanganate was used as oxidizing agent in cathode chamber to enhance the voltage. NR as electron mediator with low concentration (200 µmol.l-1) was selected as electron mediator in anode side. The highest obtained voltage was around 900 mV in batch system and it was stable for duration time of 72 h. The mass transfer area is one of the most critical parameter on MFCs performances.

### **5. Acknowledgments**

The authors wish to acknowledge Biotechnology Research Center, Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran for the facilities provided to accomplish the present research.

### **6. References**


C6H12O6 + 6H2O 6CO2+ 24 e- + 24H+ (9)

24 mol electrons and protons are generated by oxidation of one mole of glucose in an anaerobic condition. To determine CE (Columbic Efficiency), 1 KΩ resistance was set at external circuit for 25 h and the produced current was measured. The average obtained current was 105.85 mA.m-2. In this study, CE was calculated using equations 3 and 4. CE was 26% at optimum concentration of NR as mediator. CE at continues mode was around 13 percent and this efficiency is considered as very low efficiency. The similar results with xylose in fed-batch and continuous operations were also reported (Huang and Logan, 2008b; a). This may be due to the breakdown of sugars by microorganisms resulting in production of some intermediate products such as acetate, butyrate, and propionate, which can play a

MFC produce current through the action of bacteria that can pass electrons to an anode, the negative electrode of a fuel cell. The electrons flow from the anode through a wire to a cathode The idea of making electricity using biological fuel cell may not be new in theory, certainly as a practical method of energy production it is quite new. Some of MFCs don't need mediators for transfer electrons but some of others need mediators in anode chamber

Bioelectricity production from pure glucose by *S cerevisiae* in dual chambered MFC was successfully carried out in batch and continuous modes. Potassium permanganate was used as oxidizing agent in cathode chamber to enhance the voltage. NR as electron mediator with low concentration (200 µmol.l-1) was selected as electron mediator in anode side. The highest obtained voltage was around 900 mV in batch system and it was stable for duration time of 72 h. The mass transfer area is one of the most critical parameter on MFCs performances.

The authors wish to acknowledge Biotechnology Research Center, Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran for the facilities provided to accomplish the present research.

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**12** 

Atsushi Makino

*Japan* 

*Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency* 

**Mass Transfer Related to Heterogeneous** 

**Part 1 - Combustion Rate and Flame Structure** 

Carbon combustion has been a research subject, relevant to pulverized coal combustion. However, it is not limited to basic research on coal/char combustion, but can benefit various aerospace applications, such as propulsion due to its high energy density and evaluation of protection properties of carbon-carbon composites (C/C-composites) used as hightemperature, structural materials for atmospheric re-entry, gas-turbine blades, scram jet combustors, etc., including ablative carbon heat-shields. Because of practical importance, extensive research has been conducted experimentally, theoretically, and/or numerically, as summarized in several comprehensive reviews (Batchelder, et al., 1953; Gerstein & Coffin, 1956; Walker, et al., 1959; Clark, et al., 1962; Khitrin, 1962; Mulcahy & Smith, 1969; Maahs, 1971; Rosner, 1972; Essenhigh, 1976, 1981; Annamalai & Ryan, 1993; Annamalai, et al., 1994). Nonetheless, because of complexities involved, further studies are required to understand basic nature of the combustion. Some of them also command fundamental interest, because

of simultaneous existence of surface and gas-phase reactions, interacting each other.

Generally speaking, processes governing the carbon combustion are as follows: (i) diffusion of oxidizing species to the solid surface, (ii) adsorption of molecules onto active sites on the surface, (iii) formation of products from adsorbed molecules on the surface, (iv) desorption of solid oxides into the gas phase, and (v) migration of gaseous products through the boundary layer into the freestream. Since these steps occur in series, the slowest of them determines the combustion rate and it is usual that steps (ii) and (iv) are extremely fast. When the surface temperature is low, step (iii) is known to be much slower than steps (i) or (v). The combustion rate, which is also called as the mass burning rate, defined as mass transferred in unit area and time, is then determined by chemical kinetics and therefore the process is kinetically controlled. In this kinetically controlled regime, the combustion rate only depends on the surface temperature, exponentially. Since the process of diffusion, being conducted through the boundary layer, is irrelevant in this regime, the combustion rate is independent of its thickness. Concentrations of oxidizing species at the reacting surface are not too different from those in the freestream. In addition, since solid carbon is more or less porous, in general, combustion proceeds throughout the sample specimen.

**1. Introduction** 

**Combustion of Solid Carbon in the** 

**Forward Stagnation Region -** 

