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The research effort in modeling and simulating EMG signals in the last three decades has been paramount including both analytical as well as numerical orientations. The degree of complexity and detail has also run parallel to these developments with the aim of recreating the physiological EMG generation system on one hand and the temporal and spectral features of real EMG signals on the other hand. However, there is still room for




firing rate control. EMG models that include these phenomena are still missing. - Fatigue, aging and neuromuscular disease are specific circumstances that degrade muscle performance. EMG models for these situations are scarce (Dimitrov, 2008; Nandedkar, 1989; Stalberg 2001; Enoka, 2003) but may be indeed very useful for better understanding the underlying mechanisms. More research attention should therefore

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**Chapter 2** 

© 2012 Atanassova et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 Atanassova et al., licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Modelling of Transcranial Magnetic** 

**Stimulation in One-Year Follow-Up** 

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50136

damage, etc. [Komori et al, 1993].

term functional outcome [Stinear, 2010; Dimyan et al, 2010;].

**1. Introduction** 

**Study of Patients with Minor Ischaemic Stroke** 

Since its commercial advent in 1985, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), a technique for stimulating neurons in the cerebral cortex through the scalp, safely and with minimal discomfort, has captured the imaginations of scientists, clinicians and lay observers [Wassermann et al, 2012]. Initially a laboratory tool for neurophysiologists studying the human motor system, TMS now has a growing list of applications in clinical and basic neuroscience. At cortical level, the abnormal amplitudes of the motor evoked potentials (MEP) may be due to the damage of the motoneurons themselves; as well as to their reduced capacity for repetitive excitation; deficit of the intracortical synaptic transmission (transfer); activation of motoneuron inhibitors, etc. At subcortical level the causes may be demyelinization, remyelinization, activation of the long-latent corticofugal fibres, axonal

The human brain possesses a remarkable ability to adapt in response to changing anatomical (e.g., aging) or environmental modifications. This form of neuroplasticity is important at all stages of life but is critical in neurological disorders such as amblyopia and stroke [Sharma, 2012]. When MEP are obtained in the acute phase of stroke, the functional recovery of the motor deficit, as a rule, is to occur [Nowak et al, 2010; Dimyan, 2010]. The initially registered normal MEP amplitudes have a predictive value in the view of the long-

The TMS approach was also used in the investigation of patients with lacunar strokes. The central motor conduction time (CMCT) and the threshold intensities for eliciting MEPs in the relaxed muscles were significantly increased on the affected side. MEP amplitude abnormalities were related to pyramidal signs (though they could be observed also in a

Penka A. Atanassova, Nedka T. Chalakova and Borislav D. Dimitrov

