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force or load increases.

muscle geometry, and muscle fatigue.

**Author details** 

Huosheng Hu

*United Kingdom* 

**8. References** 

and Chusak Limsakul

MDF with the both effects, as mentioned in the following.

length or joint angle (degrees of extension) decreases.

experimental conditions is presented and confirmed in this chapter, although the effects of muscle force and muscle geometry on MNF and MDF are inconclusive. However, the possible reasons for the conflicting results in both effects have been described and discussed in detail together with the possible techniques to make the consistent results for MNF and

• For the effect of muscle force, the selection of time-dependent MNF and MDF should be applied to the raw EMG data. As a result, MNF and MDF should increase as the muscle

• For the effect of muscle geometry or joint angle, the normalization technique should be applied to the raw EMG data. As a result, MNF and MDF should increase as the muscle

However, the question remains whether the conflicting results, i.e. subject dependent, are found for the effect of both muscle force and muscle geometry on MNF and MDF. To address this question, two further works should be investigated: (1) finding the correlation between related anthropometric variables obtained from the subjects and MNF (or MDF), and (2) requesting all interested information to complete all components in Tables 2 and 3,

In total, MNF and MDF features extracted from the EMG signal are the optimal variables to identify muscle fatigue, particularly for static muscle contraction. However, for dynamic

The recommendations above can be useful to apply for most electromyography applications, such as human-computer interaction (HCI), ergonomics, occupational therapy and sport science. In addition, applying both techniques can make the MNF and MDF features to be the universal indices than can identify all factors including muscle force,

and finding the possible reasons from the complete experimental conditions.

muscle contraction, applying instantaneous MNF and MDF are recommended.

Angkoon Phinyomark, Sirinee Thongpanja, Pornchai Phukpattaranont

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*Department of Electrical Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand* 

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**1. Introduction**

PD [2].

**1.1. Parkinson's disease (PD)**

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/48820

**in Parkinson's Disease** 

Saara M. Rissanen, Markku Kankaanpää, Mika P. Tarvainen and Pasi A. Karjalainen

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects 1 % of people over 60 years of age [9]. In PD, there is a dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra in the basal ganglia of the cerebra [48]. It has been observed that the basal ganglia has a specific effect on the temporal organization of motor cortical activity during muscle contractions. In this way, the dysfunction of the basal ganglia may lead to motor symptoms of PD. [37] The primary symptoms of PD include tremor, muscle rigidity and slowness of movements. The diagnosis is based on the presence of the primary symptoms and on the response to medication. [17, 18]. However, the diagnosis can be problematic. Clinicopathological studies from the UK and Canada have shown that the disease is diagnosed incorrectly in about 25 % of patients [48]. The pre-motor period before diagnosis may be long (5–20 years) and at the time of the

**Feature Extraction Methods for Studying Surface** 

**Chapter 9**

**Electromyography and Kinematic Measurements** 

Although there is no cure for PD, the symptoms can be relieved reasonably with medication or with the deep brain stimulation (DBS) [17]. The motor impairment, the disease progression and the efficacy of treatment are commonly evaluated subjectively using standardized rating scales such as the Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (UPDRS) [12, 15]. No objectively measured characteristics and methods are widely used for quantifying motor symptoms of

Several objective methods have been proposed for improving the diagnostic accuracy of PD, for enabling earlier diagnosis, and for quantifying the disease severity, progression and the efficacy of treatment. These methods include: kinematic measurements of motor tasks (e.g. finger tapping), testing of olfactory loss, imaging techniques (e.g. magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography), and biochemical tests of blood and cerebrospinal fluid.

> ©2012 Rissanen et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0),which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly

©2012 Rissanen et al., licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

diagnosis already 50–60 % of the dopaminergic neurons may be lost [22, 38].

cited.
