**12. References**


Computational Intelligence in Electromyography Analysis – 406 A Perspective on Current Applications and Future Challenges

*University of City of São Paulo- UNICID, São Paulo - SP, Brazil* 

biomechanists. Lousiana: State University, 1995.

doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2008.12.002

José dos Campos: Univap, 2002.

Paulo: Editora Laboratório de Biomecânica EEFUSP, 162p. 1996.

bioelectrical conductivity.

**Author details** 

*Brazil* 

*Gerais, Brazil* 

**12. References** 

146-153.

César Ferreira Amorim

Runer Augusto Marson

Applications in the area of functional biomechanics, ergonomics, rehabilitation, sports and physical activity must be analyzed dynamically so that the signal processing, fairly represent the specific characteristics of human movement-environment relationship. Thus, these factors provide parameters for understanding the non-stationary signals, the variation components of the muscle fiber in relation to the positioning of the electrodes and in the

*Laboratory of Biomechanics, Brazilian Army Physical Capacitation Research Institute, Rio de Janeiro,* 

*Laboratory of Biomechanics and Kinesiology, Sport Center, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Minas* 

[1] Acierno, S.P. Baratta, R.V., Solomonow, M. A pratical guide to electromyography for

[2] Amadio, A.C. ; Duarte, M. Fundamentos Biomecânicos para análise do movimento. São

[3] Amorim, C.F; Hirata,Tamotsu. Behavior analysis of electromyographic activity of the masseter muscle in sleep bruxers, Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies (2009),

[4] Amorim, C.F. Sistema de Aquisição de Sinais Eletromiográficos com Eletrodos Bipolares com Pré-Amplificação. In: 3c Biomédica,18., Setembro de 2002. Anais... São

[5] Andrade, A.D.; Silva,T.N.S.;Vasconcelos, H.; Marcelino, M.; Rodrigues-Machado, M.G.; Filho, G.; Moraes, M.; Marinho, P.E.M.; Amorim, C.F. Inspiratory muscular activation during threshold therapy in elderly healthy and patients with COPD, Journal of

[6] Araujo, R.C.;Amadio, A .C.; Furlani, J. Contribuição para a interpretação da relação força e atividade EMG. In: Congresso Nacional De Biomecânica, 4.,1992, São Paulo. Anais... São Paulo: Escola de Educação Física da Universidade de São Paulo, 1992. p.

[7] Araujo, R.C.; Duarte, M.; Amadio, A .C. Evaluation of increase in force and EMG Activity´s Cirves. In: Congress Of The International Society Of Biomechanics, 15.,

Jyvaskyla, 1995. Abstract… Jyvaskyla, University Of Jyvaskyla, 1995. p.64-65.

Electromyography and Kinesiology (2005), doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.06.002


[23] Politti, F., Amorim C.F., Calili L., Andrade, A.O., Palomari, E.T., The use of surface electromyography for the study of auricular acupuncture, Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies (2009), doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2008.11.006

**Chapter 17** 

© 2012 Barbosa Soares et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 Barbosa Soares et al., licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Virtual and Augmented Reality:** 

**A New Approach to Aid Users of** 

Alcimar Barbosa Soares, Edgard Afonso Lamounier Júnior, Adriano de Oliveira Andrade and Alexandre Cardoso

During the past decades, great effort has been devoted to devise new strategies for the control of artificial limbs fitted to patients with congenital defects or who have lost their limbs in accidents or surgery [1-6]. Most of that work was dedicated to minimize the great mental effort needed to control the prosthetic limb, especially during the first stages of training. When working with myoelectric prosthesis, that effort increases dramatically. These devices use EMG signals (the electrical manifestation of the neuromuscular activation associated with a contracting muscle) collected from remnant muscles to generate control inputs for the artificial limb. As these devices use a biological signal to control their movements, it is expected that they should be much easier to control. However, the prosthesis control is very unnatural and requires a great mental effort, especially during the first months after fitting [2, 7, 8]. As a result, a number of patients give up the use of those devices very soon. To overcome those problems, different techniques have been tried as an

This chapter describes the advent of Virtual Reality (VR) systems to create training environments dedicated to users of prosthetic devices. Those VR systems generally simulate a prosthesis that can react to commands issued by the users. A sophisticated system proposed by the authors is also described. Known as "*The Virtual Myoelectric Prosthesis*", the system is based on the use of EMG to control a virtual prosthesis in an Augmented Reality (AR) environment, in real time, providing the user with a more natural and intuitive training environment. The overall aim is to reproduce the operation of a real prosthesis, in an immersive AR environment, using a virtual device that operates in similar fashion to the

**Myoelectric Prostheses** 

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

attempt to devise better strategies for myoelectric control.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50600

**1. Introduction** 


**Chapter 17** 
