*2.2.1. Pomace agronomical value*

On the contrary to the WW, no many experiences was carried out on the OP application, because both OP3 and OPP represent a better incoming value when destined to the pomace industry and energetic production. The results of OP application both in olive orchard and herbaceous crop, was different, depending both from doses applied and crop. Against to a remarkable improvement in chemical-physics characteristics of olive orchard soil up to two years after the pomace supply, has no given significant differences in vegetative and productive parameters of treated olive trees. In herbaceous crop a phytotoxic effect was observed on plant growth with highest doses applied, showing that the fresh organic matter distributed in soil will be degraded producing intermediate metabolites which are not compatible with normal plant growth and nutrients availability, with in some cases an increase in the fungal disease (Bing et al., 1994; Bonanomi et al., 2006; Brunetti et al., 2005; Di Giovacchino et al., 2004; Diacono & Montemurro, 2010; Tejada & Gonzales, 2003, 2004).

Olive Mill By-Products Management 181

established also for the discharge in surface and ground water, on the soils, or in the


Another possible destination of the WW is the agronomic use after an a intermediary phase for production of liquid fertilizers, conforming to the Law 748 19.10.1984, "New norms for the discipline of the fertilizers", according to the norms of the D.M. 05.02.1998 of the Ministry of the environment. As a consequence, WW must be recovered according to the point R3 of the Annex C of Legislative Decree n. 22/1997, article 6, paragraph 1, letter h, ("Recycle/recover of the organic substances not used as solvents, included the composting

The OP storage is disciplined by the Legislative Decree n. 22/1997 with his modifications and integrations, according to which it should be considered as not dangerous special wastes that (ex D.M. 05.02.1998 of the Ministry of the environment) can be submitted to the simplified recovery procedures according to the articles 31 and 33 of the Legislative Decree

About the treatments, in case of distribution on the soil, also the OP2 can be considered as OP ex Law n. 574/1996, for which is not provide any preventive treatment for the agronomic use, because: "To the goals of the application of the present law, the OP2 coming from the olives milling and constituted by the waters and the fibrous part of fruit and the core fragments, can be used as amendments in derogates to the characteristics established by the Law 19.10.1984, n. 748 and modifications". As D.M. 05.02.1998 of the Ministry of the environment, (non dangerous wastes that can be submitted to the simplified recovery procedures as the articles 31 and 33 of the Legislative Decree n. 22/1997 with his modifications and integrations) the pomace could be submitted to processes of anaerobic biostabilization, with production of biogas. This material could also be submitted to the aerobic processes, for the compost production in conformity with the annex to the Law

Other destinations of the OP, with exclusion of the OP2 for elevated moisture, is the conferment to the pomace industry for the extraction with solvents of the residual oil. The defatted pomace that resulted as byproduct of this process, are used as fuel, or as organic

subsoils (L.D. 389 of 8.11.1997).

operations and other biological transformations").

n. 22/1997 with his modifications and integrations.

19.10.1984, n. 748 with modifications.

amendments after aerobic co-composting.

and integrations".

*2.3.2. Pomace legislation* 

In the practice, the benefits of olive pomaces recycling in soil occur only if were applied according to best agronomical practices, as taking into account suitable time and specific plan of fertilization, needs of the soil-plant system and the climatic conditions.

Nevertheless, the application of raw olive pomace involves a more difficult management of these biomasses and, also for possible negative aspects, a better management solution is to compost the pomace, as we can see later in this paper.
