**4. References**

	- Díaz-Fleischer, F., Papaj, D.R., Prokopy, R.J., Norrbom, A.L. & Aluja, M. (2000). Evolution of fruit fly oviposition behavior, *in* M. Aluja & A.L. Norrbom (eds.), *Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae): Phylogeny and evolution of behavior*, CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 811-841.

Susceptibility of Cultivars to Biotic Stresses 105

*Seminar on "Biotechnology and Quality of Olive tree Products around the Mediterranean basin",* 

Iannotta, N.; Noce, M.E.; Scalercio, S. & Vizzarri, V. (2006c). Behaviour of olive cultivars towards the knot disease caused by *Pseudomonas savastanoi*. *Journal of Plant Pathology*, 88

Iannotta, N.; Noce, M.E.; Perri, L.; Scalercio, S. & Vizzarri, V. (2006d). Susceptibility of olive cultivars to the *Camarosporium dalmaticum* (Thüm) infections. Proceedings of the *Second International Seminar on "Biotechnology and Quality of Olive tree Products around the Mediterranean basin", Olivebioteq, Marsala-Mazara del Vallo 5-10 November 2006,* Vol. II: 311-314. Iannotta, N.; Noce, M.E.; Ripa, V.; Scalercio, S. & Vizzarri, V. (2007a). Assessment of susceptibility of olive cultivars to the *Bactrocera oleae* (Gmel.) and *Camarosporium dalmaticum* (Thüm.) Zachos & Tzav.-Klon. attacks in Calabria. *Journal of Environmental* 

Iannotta, N.; Belfiore, T.; Monardo, D.; Noce, M.E.; Scalercio, S. & Vizzarri, V. (2007b). Indagine nel germoplasma dell'olivo sul comportamento di numerosi genotipi in relazione alla loro

Katsoyannos, B.I. (1989). Field responses of Mediterranean fruit flies to spheres of different color patterns and to yellow crossed panels, *in* R. Cavalloro (ed.), *Fruit flies of Economic* 

Katsoyannos, B.I.; Patsouras, G. & Vrekoussi, M. (1985). Effect of colour hue and brightness of artificial oviposition substrates on the selection of oviposition sites of *Dacus oleae*.

Le Tutour, B. & Guedon, D. (1992). Antioxidative activities of *Olea europea* leaves and related

Limiroli, R.; Consonni, R.; Ottolina, G.; Marsilio, V.; Bianchi, G. & Zetta, L. (1995). 1H and 13C NMR Characterization of new Oleuropein Aglycones. *J. Chem. Soc.*, *Perkin Trans. 1*,

Lo Scalzo, R.; Scarpati, M.L.; Verzengnassi, B. & Vita, G. (1994). *Olea europaea* chemical

Markakis, E.A.; Tjamos, S.E.; Antoniou, P.P.; Roussos, P.A.; Paplomatas, E.J. & Tjamos, E.C. (2010) . Phenolic responses of resistant and susceptible olive cultivars induced by defoliating and nondefoliating *Verticillium dahliae* pathotypes. *Plant Disease*, Vol.94 (9),

Panizzi, L.; Scarpati, M.L. & Oriente, E.G. (1960). Structure of oleuropein, bitter glycoside with hypotensive action of olive oil. *Note II. Gazz. Chim. Ital.*, Vol.90, pp. 1449-1485. Pereira, J.A.; Alves, M.R.; Casal, S. & Oliveira, M.B.P.P. (2004). Effect of olive fruit fly infestation on the quality of olive oil from cultivars Cobrançosa, Madural and Verdeal

Pereira, J.A.; Pereira, A.P.G.; Ferreira, I.C.F.R.; Valentão, P.; Andrade, P.B.; Seabra, R.; Estevinho, L. & Bento, A. (2006). Table olives from Portugal: phenolic compounds, antioxidant

Pereira, J.A.; Oliveira, I.; Sousa, A.; Valentao, P.; Andrade, P.B.; Ferreira, I.C.F.R.; Ferreres, F.; Bento, A.; Seabra, R. & Estevinho, L. (2007). Walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaves: Phenolic compounds, antibacterial activity and antioxidant potential of different

potential and antimicrobial activity. *J. Agric. Food Chem.*, Vol.54, pp. 8425-8431.

cultivars. Food and Chemical Toxicology, Vol.45, pp. 2287–2295.

suscettibilità agli attacchi parassitari. *Acta Biologica*, Vol.83, pp. 215-220.

phenolic compounds. Phytochemistry, Vol.31, pp. 1173-1178.

Transmontana. *Ital. J. Food Sci.*, Vol.16, pp. 355-365.

repellent to *Dacus oleae* females. *J. Chem. Ecol.*, Vol.20, pp. 1813–1823.

*Olivebioteq, Marsala-Mazara del Vallo 5-10 November 2006*, Vol. II: 261-266.

(3, Special Issue), S45.

Vol.1, pp. 1519-1523.

pp. 1156-1162.

*Science and Health, Part B*, Vol.42, pp. 789-793.

*Importance*, Balkema, Rome, Italy, pp. 393-400.

*Entomol. Exp. Appl.*, Vol.38(3), pp. 205-214.


*Seminar on "Biotechnology and Quality of Olive tree Products around the Mediterranean basin", Olivebioteq, Marsala-Mazara del Vallo 5-10 November 2006*, Vol. II: 261-266.

Iannotta, N.; Noce, M.E.; Scalercio, S. & Vizzarri, V. (2006c). Behaviour of olive cultivars towards the knot disease caused by *Pseudomonas savastanoi*. *Journal of Plant Pathology*, 88 (3, Special Issue), S45.

104 Olive Germplasm – The Olive Cultivation, Table Olive and Olive Oil Industry in Italy

pp. 139-171.

Díaz-Fleischer, F., Papaj, D.R., Prokopy, R.J., Norrbom, A.L. & Aluja, M. (2000). Evolution of fruit fly oviposition behavior, *in* M. Aluja & A.L. Norrbom (eds.), *Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae): Phylogeny and evolution of behavior*, CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 811-841. Esti, M.; Cinquanta, L. & La Notte, E. (1998). Phenolic compounds in different olive

Federici, E. & Bongi, G. (1983). Improved method for isolation of bacterial inhibitors from

Fletcher, B.S. & Prokopy, R.J. (1991). *Host location oviposition in tephritid fruit flies*, *in* A.A. VV., *Reproductive behaviour of Insects: Individuals and Populations*, Chapman and Hall, London,

Gourama, H. & Bullerman, L.B. (1987). Effects of oleuropein on growth and aflatoxin production by *Aspergillus parasiticus*. *Lebensm. –Wiss. u. Techn.*, Vol.23, p. 226. Gümusay, B.; Özilbey, U.; Ertem, G. & Oktar, A. (1990). Studies on the susceptibility of some important table and oil olive cultivars of Aegean region to olive fly (*Dacus oleaea* Gmel.)

Harborne, J.B. & Williams, C.A. (1998). Anthocyanins and other flavonoids. *Natural Product* 

Haukioja, E.; Suomela, J. & Neuvonen, S. (1985). Long-term inducible resistance in birch foliage: triggering cues and efficacy on a defoliator. *Oecologia*, Vol.65, pp. 363-369 Hirschman, S.Z. (1972). Inactivation of DNA polymerases of murine leukaemia viruses by

Hudgins, J.W.; Christiansen, E. & Franceschi, V.R. (2003). Methyl jasmonate induces changes mimicking anatomical defenses in diverse members of the Pinaceae. *Tree Physiol.*,

Iannotta, N.; Perri, L.; Tocci, C. & Zaffina, F. (1999). The behaviour of different olive cultivars following attacks by *Bactrocera oleae* (Gmel.). *Acta Horticulturae*, Vol.474, pp.

Iannotta, N.; Monardo, D.; Perri, E. & Perri, L. (2001). Comportamento di diverse cultivar di olivo nei confronti degli attacchi di *Bactrocera oleae* (Gmel.) e correlazione con la quantità di oleuropeina presente nelle drupe, *Atti Convegno "Biodiversità e sistemi ecocompatibili",* 

Iannotta, N.; Monardo, D. & Perri, L. (2002). Relazione tra contenuto e localizzazione dell'oleuropeina nella drupa e attacco di *Bactrocera oleae* (Gmel.), *Atti Convegno* 

Iannotta, N. & Monardo, D. (2004). Suscettibilità di cultivar di olivo a *Spilocaea oleagina* (Cast.) Hugh. e correlazione con il contenuto di oleuropeina nelle foglie. *Conv.* 

*"Germoplasma Olivicoli e tipicità dell'olio"*, Perugia 5 dicembre 2003, pp. 216-220. Iannotta, N.; Condello, L.; Perri, L. & Belfiore, T. (2006a). Valutazione di suscettibilità di genotipi di olivo nei confronti di *Bactrocera oleae* (Gmel.). *Italus Hortus*, Vol.13 (2), pp. 242-245. Iannotta, N.; Macchione, B.; Noce, M.E.; Perri, E. & Scalercio, S. (2006b). Olive genotypes susceptibility to the *Bactrocera oleae* (Gmel.) infestation. *Proceedings of the Second International* 

Fontanazza, G. (2000). Olivicoltura intensiva meccanizzata, Edagricole, Bologna, Italy. Girolami, V.; Vianello, A.; Strapazzon, A.; Ragazzi, E. & Veronese, G. (1981). Ovipositional

varieties. *Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry*, Vol.46, pp.32–35.

oleuropein hydrolysis. *Appl. Environ. Microbiol.*, Vol.46, pp. 509–510.

deterrents in *Dacus oleae*. *Ent. Exp. Appl.*, Vol.29, pp. 177-188.

in Turkey. *Acta Horticulturae*, Vol.286, pp. 359-362.

calcium elenolate. *Nat. New Biol.*, Vol.238, pp. 277–279.

*Internazionale di Olivicoltura. Spoleto, 2002*, pp. 361-366.

*Reports*, Vol.15, pp. 631-652.

Vol.23, pp. 361–371.

*Caserta, 2001*, pp. 649-653.

545-548

	- Proestos, C.; Chorianopoulos, N., Nychas, G.J. & Komaitis, M. (2005). RP-HPLC analysis of the phenolic compounds of plant extracts investigation of their antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity. *J. Agric. Food Chem.*, Vol.53, pp. 1190-1195.

**Chapter 6** 

© 2012 Albanese et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 Albanese et al., licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Phytosanitary Certification** 

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/51722

**1. Introduction** 

'Raggiola')

plants, can be applied.

Giuliana Albanese, Maria Saponari and Francesco Faggioli

surprisingly revealed that virus infections are in fact widespread.

Olive plants are among the most ancient cultivated fruit trees. Over the centuries, propagation occurred mainly vegetatively. The longevity of trees and the latency of most of the virus infections allowed the dissemination through the propagative material of hidden viruses, which were not detected until recently, when the advent of novel diagnostic tools

In the past, the selection of high value olive germplasm has been mainly based on the agronomic and pomological traits of the plants and on the quality and yield of the olivederived product (oil). Specifically, investigation on the sanitary status of the selected ecotypes were done mainly by visually inspections. This fact leaded to the propagation and spread of systemic pathogens harbored either in a latent form or in the form of specific symptoms that initially have been confused with the phenotypic expression of the plant (as in the case of symptoms caused by infection of *Strawberry latent ringspot virus* (SLRSV) in the cultivar

In order to prevent the spread of dangerous pathogens (*Verticillium dahliae, Pseudomonas savastanoi* pv. *savastanoi)* and viruses in particular, remedies rely mainly on preventive measures such as the use of pathogen-tested propagative material. The main approach used to obtain, propagate and commercialize plants free from harmful pathogens is through phytosanitary selection and certification programs, which also encompass pomological selection for trueness to type and superior quality traits. In order to obtain pathogen-free material from infected trees, sanitation treatments such as heat therapy, meristem tip culture and micrografting, although still limited for their application for virus elimination in olive

A certification program is a procedure whereby single well-analysed candidate mother plants (nuclear stock plants) are used as sources of propagation material with a process of filiation. In this way, it is possible to provide growers with high quality (genetic and

