*2.3.2. Pomace legislation*

180 Olive Germplasm – The Olive Cultivation, Table Olive and Olive Oil Industry in Italy

On the contrary to the WW, no many experiences was carried out on the OP application, because both OP3 and OPP represent a better incoming value when destined to the pomace industry and energetic production. The results of OP application both in olive orchard and herbaceous crop, was different, depending both from doses applied and crop. Against to a remarkable improvement in chemical-physics characteristics of olive orchard soil up to two years after the pomace supply, has no given significant differences in vegetative and productive parameters of treated olive trees. In herbaceous crop a phytotoxic effect was observed on plant growth with highest doses applied, showing that the fresh organic matter distributed in soil will be degraded producing intermediate metabolites which are not compatible with normal plant growth and nutrients availability, with in some cases an increase in the fungal disease (Bing et al., 1994; Bonanomi et al., 2006; Brunetti et al., 2005; Di Giovacchino et al., 2004; Diacono & Montemurro, 2010; Tejada & Gonzales, 2003, 2004).

In the practice, the benefits of olive pomaces recycling in soil occur only if were applied according to best agronomical practices, as taking into account suitable time and specific

Nevertheless, the application of raw olive pomace involves a more difficult management of these biomasses and, also for possible negative aspects, a better management solution is to

According to their nature, the extraction methods and the different phases of management, the olive mill by products have to follow different laws concerning storage, treatment,

The WW legislation is based on their two possible different destinations: agronomic or landfill. In case of agronomic use without any preventive treatment, the reference is the Law n. 574/1996. As established by the Decree of the Ministry of the environment, on the "Individuation of non dangerous wastes submitted to the simplified recovery procedures to the senses of the articles 31 and 33 of the Legislative Decree 05.02.1997 n. 22", the WW can also be recovered through the "Production of fluid fertilizers, as by the Law n. 748 of

If the WW cannot be used in agronomical purposes, it is necessary to apply preventive treatment. The products, resulting from the purification process, can be schematized as


plan of fertilization, needs of the soil-plant system and the climatic conditions.

compost the pomace, as we can see later in this paper.

transport, application to the soil, or other destinations.

19.10.1984: "New norms for the fertilizers discipline".

**2.3. Olive mill wastes legislation** 

*2.3.1. Waste waters legislation* 

follows:

*2.2.1. Pomace agronomical value* 

The OP storage is disciplined by the Legislative Decree n. 22/1997 with his modifications and integrations, according to which it should be considered as not dangerous special wastes that (ex D.M. 05.02.1998 of the Ministry of the environment) can be submitted to the simplified recovery procedures according to the articles 31 and 33 of the Legislative Decree n. 22/1997 with his modifications and integrations.

About the treatments, in case of distribution on the soil, also the OP2 can be considered as OP ex Law n. 574/1996, for which is not provide any preventive treatment for the agronomic use, because: "To the goals of the application of the present law, the OP2 coming from the olives milling and constituted by the waters and the fibrous part of fruit and the core fragments, can be used as amendments in derogates to the characteristics established by the Law 19.10.1984, n. 748 and modifications". As D.M. 05.02.1998 of the Ministry of the environment, (non dangerous wastes that can be submitted to the simplified recovery procedures as the articles 31 and 33 of the Legislative Decree n. 22/1997 with his modifications and integrations) the pomace could be submitted to processes of anaerobic biostabilization, with production of biogas. This material could also be submitted to the aerobic processes, for the compost production in conformity with the annex to the Law 19.10.1984, n. 748 with modifications.

Other destinations of the OP, with exclusion of the OP2 for elevated moisture, is the conferment to the pomace industry for the extraction with solvents of the residual oil. The defatted pomace that resulted as byproduct of this process, are used as fuel, or as organic amendments after aerobic co-composting.
