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Maurizio Servili, Agnese Taticchi, Sonia Esposto, Beatrice Sordini and Stefania Urbani *University of Perugia, Faculty of Agriculture, Perugia, Italy* 

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**Chapter 9** 

© 2012 Toscano and Montemurro, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is

© 2012 Toscano and Montemurro, licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

properly cited.

**Olive Mill By-Products Management** 

Among the Mediterranean countries, Italy results to be the second after the Spain for the olive and olive oil production (FAOSTAT, 2012), with around 1.2 million of olive grove hectares, by 80% displaced in the Italian southern regions (ISTAT, 2010). In the olive oil industry, the oil extraction is carried out in oil mills, which are classified in pressure mills, and in continuous "two" or "three" phases way mills. In all milling typologies, only not over the 20% of processed olives constitute the oil production, while the milling byproducts, wastewater and pomace, represents up to 120% of processed olives. These wastes could constitute a problem for their sustainable disposal as well as a resource for soil C stabilization and sequestration, energy generation or production of value-add compounds

A great part of husks derived by pressure and three phases mills is still destined to the industry for the extraction of residual oil through solvents (n-exane: CH3(CH2)4CH3). The residual defatted pomace is used as fuel in cogenerative processes (heat and electric power generation) or, as well as the two phases mill husks (fluid pomace) and olive mill wastewaters, disposed on soil as amendments, both raw and after composting. In the Mediterranean countries, where soils have frequently problems of organic matter lack, and active desertification processes, the recycle of the olive wastes as amendments should be better and more important to protect the environment being a valid alternative and a useful solution to the problems both of sustainable utilization of byproducts and soil fertility

In many experimental trials carried out in many sites, the utilization of olive industry byproducts as organic amendments, raw or stabilized through the aerobic fermentation, frequently showed good agronomic efficiency, in terms of fertility and chemical, physic and microbiological characteristics of the soils as well as crops productivity; generally pointing out some negative effects of fermentable organic matter and better findings using stabilized

Pietro Toscano and Francesco Montemurro

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

for the food, pharmaceutical or cosmetic industries.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52039

**1. Introduction** 

conservation.

wastes.

