**Author details**

Giuliana Albanese *Dipartimento di Gestione dei Sistemi Agrari e Forestali, Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy*  Maria Saponari *Istituto di Virologia Vegetale del CNR – Unita' Organizzativa di Supporto di Bari, Bari, Italy* 

Francesco Faggioli *CRA-Centro di Ricerca per la Patologia Vegetale, Roma, Italy* 

### **7. References**

126 Olive Germplasm – The Olive Cultivation, Table Olive and Olive Oil Industry in Italy

characterize their genome, biology and epidemiology.

*savastanoi*.

**Author details** 

Giuliana Albanese

As remarked, olive has always been considered a very resistant species to diseases caused by different pathogens; however, several pathogens, mainly systemic, can affect the trees and, in some case, invalidate the production. Recent advances in plant pathology and molecular biology, significantly contributed to the discover of new olive pathogens, to

Italy has been amongst the first Countries to adopt an effective certification system for the production of plant propagation material with high quality standards. After 10 years from its promulgation the Italian Regulation has been revised with the support of a technical committee, in order to improve the program and meet the quality standards amended in the late '90 by the EU, which are mandatory for all member States. In 2006 a revised national Regulation was issued (DM 20/11/2006), updating the list of pathogens that need to be checked and implementing the protocols for their identification. In the last 5 years several valuable virus-free and true-to-type primary sources, belonging to the most widespread or local Italian varieties, have been registered, propagated through the certification system, and made available to the growers. Although, the EU directives and the Italian regulations concerning the production of olive propagation material have been critically revised and implemented, it is necessary to continuously update the list of the pathogens and the diagnostic protocols, including the latest tools for genetic and phytosanitary assessment. It should be considered for example that some specific olive viruses such as OLV-1, OLV-2 and OLRSV are rare, infections are symptomless on olive plants, and there are no evidences about their threat to other crops. OLYaV is currently included in the list of the harmful pathogen for the Italian phytosanitary regulation, but even if OLYaV-infected trees are widespread, there are very few plants showing symptoms of yellowing, and more importantly the association of this virus with the OLY disease has not been clearly demonstrated. Regarding CMV and TNV, although these viruses are polyphagous and very damaging to other crops, they in olive are rare (CMV) or present only in a restricted geographical area (TNV- Portugal). On the basis of these data, the list of the viruses to be included in the phytosanitary certification program could be restricted to the following: SLRSV, CLRV (both are associated to manifest diseases either in olive plants or in other crops), ArMV (one of the harmful pathogens for *Fragaria*, *Rubus* and other crops) and perhaps TNV. Whereas, it is important to ensure that the certified olive material is free from phytoplasmas, *V. dahliae* and *P. savastanoi* pv.

Long distance movement of plant propagation material and the expansion of olive crops in new areas impose the use of common and harmonized certification procedures which are

crucial to restrict the spread of harmful pathogens and pests.

*Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy* 

*Dipartimento di Gestione dei Sistemi Agrari e Forestali,* 


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**Chapter 7** 

© 2012 Muleo et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 Muleo et al., licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Olive Tree Genomic** 

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/51720

**1. Introduction** 

(Bartolini et al., 2004).

Rosario Muleo, Michele Morgante, Riccardo Velasco, Andrea Cavallini, Gaetano Perrotta and Luciana Baldoni

The cultivation of olive trees dates back to ancient time. Mythology ascribes to the divine will the domestication of this species; the goddess Athena taught the people of the city of Athens, as a gift, the cultivation of the tree and the treatment of the drupe (Kakridis, 1986). Despite the economic, cultural and ecological importance of olive groves in the Mediterranean area, now extending to other regions, olive has been a poorly characterized species at genetic and genomic level among other fruit tree crops. Therefore, still remains unknown the inheritance of most genes controlling the agronomical performance and quality traits, even though in the last thirty years a wide molecular survey has been performed on the olive germplasm (Rugini et al., 2011). In the Mediterranean Basin, in fact, is conserved the majority of a large number of olive cultivars estimated in more than 1,200

*Olea europaea* subsp. *europaea* is present in two forms, namely wild (*Olea europaea* subsp. *europaea* var. *sylvestris*) and cultivated (*Olea europaea* subsp. *europaea* var. *europaea*); it is a diploid species (2*n* = 2*x* = 46), and the genome size range between 2.90 pg/2C and 3.07 pg/2C, with 1C = 1,400- 1,500 Mbp (Loureiro et al., 2007). Crosses with other subspecies and with the wild plants are possible and may produce fertile offsprings, providing access to an enormous pool of genetic variability. Over the last two decades, new knowledge on olive genetics has been produced,

The long generation time of the species has severely restricted breeding strategies to clonal or varietal selection and, in a very few cases, to inter-varietal crosses. Approaches of marker assisted selection could speed up the cross breeding programs but QTL markers are not yet available. The first linkage map of *Olea europaea* was constructed by de La Rosa and coworkers (2003), through the use of dominant PCR markers, such as RAPDs and AFLPs, and codominant marker as RFLPs and SSRs on a cross progeny between two highly heterozygous cultivars. Other maps have been constructed by the use of RAPDs,

with the development of nuclear and plastidial molecular markers and linkage maps.

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

