**9. References**


explaining logically the huge diversification encountered in this species.

*Present address: CNRS ISE-M UMR 5554, Montpellier, France Address: INRA , TGU AGAP, Equipe DAVEM, Montpellier, France* 

Stéphane Anglès (UMR LADYSS) in the frame of the call SYSTERA.

The origin of the olive tree displays singularities in comparison with other tree species. As well detailed by [35] the thermophilous requirements of the oleaster has constrained its diffusion. The domestication process has spread out the crop into harsh environments (in northern latitude, deserts, higher altitude) creating plenty of cultivars. About ten domestication centers may be at the origin of this diversity for adaptation to these environments. Recent findings in olive S-allele relationships have not been taken into account here to show the olive's history. The mode of reproduction of the species has probably played a major role enabling self-progenies and thus narrow local adaptation, thus

This work was supported by the ANR project PATERMED (2011-2014) coordinated by

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**8. Conclusion** 

**Author details** 

Peter Warnock

André Jean Bervillé

**9. References** 

**Acknowledgement** 

Catherine Marie Breton

*Missouri Valley College, USA* 

*INRA, UMR DIAPC, Montpellier, France* 

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**Chapter 2** 

© 2012 Chiappetta, Muzzalupo, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 Chiappetta, Muzzalupo, licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Botanical Description** 

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/51836

Father Lasuen (Winifred, 1967).

other geographic reasons.

**1. Introduction** 

Adriana Chiappetta and Innocenzo Muzzalupo

*europaea*), is a diploid species (2n = 2x = 46) (Kumar *et al.*, 2011).

The olive (*Olea europaea* L.) is an emblematic species that represents one of the most important fruit trees in the Mediterranean basin (Loumou & Giourga, 2003). The Mediterranean form, *Olea europaea*, subspecies *europaea*, which includes wild (*Olea europaea* subsp. *europaea* var. *sylvestris*) and cultivated olives (*Olea europaea* subsp. *europaea* var.

The origin of the olive tree has been lost over time, coinciding and mingling with the expansion of Mediterranean civilizations which for centuries governed the destiny of mankind and left their imprint on Western culture. From the eastern of the Mediterranean basin, olive trees spread west throughout the Mediterranean area and into Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and France. In 1560, the Spanish Conquistadors carried olive cuttings and seeds to Peru. From there or independently, olive trees were found in Mexico at Jesuit missions. The Franciscan padres carried olives and other fruits from San Blas, Mexico, into California. Sent by Jose de Galvez, Father Junipero Serra established the San Diego de Alcala Mission in 1769. Though oil production began there in the next decade, the first mention of oil was written in the records of the San Diego de Alcala Mission in 1803 as described by

Currently, a renewed emphasis of the health benefits of monosaturated olive oil has lead to a resurgence of olive oil production. The olive tree has been widely used for shade around homes and as a street tree in cities. Its distribution is only limited by cold weather in winter, indeed temperatures below 10 °C are lethal (Denney *et al.*, 1993). Most olive-growing areas lie between latitudes 30° and 45° north and south of the equator, although in Australia some of the recently established commercial olive orchards are nearer to the equator than to the 30° latitude and are producing a good yield; this may be because of their altitude or for

Olive (*Olea europaea* L.) is the main cultivated species belonging to the monophyletic *Oleaceae* family that includes 30 genera and 600 species (Cronquist, 1981), within the clade of *Asterids*,

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter
