**2. Experimental**

## **2.1. Lubricant sample preparation**

There were six different types of lubricant sample were investigated in this study. The lubricant SAE 40 was used as a base lubricant and comparison purpose. Others samples were prepared by mixing of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% Jatropha oil in SAE 40. The samples were mixed with the base lubricant by a homogeneous mixture machine.

#### **2.2. Friction and wear evaluation**

The apparatus used in the friction and wear testing process were Cygnus Friction and Wear Testing Machine which is connected with a personal computer (PC) with data acquisition system. It is a tri-pin-on-disc machine which is conducted by using three pins on a disc as testing specimens. Specifications of the Cygnus Test Machine are tabulated in Table 1. The block diagram of friction and wear testing are shown in Fig. 1. During the test the load of 30N and rotational speed of 2000 rpm were applied on pin.


**Table 1.** Specification of Cygnus wear testing machine

**Figure 1.** Block Diagrams of Friction and Wear Testing

### **2.3. Preparation of the specimen**

136 Tribology in Engineering

can be grown in marginal land.

**2.1. Lubricant sample preparation** 

**2.2. Friction and wear evaluation** 

30N and rotational speed of 2000 rpm were applied on pin.

Test Disc Diameter 110.0 mm Test Pin Diameter 6.0 mm

Test Disc Speed Range 25 to 3000 rpm

Load Range 0 KG to 30 KG Electrical Input 220 Volt AC 50 Hz

**Table 1.** Specification of Cygnus wear testing machine

Motor Tuscan; (2000 rpm, 1.5 kW)

**2. Experimental** 

since it determines the amount of friction that will be encountered between sliding surfaces and whether a thick enough film can be build up to avoid wear from solid-to-solid contact. Since little chance of viscosity with fluctuations in temperature is desirable to keep variations in friction at a minimum, fluid often are rated in terms of viscosity index. The less the viscosity is changed by temperature, the higher the viscosity index. Ethylene–vinyl acetate (EVA) and styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) copolymers were used to increase the viscosity range of high-oleic sunflower oil, in order to design new environmentally friendly lubricant formulations with increased viscosities. The maximum kinematic viscosities, at 40

and 100 ◦C, were increased up to around 150–250 cSt and 26–36 cSt, respectively [17].

Despite of having lot of advantages of biolubricant over petroleum based lubricant, the attempt to formulate the biolubricant and its applications are very few. Thus, in this article we sought to extend our investigation and to test the tribological characteristics and compatibility of non-edible Jatropha oil based biolubricant for the automotive application. The reason of selecting Jatropha oil as a base stock is it does not contend with the food and

There were six different types of lubricant sample were investigated in this study. The lubricant SAE 40 was used as a base lubricant and comparison purpose. Others samples were prepared by mixing of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% Jatropha oil in SAE 40. The

The apparatus used in the friction and wear testing process were Cygnus Friction and Wear Testing Machine which is connected with a personal computer (PC) with data acquisition system. It is a tri-pin-on-disc machine which is conducted by using three pins on a disc as testing specimens. Specifications of the Cygnus Test Machine are tabulated in Table 1. The block diagram of friction and wear testing are shown in Fig. 1. During the test the load of

Parameter Value

samples were mixed with the base lubricant by a homogeneous mixture machine.

The specimens were prepared from aluminum and cast iron material. Aluminum was used to build three pin and cast iron is used for disc specimen. The construction geometry and the dimension are shown in Fig. 2. Prior to conduct the test it was ensured that the surface of the specimens are cleaned properly i. e, free from dirt and debris. Alcohol was used for cleaning purpose.

Development of Eco-Friendly Biodegradable Biolubricant Based on Jatropha Oil 139

JBL 0 JBL 10 JBL 20 JBL 30 JBL 40 JBL 50

JBL 10 is almost similar with base lubricant and this loos of material is increasing with

**Figure 3.** The linear pin wear as a function of sliding time for various Jatropha oil biolubricants.

Time (sec.)

0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600

Fig.5 shows the friction coefficient plotted against the sliding time for various Jatropha oil biolubricants. The results of the figure depict that the lubricant regime that occurred during the experiment were the boundary lubrication with the value of friction coefficient for boundary lubricant in the range of 0.001 to 0.2 except for 50% of Jatropha oil biolubricant. For JBL 0, it can be seen that the coefficient of friction is highest at the beginning and then it fell down rapidly and became least with compared to all tested samples after half of the operation time. The biolubricant percentage from 10 to 40% showed likely to be similar coefficient of friction (µ) which is almost 0.15. Whereas, the 50 % added Jatropha oil showed the coefficient of friction value of ~ 0.225 throughout the operation time. The fatty acid

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Biolubricant percentage (%)

**Figure 4.** Loos of material form the pin for various biolubricant percentages

0

0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

Weight loos (gm.)

**3.2. Coefficient of friction** 

increasing biolubricant percentages.

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

Wear (mm)

0.04

0.05

**Figure 2.** Schematic diagram of the experimental set up and dimensions geometry's of pins and disc specimen
