**5. References**

[1] Bond G.C. Heterogeneous Catalysis*:* Principles and Applications. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987.

[2] Kajdas C.K, Kulczycki A. A New Idea of the Influence of Solid Materials on Kinetics ofChemical Reactions. Materials Science – Poland 2008, 26, 787 - 796. http://materialsscience.pwr.wroc.pl/bi/vol26no3/articles/ms\_2008\_375.pdf

60 Tribology in Engineering

critical rate.

initiate the reaction process.

its surface to reaction space.

*Air Force Institute of Technology, Warsaw, Poland Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Warsaw, Poland* 

*Automotive Industry Institute PIMOT, Warsaw, Poland* 

*Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Chemistry in Plock, Poland* 

[1] Bond G.C. Heterogeneous Catalysis*:* Principles and Applications. Oxford: Clarendon

**Author details** 

Andrzej Kulczycki

Czesław Kajdas

**5. References** 

Press, 1987.

system is transformed to internal energy increase.

which emitted energy is suitable to activate reactant molecules.

iv. The energy emitted from surface as pulses ranges 3–5 eV and can reach the value of activation energy (Ea) and the triboreaction process starts to proceed or reaches the

v. Based on the discussion concerning the <sup>i</sup> model, thermionic emission, and the NIRAM approach it is concluded that for both thermochemical heterogeneous reactions and catalyzed heterogeneous processes, the same activation energy (Ea value) is needed to

vi. The hypothesis, based on i model is that the mechanical work done on the reaction

vii. The internal energy is distributed into a liquid / fluid phase bringing about ambient temperature increase (Ta), and a part of introduced energy is accumulated in solid machine elements of tribological systems and, catalyst particles in catalytic processes. viii. This accumulated energy is emitted by solid surface to reaction space as electrons / photons. The electron / photon emission is anisotropic one. There is a specific angle at

In the summary it can be said that the problem of Arrhenius equation adaptation to heterogeneous catalysis as well as tribocatalysis might be solved using i model. Instead of Arrhenius equation in reaction rate description should be used the quotidian of reaction rate constant according to Arrhenius equation and the stream of energy emitted by the surface of catalyst in angle . The reaction rate constant described by the above ratio leads to another explanation of the mechanism of catalytic effect than, based on Arrhenius equation, decreasing of the value of activation energy. This effect is due to addition portion of energy emitted by catalysts surface to the reaction space. At this point it should be emphasized that equation (19) describes both catalytic and tribocatalytic reactions. This equation quantitatively characterizes all kinds of energy introduced into the reaction system, including mechanical energy and properties of catalyst, explained by energy emitted from

	- [18] Kauzmann W, Eyring H. The Viscous Flow of Large Molecules. Journal of American Chemical Society 1940, 62, 3113-3125.

**Chapter 5** 

© 2013 Laguna-Camacho et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2013 Laguna-Camacho et al., licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Solid Particle Erosion on** 

**Different Metallic Materials** 

Juan R. Laguna-Camacho, M. Vite-Torres,

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/51176

fracture) at higher impact velocities.

deformation and is later removed by abrasion.

**1. Introduction** 

E.A. Gallardo-Hernández and E.E. Vera-Cárdenas

Testing on ferrous and non-ferrous materials has been widely carried out to study their erosion resistance. Venkataraman & Sundararajan [1] conducted a study about the solid particle erosion of copper at a range of low impact velocities. In this particular case, the eroded surface was completely covered with the erosion debris in the form of flakes or platelets. These flakes appeared to be completely separated or fractured from the material surface and were flattened by subsequent impacts. For this reason, it was concluded that at low impact velocities the erosion damage was characterized mainly by lip or platelet fracture whereas it was distinguished with lip formation (rather than its subsequent

Additionally, studies on the erosion behaviour of AISI 4140 steel under various heat treatment conditions was investigated by Ambrosini & Bahadur [2]. In this work, the investigation was concentrated on the effect of various microstructures and mechanical properties on the erosion resistance. A constant velocity of 50 m/s was used for all the erosion tests. The target was impacted at an angle of 30º to the specimen surface, the particle feed rate was 20 g/min, SiC particles, 125 µm in size, were used as the abrasive. From the results, it was concluded that erosion rate increases with increasing hardness and ultimate strength, but decreases with increasing ductility. In this particular work, the heat treatment with the optimum combination of erosion resistance and mechanical properties was oil quenching followed by tempering in the temperature range 480-595 ºC for 2 h. In addition, SEM studies presented severe plastic deformation in the eroded zones together with abrasion marks, indicating that material subjected to erosion initially undergoes plastic


## **Chapter 5**
