**1.2. Laparoscopy is often used for**


© 2012 Daru and Kereszturi, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2012 Daru and Kereszturi, licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

	- removing ovarian cysts
	- unexplained infertility
	- abnormal vaginal bleeding
	- abdominal pain
	- frequent miscarriage
	- Ovarian drilling

Laparoscopy is performed using general anesthesia. This means that the patient is completely asleep during the entire procedure.

The Role of Endoscopy in Management of Infertility 3

camera that allows direct visual examination of the pelvic reproductive anatomy. Laparoscopy detects endometriosis, scarring, fallopian tube damage, adhesions, ovarian cysts, fibroids, congenital abnormalities and polycystic ovaries. Laparoscopy allows to see abnormalities that might interfere with a woman's ability to conceive a pregnancy. The most common problems are endometriosis , pelvic adhesions , ovarian cysts and uterine fibroids. Laparoscopy less invasive surgery that traditional surgery; offers a closed internal environment, minimal tissue handling, less tissue trauma and is less adhesiogenic. It gives the desired magnification for microsurgery, Traditional surgery requires making an incision in the abdomen which is several centimeters long. This in turn means that the patient has to spend two to three nights in the hospital. After laparoscopy the patient has one to three smaller incisions. Laparoscopy allows seeing the abdominal organs and sometimes making repairs, without making a larger incision that can require a longer recovery time and hospital stay. Each incision may be one half a centimeter to a full centimeter in length. Most often, patients who have had a laparoscopy will be able to go home the same day as the surgery.

Environment represents the totality of physical, chemical, biological and socioeconomic factors or conditions that constitute the external milieu surrounding the human organism. Up to 10% of infertility cannot be explained medically. Female factors in infertility stem from ovulation problems, thyroid irregularities, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and fallopian tube obstruction. Geographic differences may suggest environmental exposures that need investigation. Some toxins , gases can also have an impact on a person's fertility. The basic idea was to go to places in the world where we know that people have high level of exposures to substances that are suspected to cause these effects in fertility. Exploring multi-

compound exposures is yet another challenge in environmental epidemiology.

**2.2. The benefits of laparoscopy** 


**2.3. Indications for laparoscopic microsurgery** 






**2.4. Environmental effects of fertility** 

