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John R. Castro-Suarez, William Ortiz-Rivera, Nataly Galan-Freyle,

Support from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security under Award Number 2008-ST-061-ED0001 is also acknowledged. However, the views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be considered a representation of the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S. Department of Homeland

This contribution was supported by the U.S. Department of Defense, Proposal Number: 58949-PH-REP, Agreement Number: W911NF-11-1-0152. The authors also acknowledge

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**Chapter 10** 

© 2012 Ami et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 Ami et al., licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Multivariate Analysis for Fourier** 

Diletta Ami, Paolo Mereghetti and Silvia Maria Doglia

systems, for instance intact cells, tissues, and whole model organisms.

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53850

subcellular compartments [8, 16, 17].

**1. Introduction** 

**Complex Biological Systems and Processes** 

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a label-free and non invasive technique that exerts an enormous attraction in biology and medicine, since it allows to obtain in a rapid way a biochemical fingerprint of the sample under investigation, giving information on its main biomolecule content. This spectroscopic tool is successfully applied not only to the study of the structural properties of isolated biomolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates, but also to the characterization of complex biological

In particular, FTIR microspectroscopy, obtained by the coupling of an infrared microscope to a FTIR spectrometer, makes it possible to collect the IR spectrum from a selected sample area down to ~ 20 microns x 20 microns when conventional IR source and detector are employed, and down to of a few micrometers when more specialized and sensitive detectors and the highly brilliant synchrotron light source are used. In this way, FTIR microspectroscopy provides detailed information on several biological processes in situ, among which stem cell differentiation [1-5], somatic cell reprogramming [6], cell maturation [7, 8], amyloid aggregation [9-12] and cancer onset and progression [13-15], making it possible to disclose the infrared response not only from single cells, but also from

The FTIR spectra of biological systems are very complex since they consist of the overlapping absorption of the main biomolecules; for this reason, to pull out the significant and non-redundant information contained in the spectra it is necessary to apply an appropriate multivariate analysis, able to process very high-dimensional data. This is even more crucial when time-dependent biological processes, such as cell maturation or

**Transform Infrared Spectra of** 
