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Thermodynamics is the branch of science that is concerned with the principles of energy transformation in *macroscopic* systems. Macroscopic properties of matter arise from the behavior of a very large number of molecules. Thermodynamics is based upon experiment and observation, summarized and generalized in the *Laws of Thermodynamics*. These laws are not derivable from any other principle: they are in fact improvable and therefore can be regarded as assumptions only; nevertheless their validity is accepted because exceptions have never been reported. These laws do not involve any postulates about atomic and molecular structure but are founded upon observation about the universe as it is, in terms of instrumental measurements. In order to represent the state of a gas or a liquid or a solid system, input data of average quantities such as temperature (*T*), pressure (*P*), volume (*V*), and concentration (*c*) are used. These averages reduce the enormous number of variables that one needs to start a discussion on the positions and momentums of billions of molecules. We use the thermodynamic variables to describe the state of a system, by

This simply shows that there is a physical relationship between different quantities that one can measure in a gas system, so that gas pressure can be expressed as a function of gas volume, temperature and number of moles, *n*. In general, some relationships come from the specific properties of a material and some follow from physical laws that are independent of the material (such as the laws of thermodynamics). There are two different kinds of thermodynamic variables: *intensive variables* (those that do not depend on the size and amount of the system, like temperature, pressure, density, electrostatic potential, electric field, magnetic field and molar properties) and *extensive variables* (those that scale linearly with the size and amount of the system, like mass, volume, number of molecules, internal energy, enthalpy and entropy). Extensive variables are additive whereas intensive variables

In thermodynamic terms, the object of a study is called the system, and the remainder of the universe, the surroundings. Amounts of the order of a mole of matter are typical in a system under consideration, although thermodynamics may remain applicable for considerably smaller quantities. The imaginary envelope, which encloses the system and separates it from its surroundings, is called the boundary of the system. This boundary may serve either to isolate the system from its surroundings, or to provide for interaction in specific ways

**1. Introduction**

forming a *state function*:

are not (Adamson, A.W. and Gast, A.P. 1997).

*Shahre-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University,* 

*P=f (V, T, n)* (1)

Omid Moradi

*Iran* 

Zimmermann, W. & Keller, J. U. (2003). A new calorimeter for simultaneous measurement of isotherms and heats of adsorption. *Thermochim. Acta*, Vol. 403, No. 1, pp. 31 – 41. **8** 
