**10. Acknowledgement**

This work was supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic under the project No. 604 613 7316.

### List of symbols


**27** 

 *Jordan*

**Thermodynamics Approach in the** 

*Industrial Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Science,* 

Adsorption is the term that used to describe the metallic or organic materials attaching to an solid adsorbent in low, medium and high coverage as shown in Figure 1. Wherein, the solid is called adsorbent, the metal ions to being adsorbed called adsorptive, and while bounded to the solid surfaces called adsorbate. In principle adsorption can occur at any solid fluid interface, for examples: (i) gas-solid interface (as in the adsorption of a CO2 on activated carbon); and (ii) liquid-solid interface (as in the adsorption of an organic or heavy metal ions

Adsorbent Adsorbent Adsorbent

Fig. 1. a) Low coverage (no attraction between adsorbate metal ion/ molecules, high mobility, disordered). b) Medium coverage (attraction between adsorbate metal ion / molecules, reduced mobility, disordered). c) High coverage (strong attraction between

a b c

we talk about *Chemisorption* and/ or *Physisorption* processes. However, *the chemisorption* is a *chemical adsorption* in which the adsorption caused by the formation of chemical bonds between the surface of solids (adsorbent) and heavy metals (adsorbate). Therefore, the energy of chemisorption is considered like chemical reactions. It may be exothermic or endothermic processes ranging from very small to very large energy magnitudes. The elementary step in chemisorption often involves large activation energy (*activated adsorption*). This means that the true equilibrium may be achieved slowly. In addition, high

adsorbate atoms/ molecules, no mobility, highly ordered).

**1. Introduction** 

pollutant on activated carbon).

= Adsorbate = Adsorbent **Adsorption of Heavy Metals** 

*Faculty of Science Mu´tah University, P.O.* 

Mohammed A. Al-Anber


### **11. References**

