**Author details**

**Pretreatment Company Location Biomass Scale Capacity**

74 Sustainable Degradation of Lignocellulosic Biomass - Techniques, Applications and Commercialization

Salamanca, Spain

Hugoton, USA

Crescentino, Italy

Highlands County, USA

Pomacle, France

Scale was defined as follow: Pilot – P; D – Demonstration; Commercial – C.

**Table 5.** Pilot, demonstration and commercial scale biomass ethanol plants.

Operational status was defined as follow: Under construction – UC; Operational - O

Not informed POET-DSM Emmetsburg, USA corn cobs, leaves, husk, and stalk C 95000

BioGasol Aakirkeby, Denmark

BioGasol Boardman, USA

SEKAB Örnsköldsvik, Sweden pine wood chips D 5715 OP [168]

corn cob, corn stover and wheat straw

corn stover, wheat straw, and switchgrass

perennial grass *(Arundo donax* giant red) and wheat straw

straw, garden waste, energy crops and grass

wheat straw, wood chips and corn stover

corn cobs, corn stover and switchgrass

Not informed Dupont Nevada, USA corn stover C 102330 UC [175]

All pretreatments were followed by separated enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) or simultaneous sacchari‐

<sup>1</sup> Two reactors in series, the hemicellulose is hydrolyzed in the first reactor and the cellulose is decomposed in the sec‐

2 Combination of steam-explosion and wet oxidation, applying both the addition of oxygen and a pressure release at

The data presented in this table was based on the official information provided in each company website.

wood wastes, agricultural and forest residue, garden waste and perennial grass

Upton, USA wood wastes D 3600 OP [173]

Straubing, Germany wheat straw D 1270 UC [174]

Hydrothermal Inbicon Fredericia, Denmark wheat straw P 1397 OP 170 Hydrothermal Inbicon Kalundborg, Denmark wheat straw D 5400 OP [170]

Steam-explosion IOGEN Ottawa, Canada wheat, barley and oat straw D 1800 OP [54]

Dilute acid hydrolysis1

Diluted acid

Diluted acid

Hydrothermal

Steam-explosion and wet oxidation2

Steam-explosion and wet oxidation2

Low acid impregnation and thermal-mechanical

Thermal-mechanical

Not informed

Abengoa Bioenergy

Abengoa Bioenergy

Chemtex/ Proesa

Blue Sugars Corp

Süd-Chemie AG - Clariant

Mild alkaline process Dupont Vonore, USA

Procethol 2G, Futurol

Not informed BP Biofuels

fication and fermentation (SSF).

ond reactor at >200 °C.

high temperature (170-200° C)

**m3y-1 Status Ref.**

D 5080 OP [169]

C 95000 UC [169]

D 5080 UC [172]

D 10233 UC [172]

D 947.5 OP [175]

P 180 - [178]

UC, Start by end 2013

[177]

UC, Start by end 2012

[171]

C 50000

perennial grass C 136440 UC [176]

Ayla Sant'Ana da Silva1 , Ricardo Sposina Sobral Teixeira1 , Rondinele de Oliveira Moutta1 , Viridiana Santana Ferreira-Leitão1,2, Rodrigo da Rocha Olivieri de Barros1 , Maria Antonieta Ferrara3 and Elba Pinto da Silva Bon1

1 Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Ja‐ neiro, Centro de Tecnologia, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

2 Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia (INT), Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

3 Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos FarManguinhos/ FIOCRUZ, Rua Sizenando Nabuco, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
