Preface

Chapter 5 **The Effect of Washing Dilute Acid Pretreated Poplar Biomass**

Noaa Frederick, Ningning Zhang, Angele Djioleu, Xumeng Ge,

Rosa Estela Quiroz-Castañeda and Jorge Luis Folch-Mallol

**Steam Exploded Oil Palm Trunk for Ethanol Production by**

Thomas Canam, Jennifer Town, Kingsley Iroba, Lope Tabil and Tim

**Xylan: Classification, Characterization and Applications 251**

**on Ethanol Yields 105**

**VI** Contents

**Production of Sugars 119**

Vittaya Punsuvon

**Limitations 181**

Wagner Rodrigo de Souza

Dumonceaux

Jianfeng Xu and Danielle Julie Carrier

Chapter 6 **Hydrolysis of Biomass Mediated by Cellulases for the**

**Response Surface Methodology 157**

**Section 3 Microbial Pretreatment of Lignocellulosics 179**

Chapter 8 **Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass Using**

Chapter 7 **Optimization of Delignification and Enzyme Hydrolysis of**

**Microorganisms: Approaches, Advantages, and**

Chapter 9 **Microbial Degradation of Lignocellulosic Biomass 207**

Chapter 10 **A Review of Xylanase Production by the Fermentation of**

F. L. Motta, C. C. P. Andrade and M. H. A. Santana

**Section 4 Sustainable Products from Lignocellulosics 249**

This book is primarily focused on the key aspects of lignocellulosic biomass (LB) degrada‐ tion and eventually the production of value-added products. LB is the most abundant re‐ newable organic resources (∼200 billion tons annually) on earth that are readily available for conversion to biofuels and other value-added products (industrial enzymes, organic acids, pharmaceuticals, commodity chemicals, and food/feed). However, LB has not yet been tapped for the commercial production of these products.

The book content has been divided into four sections. Section 1 deals with the various kinds of potential biomass sources. Section 1 contains 3 chapters. Chapter 1 details about the bam‐ boo as biomass source, the characterization of cell wall components and chemical pretreat‐ ment. Chapter 2 comprehensively reviews the characterization of sugarcane residues (sugarcane bagasse and straw) which is important biomass in countries like Brazil, India and China. This chapter is particularly dedicated to hemicellulose fraction of cell wall of these residues which can be converted into several value-added products. Methods of hemi‐ cellulose de-polymerization, detoxification of xylose-rich solution, microbial conversion of pentose sugars into various products and the economic aspects of by-products derived dur‐ ing hemicellulose destruction. Chapter 3 exclusively discusses various pretreatment technol‐ ogies for sugarcane residues and woody biomass. Emphasis has been placed on mechanistic changes in cell wall after pretreatment of biomass sources.

Section 2 covers the important aspects of biomass processing involved in biomass pretreat‐ ment, saccharification and ethanol production. There are 4 chapters in this section. Chapter 4 specifically shows the effect of lignin removal on ethanol production via simultaneous sac‐ charification and co-fermentation from napier grass, rice straw, silver grass and bamboo. Minimization of water usage is an important feature for any bioprocess industry. The effect of washing the cellulignin from poplar for ethanol production has been elaborated in chap‐ ter 5. Chapter 6 shows the effect of cellulase loadings and other inevitable conditions on bio‐ mass saccharification for the clean sugars production. Chapter 7 demonstrates the statistical optimization of delignification and hydrolysis of steam exploded oil palm trunk for ethanol production.

Section 3 provides a thorough analysis on recent progress on microbial pretreatment of bio‐ mass in 2 chapters. Microbial pretreatment of biomass has shown promising results for the delignification while retaining maximum carbohydrates in the plant cell wall for the subse‐ quent conversion into fermentable sugars. Chapter 8 provides the technical overview on mi‐ crobial delignification of biomass in addition to limitations and various process configurations. Microorganism mediated biodelignification, the mechanism involved in bio‐ delignification, enzyme production profile of various microorganisms, and the possible ap‐ proaches for developing the robust microbial pretreatment strategy have been elaborated in Chapter 9.

Section 4 finally devoted to industrial enzymes production from lignocellulosic biomass em‐ ploying various process configurations. Chapter 10 comprehensively reviews the xylanase production, microorganisms, fermentation methodologies and xylanolytic machineries for the complete depolymerisation of carbohydrate fraction from cell wall.

We sincerely believe that this book will be a useful source of information for graduate and post graduate students, researchers in the field of life sciences, biochemical engineering, and professionals from both academia and industries. Anuj would like to express sincere thanks to his wife, Meenakshi, and son, Abhay, for their immense support during editing of this book. Silvio Silvério is also thankful to his wife, Deyse, and daughter, Isabela, for their coop‐ eration while editing this book.

We welcome the reader's suggestions to improve future editions. Readers' benefits will be the best reward for the editors and authors.

> **Dr. Anuj K. Chandel,** University of São Paulo, Brazil

**Section 1**

**Potential Biomass Sources**

**Professor Silvio Silvério da Silva,** University of São Paulo, Brazil

> *"Learning gives creativity Creativity leads to thinking Thinking provides knowledge Knowledge makes you great." (Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam)*
