**3. A cognitive perspective on body image disturbances in bulimia nervosa**

The most common terms that cognitive theories refer to in their attempts to define body perception include such notions as: self-image, body image, self-knowledge and selfassessment. Body image is frequently defined as a cognitive self-schema construct, that is, a system of conscious generalizations regarding the body [Pervin]. According to cognitive psychologists, body image is one of the fundamental components of the body self. It is commonly referred to as sensual image of sizes, shapes and forms of the body as well as feelings regarding the mentioned features of the whole body or one of its specified parts [Thompson, Cash, Pruzinsky]. Thompson and his co-researchers made an attempt at systematizing the notions related to body image [Thompson, Cash, Pruzinsky]. Defining the feelings regarding the body, they identified the following aspects: weight satisfaction which can be measured in terms of a discrepancy between the actual (current) and the ideal (most desired) weight; body satisfaction which most frequently refers to the specified body parts (e.g. breast, thighs or hips); appearance satisfaction, that is, satisfaction with general appearance or its specified elements such as certain parts of the face, or the body parts that carry connotations of weight (e.g. the lower part of the body). Thompson and his coresearchers identified the phenomenon of inadequate body mass perception, and linked it to the concept of appearance orientation measured in terms of a degree of cognitive and behavioral involvement in physical appearance. Appearance anxiety seems to reflect the feelings of dissatisfaction and discomfort which occur as a result of excessive focus on body image [Thompson].

Garner and Garfinkel distinguished the following two forms of body image disturbances: inadequate body percept and body dissatisfaction [Rabe-Jabłońska,Dunajska]. In their studies the psychologists put forward the view that the former refers to inadequate perception of the body size; whereas the latter is related to an emotional attitude towards the body [Rabe-Jabłońska, Dunajska].

Developed by E.T. Higgins, Self-Discrepancy Theory provides a platform for understanding the development of body image. Higgins's theory posits that the structure of the body self determines an individual's self-perception and self-evaluation of his or her own body features (the actual self), as well as the person's thoughts and aspirations regarding the ideal body image (the ideal self), and the mental evaluation of the body features and characteristics which the person believes she or he should display (the ought self) [Higgins]. According to Higgins's theory, an individual aims at minimizing the actual-ideal or actualought self discrepancies.

Thompson refers to Higgins's theory of self-discrepancy in order to provide an explanation for body image disturbances. He claims that the constant comparison of an individual's actual body shape and the ideal body image has a negative effect on the development of a cognitive aspect of body image. The ideal-actual body image discrepancy underlies the state of body dissatisfaction, and determines development of an eating disorder [Cash, Pruzinsky, Thompson, Garner].

A cognitive model of eating disorders, developed by Fairburn, Cooper and Safran, points to a variety of interlinked factors which determine development of bulimia nervosa. The theory demonstrates that such factors as social pressure, dietary restriction, the feelings of hunger and inability to control it, trigger the onset of bulimia nervosa. Body image is considered to perform a significant regulatory role [Cash, Pruzinsky, Thompson].

 A bulimic individual conducts subjective evaluation of his or her body attributes, which affects the person's cognitive functioning. A bulimia sufferer tends to be excessively concerned about body weight, shape and general physical appearance. This in turn leads to low self-esteem. The compensatory behaviours that a bulimic individual engages in (i.e. the bulimic symptoms) are aimed at improving hi or her self-assessment and reducing the consequent emotional tension and frustrations [Cash, Pruzinsky, Thompson].
