**Meet the editor**

Dr A.A Norasteh was born in Rasht - Iran at 1967. He was lecturer since 1992. He is Associate Professor of Physical Therapy at the University of Guilan, Iran. He was appointed as Vice-Chancellor for Research of Faculty of Physical Education and Sport sciences in December, 2006 (2006-2012). He was distinguished researcher of university of Guilan 2009, 2011 and distinguished

researcher in province of Guilan 2010. He has published over 80 papers in international and national journals and conferences. He is reviewer in many international and national journals. His research interests now include motor control, sport injury, low back pain. He is also a clinician and visits his patients in physical therapy clinic (1994-2012).

Contents

**Preface IX** 

Chapter 1 **Epidemiology 3** 

**Section 1 Basic Science and Evaluation 1** 

Chapter 2 **The Treatment of Low Back Pain and Scientific Evidence 33** 

Chapter 3 **Estimation of Prognosis in Non Specific Low Back Pain from Biopsychosocial Perspectives 71** 

> **Factors for Development of Low Back Pain in Hospital Nursing Personnel 87**  Jadranka Stričević, Zvone Balantič, Zmago Turk,

E. Latorre Marques

J. Nicholas Penney

Chapter 4 **Occupational and Environmental Risk** 

Chapter 5 **Low Back Pain in Female Caregivers in Nursing Homes 103** 

Chapter 6 **The Use of Event-Related Potentials** 

Dušan Čelan and Majda Pajnkihar

Hiroharu Kamioka and Takuya Honda

**in Chronic Back Pain Patients 117** 

Carine Vossen, Helen Vossen, Wiesje van de Wetering, Marco Marcus, Jim van Os and Richel Lousberg

Christophe Demoulin, Stéphanie Grosdent, Rob Smeets, Jeanine Verbunt, Boris Jidovtseff, Geneviève Mahieu, Jean-Michel Crielaard and Marc Vanderthommen

Chapter 7 **Muscular Performance Assessment of Trunk Extensors: A Critical Appraisal of the Literature 141** 

Akira Minematsu

### Contents

#### **Preface XI**



#### X Contents


**A Review of the Literature 333**  Erik J. Groessl, Marisa Sklar and Douglas Chang

### Preface

Low back pain remains an almost universal condition in all countries and societies. The improvements in public health and in the quality and accuracy of the information available to the general public have ensured a better understanding of how this disabling condition can be effectively managed and treated. A team approach involving patients, health care providers, employers, and payors all working together is needed to alter the course of distressing or disabling back.

This book includes two sections. Section one is about basic science, epidemiology, risk factors and evaluation, section two is about clinical science especially different approach in exercise therapy.

I envisage that this book will provide helpful information and guidance for all those practitioners involved with managing people with back pain-physiotherapists, osteopaths, chiropractors and doctors of orthopedics, rheumatology, rehabilitation and manual medicine. Likewise for students of movement and those who are involved in re-educating movement-exercise physiologists, Pilates and yoga teachers, and so on.

I wish to thank the authors who have worked hard to provide an up-to-date description of LBP. If we have succeeded, the credit belongs to this group of dedicated professionals.

> **A.A. Norasteh, PhD P.T** Associate Professor Physical Therapy University of Guilan, Rasht, I.R. Iran

**Section 1** 

**Basic Science and Evaluation** 
