**Acknowledgement**

The following grants supported this work: FAPERJ E-26/112.045/2008; E-26/110.869/2009; E26/111.131/2010; E-26/111.305/2010

We thank Jennifer Blackwell, Ricardo Gazzinelli and Miriam Dutra for their partnership on genetic studies and JP Dubey for research support. We are thank to Fernando Orefice and Wesley Campos for their participation on the fundoscopic examinations of patients in Campos dos Goytacazes and Liliani Souza Elias, Fernando Cesar Lopes and Flavia Rangel for their technical support. We thank Dr. Daíse Malheiros Meira, for her brilliant and original suggestion to propose a classification of the retinal/retinochoroidal scars in terms of the degree of retinal tissues destruction.

#### **7. References**


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**Acknowledgement** 

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*Laboratório de Biologia do Reconhecer (LBR) Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia (CBB) Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF),Campos dos Goytacazes,* 

The following grants supported this work: FAPERJ E-26/112.045/2008; E-26/110.869/2009;

We thank Jennifer Blackwell, Ricardo Gazzinelli and Miriam Dutra for their partnership on genetic studies and JP Dubey for research support. We are thank to Fernando Orefice and Wesley Campos for their participation on the fundoscopic examinations of patients in Campos dos Goytacazes and Liliani Souza Elias, Fernando Cesar Lopes and Flavia Rangel for their technical support. We thank Dr. Daíse Malheiros Meira, for her brilliant and original suggestion to propose a classification of the retinal/retinochoroidal scars in terms of

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**Chapter 9** 

© 2012 Shimada, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

© 2012 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Signs that may be included in the clinical presentation of congenital toxoplasmosis may be observed in infants without identification of *Toxoplasma gondii* or other intrauterine infection. When congenital toxoplasmosis is excluded, these case are diagnosed as having pseudo toxoplasmosis (Hervouet, 1961), pseudo-TORCH (*toxoplasma*, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex) syndrome (Baraitser et al., 1983; Burn et al., 1986; Cohen et al., 2012; Ishitsu et al., 1985; Knoblauch et al., 2003; Kulkarni et al., 2010; Nakamura et al., 2011; Reardon et al., 1994; Vivarelli et al., 2001; Watts et al., 2008; Wieczorek et al., 1995) or congenital infection-like syndrome (Abdel-Salam & Zaki, 2009; al-Dabbous et al., 1998; al-Gazali et al., 1999; Dale et al., 2000; Knoblauch et al., 2003; Kulkarni et al., 2010;

These signs include microcephaly (Aalfs et al., 1995; Abdel-Salam & Zaki, 2009; Abdel-Salam et al., 1999; Abdel-Salam et al., 2000; Ahmadi & Bradfield, 2007; Aicardi & Goutières, 1984; al-Dabbous et al., 1998; al-Gazali et al., 1999; Alzial et al., 1980; Angle et al., 1994; Atchaneeyasakul et al., 1998; Baraitser et al., 1983; Bogdan, 1951; Book et al., 1953; Briggs et al., 2008; Burn et al., 1986; Cantú et al., 1977; Casteels et al., 2001; Dale et al., 2000; Eventov-Friedman et al., 2009; Feingold & Bartoshesky 1992; Fisch et al., 1973; Fryns et al., 1995; Hoyeraal et al., 1970; Hordijk et al., 1996; Hreidarsson et al., 1988; Ishitsu et al., 1985; Jarmas et al., 1981; Kloepfer et al., 1964; Knoblauch et al., 2003; Komai et al., 1955; Kozma et al., 1996; Kulkarni et al., 2010; Leung, 1985; Limwongse et al., 1999; McKusick et al., 1966; Mishra et al., 2002; Nakamura et al., 2011; Nemos et al., 2009; Ostergaard et al., 2012; Pearson et al., 2008; Reardon et al., 1994; Sadler & Robinson, 1993; Simonell et al., 2002; Slee et al., 1999; Strauss et al., 2005; Tenconi et al., 1981; Trzupek et al., 2007; van den Bosch, 1959; van Genderen et al., 1997; Vasudevan et al., 2005; Vivarelli et al., 2001; Warburg & Heuer, 1994; Wieczorek et al., 1995), intracranial calcifications (Abdel-Salam & Zaki, 2009; Aicardi & Goutières, 1984; al-Dabbous et al., 1998; al-Gazali et al., 1999; Asai et al., 2012; Baraitser et al., 1983; Bogdan, 1951; Briggs et al., 2008; Burn et al., 1986; Cohen et al., 2012; Dale et al., 2000;

**Pseudo Toxoplasmosis** 

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Mishra et al., 2002; Mizuno et al., 2011; Slee et al.,1999).

Yoshiaki Shimada

**1. Introduction** 

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50708


**Chapter 9** 
