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**Chapter 26** 

© 2013 Taskila and Ojamo, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2013 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

**The Current Status and Future** 

Sanna Taskila and Heikki Ojamo

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/51282

**1. Introduction** 

meat industry.

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

industrial production of lactic acid is based on fermentation.

**Expectations in Industrial Production** 

**of Lactic Acid by Lactic Acid Bacteria** 

Conversion of carbohydrates to lactic acid is one of the most employed fermentation processes in food industry. Applications of lactic acid fermentation are found in dairy industry, production of wine and cider, production of fermented vegetable products and

The main markets for lactic acid have been in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry, but presently the main growing application of lactic acid is in the production of biodegradable and renewable raw material based poly lactic acid (PLA) polymers. Production of lactate esters (*e.g.* butyl lactate) is another growing application as environmentally friendly solvents [1]. Lactic acid has two optical isomers, L-(+)-lactic acid and D-(−)-lactic acid. Lactic acid is classified as GRAS (generally recognized as safe) for use as a food additive, although D(-)-lactic acid can be harmful to human metabolism and result in *e.g.* acidosis [2]. The optical purity of lactic acid is required for the production of PLA. The properties of PLA may however be adjusted by the ratio of the L- and D-PLA in a copolymer D-form increasing the melting point of the copolymer [3]. Optically pure L- or Dlactic acid can be obtained by microbial fermentation and presently more than 95 % of

Production figure of 260,000 t as 100 % lactic acid for conventional (excluding PLA) markets in 2008 and forecast over 1 million ton annual production of lactic acid for conventional markets and PLA by 2020 has been presented in 2010 [4]. DuPont patented PLA already in 1954 but it took almost 50 years before first large-scale production was started. The USbased NatureWorks is the largest producer of PLA having lactic acid production capacity of 180,000 t/a. The sustainability of the PLA product Ingeo® from NatureWorks has been

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


**Chapter 26** 
