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of the cell.

impact on bioprocesses.

**Author details** 

**Acknowledgement** 

NZ2/05377.

**6. References** 

Tamara Aleksandrzak-Piekarczyk

mechanisms involved in assimilation of *β*–glycoside sugars was the lack of complex data specifying the sequences of genes potentially involved in the metabolism of these sugars and its regulation. Indeed, recent access to the genomic sequences of some these bacteria greatly advanced the research on the metabolism of various *β*–glycosides. As expected, the results of sequencing of lactococcal genomes and genes annotations confirmed that there are numerous genes encoding potential *β*-glucosidesspecific transport systems and *β*-glucosidases, sometimes with dual activities. And, to complicate the matter even further, the analysis of the list of genes annotated in *L. lactis* leads to over a hundred transcriptional regulators. A relatively large number of them may be related to carbon metabolism control. These regulators, together with signals modulating their activity, and the controlled genes form a regulatory network that is necessary for sensing the environmental conditions and adjusting the catabolic capacities

Detailed knowledge of sugar metabolism and the regulators controlling gene expression in *Lactococcus lactis* may contribute to the improvement of mechanisms controlling significant cellular processes in these bacteria. In the case of industrial microorganisms, acting on the defined regulatory network may drastically affect the properties of the bacteria and have an

Lastly, is shown as an example that by the use of a simple microbiological screen, it is possible and worthwhile to modify the metabolic potential of lactococcal strains initially unable to assimilate lactose. By inactivation of the *ccpA* gene or induction of particular genes by supplementation of the medium with cellobiose and thus activation of YebF, it is possible to turn on an alternative lactose assimilation pathway in *L. lactis* IL1403. In contrast to plasmid-located *lac*-operons, the *cel-lac* system is within the chromosome, resulting in a

stable, highly adapted strain, potentially valuable for the dairy industry.

*Institute of Biochemistry and Biochemistry, Polish Academy od Sciences, Warsaw, Poland* 

Some of the data presented were funded in part by the NCN grant UMO-2011/01/B/

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**Chapter 21**

© 2013 Zielenkiewicz et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2013 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

**Lactic Acid Bacteria in Hydrogen-Producing** 

Hydrogen is both a valuable energy carrier and a feedstock for various branches of the chemical industry. It is thought to be one of the most important energy carriers of the future, an alternative to conventional fossil fuels. Water vapor and heat energy are the sole products of hydrogen burning. Therefore, the use of hydrogen to generate energy does not contribute to ozone depletion, the greenhouse effect, climate changes or acid rains. Hydrogen is a highly efficient energy source; its specific energy equals 33 Wh/g, which is the highest among all fuels. For comparison, the specific energy of methane is 14.2 Wh/g and coal, 9.1 Wh/g. Hydrogen can be used as a fuel in hydrogen fuel cells or burn directly in internal combustion engines. In the chemical industry, hydrogen is used for syntheses of ammonia, alcohols, aldehydes, hydrogen chloride and for the hydrogenation of edible oils, heavy oils or ammonia, for removal of oxygen traces in prevention against metal oxidation and corrosion processes (Nath & Das, 2003; Logan, 2004; Antoni et al., 2007; Piela & Zelenay,

Conventional methods of hydrogen production, such as gasification of coal, steam reforming of natural gas and petroleum, and electrolysis of water, are based on fossil fuels. Therefore, these methods are regarded as energy expensive and cause environmental

Considering the limited reserves of fossil fuels, environmental pollution and global warming, there is great interest in biological methods of producing fuels, such as bio-hydrogen, biogas (methane), ethanol or diesel. Among the known biological processes leading to hydrogen production are dark fermentation, photofermentation, direct and indirect biophotolysis, as well as anaerobic respiration of sulphate-reducing bacteria under conditions of sulphate depletion. Taking under account potential applications, microbial hydrogen production has

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

pollution (Nath & Das, 2003; Logan, 2004; Nath & Das, 2004).

**Consortia: On Purpose or by Coincidence?** 

Anna Sikora, Mieczysław Błaszczyk,

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50364

**1. Introduction** 

2004).

Marcin Jurkowski and Urszula Zielenkiewicz

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Zomer, AL., Buist, G., Larsen, R., Kok, J. & Kuipers, OP. (2007). Time-resolved determination of the CcpA regulon of *Lactococcus lactis* subsp. *cremoris* MG1363. *Journal of Bacteriology*, Vol. 189, No. 4, pp. 1366-81, ISSN 0021-9193
