**Author details**

Anne Pihlanto *MTT Agrifood Finland, Biotechnology and Food Research, Jokioinen, Finland* 

### **6. References**


Handbook of functional dairy products. Functional foods and nutraceuticals series 6.0: p. 109-124.

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324 Lactic Acid Bacteria – R & D for Food, Health and Livestock Purposes

oral bioavailability of peptides.

people.

**Author details** 

Anne Pihlanto

**6. References** 

analytical techniques able to follow small amounts of the peptides or derivatives from them in complex matrices and biological fluids will allow performing these kinetic studies in model animals and humans. Similarly, advances in new disciplines such as nutrigenomic and nutrigenetic will open new ways to follow bioactivity in the organism by identifying novel and more complex biomarkers of exposure and/or of activity. There is still poor knowledge on the resistance of peptides to gastric degradation, and low bioavailability of peptides has been observed. This reinforces the need of various strategies to improve the

More emphasis has been put on the legal regulation of the health claims attached to the products. Authorities around the world have developed systematic approaches for review and assessment of scientific data. Evidence on the beneficial effects of a functional food product should be enough detailed, extensive and conclusive for the use of a health claim in the product labeling and marketing. Besides being based on generally accepted scientific evidence, the claims should be well understood by the average consumer. First, it is necessary to identify and quantify the active sequences. Antihypertensive peptides are only minor constituents in highly complex food matrices and, therefore, a monitoring of the large-scale production by hydrolytic or fermentative industrial process is mandatory. Second, extensive investigations to prove the antihypertensive effect in humans as well as the minimal dose to show this effect are necessary to fulfill the requirements of the legislation concerning functional foods. Japan was the pioneer with the Foods for Special Health Use (FOSHU) legislation in 1991. Europe adopted a joint Regulation on Nutrition and Health Claims made on Foods in 2006 being the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). At present, EFSA have concludes that the evidence is insufficient to establish a cause and effect relationship between the consumption of the tripeptides VPP and IPP and the maintenance of normal blood pressure. Bearing in mind that 'essential hypertension' consists of disparate mechanisms that ultimately lead to elevations in systemic BP, it is most probably that that products containing lactotripeptides offer a valuable option as a nonpharmacological, nutritional treatment of elevated blood pressure for some groups of

*MTT Agrifood Finland, Biotechnology and Food Research, Jokioinen, Finland* 

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**Section 5** 

**Livestock Feed** 


**Section 5** 
