**6. References**


[7] O'Keefe SJD, Ou J, Aufreiter S, O'Connor D, Sharma S, Sepulveda J, Fukuwatari T, Shibata K, Mawhinney T (2009). Products of the colonic microbiota mediate the effects of diet on colon cancer risk. Journal of Nutrition, v. 139, p. 2044–2048, 2009.

234 Lactic Acid Bacteria – R & D for Food, Health and Livestock Purposes

Certainly the future will provide an answer to that question

**Author details** 

*Araraquara, SP, Brazil* 

*Araraquara, SP, Brazil* 

*Araraquara, SP, Brazil* 

Elizeu A. Rossi

**6. References** 

102.

509-523.

Daniela Cardoso Umbelino Cavallini

Nutr Biochem. (in press).

development of biomarker. Nutr Rev. 67:509-526.

Katia Sivieri,

Raquel Bedani

Finally, from the results obtained by our research group in the studies of probiotics in relation to colon cancer, and even other diseases, it appears that these was always variability between individuals, either in clinical trials or in studies with animal models, suggesting a possible specificity of these individuals in relation to consumption of given probiotics. This leads us to wonder, if today nutrigenomics is already a reality, is it not the moment to propose studies on something like "probiogenomics" or even about self-probiotics?

*Department of Food & Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University,* 

*Department of Food & Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University,* 

*Department of Food & Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University,* 

[1] Stein K, Borowicki A, Scharlau D, Schettler A, Scheu K, Obst U, Glei M (2011). Effects of synbiotic fermentation products on primary chemoprevention in human colon cells. J

[2] Turpin W, Humblot C, Thomas M, Guyot JP (2010).Lactobacilli as multifaceted probiotics with poorly disclosed molecular mechanisms. Int J Food Microbiol. 143:87–

[3] Lyra A, Lahtinen S, Ouwehand AC. Gastrointestinal benefits of probiotics – clinical evidence. In Salminen, S.; von Wright, A.; Lahtinen, S.; Ouwehand, A., eds. Lactic acid bacteria: microbiological and functional aspects. 4th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2012. p.

[4] Pearson JR, Gill CIR. Rowland, IR (2009). Diet, fecal water, and colon cancer –

[5] Reddy BS (2000). Novel approaches to the prevention of colon cancer by nutritional

[6] Norat T, Lukanova A, Ferrari P, Riboli E (2002). Meat consumption and colorectal cancer risk: dose-response meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Int J Cancer. 98:241–256.

manipulation and chemoprevention. Cancer Epidem Biomar. 9:239–247.

*University of São Paulo, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.* 

	- [25] Owen RW, Spiegelhalder B, Bartsch H (2000). Generation of reactive oxygen species by the faecal matrix. Gut. 46:225-232.

Probiotics and Intestinal Microbiota: Implications in Colon Cancer Prevention 237

prevention of colorectal cancer? Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 301: G401–

[44] Molly K, Woestyne MV, Verstraete (1993). Development of a 5-step multichamber reactor as a Simulation of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem. Appl. Microbiol.

[45] Possemiers S, Verthé K, Uyttendaele S, Verstraete W (2004). PCR-DGGE-based quantification of stability of the microbial community in a simulator of the human

[46] Saavedra L, Taranto MP, Sesma F, Valdez GF (2003). Homemade traditional cheeses for the isolation of probiotic Enterococcus faecium strains. Int J Food Microbiol. 88:241-245. [47] Mercenier A, Pavan S, Pot B (2002). Probiotic as biotherapeutic agents: present

[49] Salminen S, Bouley C, Boutron-Ruault MC, Cummings JH, Franck A, Gibson GR (1998). Functional food science of gastrointestinal physiology and function. Br. J. Nutr.

[50] MacFarlane GT, MacFarlane S (2007). Models for intestinal fermentation: association between food components, delivery systems, biovailability and functional interactions

[51] Payne S, Gibson G, Wynne A, Hudspith B, Brostoff J, Tuohy K (2003). In vitro studies on colonization resistance of the human gut microbiota to Candida albicans and the effects of tetracycline and Lactobacillus plantarum LPK. Curr. Issues Intest. Microbiol.

[52] Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB (1995). Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota:

[53] Sivieri K, Bianchi F, Rossi EA (2011). Fermentation by gut microbiota cultured in a simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem is improved probiotic Enterococcus faecium CRL 183. Functional foods in health and disease, 10:389-402. [54] Pereira DIA, MCCartney, AL, Gibson G (2000). An in vitro study of the probiotic potential of a bile salt hydrolyzing Lactobacillus fermentum strain, and determination

[55] Rycroft CE, Jones MR, Gibson GR, Rastall RA (2001). Acomparative "in vitro" evaluation of the fermentation properties of prebiotic oligosaccharides. J. Applied

[56] Tzortzis G, Goulas AK, Gee GM, Gibson GR (2005). A Novel Galactooligosaccharide Mixture Increases the Bifidobacterial Population Numbers in a Continuous In Vitro Fermentation System and in the Proximal Colonic Contents of Pigs In Vivo. J. Nutr.

[57] McFarlane S, Furrie E, Cummings JH, McFarlane, GT (2004). Chemotaxonomic analysis of bacterial populations colonizing the rectal mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis.

[58] Minekus, M. (1995). A multi compartmental dynamic computer-controlled model simulating the stomach and small intestine. Altern. Lab. Anim. (ALTA) 23:197–209

of its cholesterol-lowering properties. Appl Environ Microbiol. 69:4743-4752

intestinal microbial ecosystem. Fems Microbiol Ecol. 49: 495–507.

knowledge and future prospects. Curr. Pharm. Design.8:99-110.

introducing the concept of prebiotics. J Nutr. 125:.1401 - 1412.

in the gut. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 18:156-162.

[48] Berg RD (1998). Probiotic, probiotics or conbiotics? Trends Microbiol. 6:89-92.

G424.

Biotechnol, 39:254–2583.

80:147S–171S

4:1-8.

Microbial. 91:878-887.

Clin Infect Dis. 38:1690-1699.

135:1726-1731.


prevention of colorectal cancer? Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 301: G401– G424.

[44] Molly K, Woestyne MV, Verstraete (1993). Development of a 5-step multichamber reactor as a Simulation of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 39:254–2583.

236 Lactic Acid Bacteria – R & D for Food, Health and Livestock Purposes

the faecal matrix. Gut. 46:225-232.

Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:6578–6583

Curr Gastroenterol Rep 11:307–313.

the host. J. Nutr. 130:1857S–1864S

disease. Gut: 47:397-403.

Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 13580–13585.

fermentation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 73:415S–20S.

human colon. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 17:133-139.

prebiotics in colon cancer. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 73:451S–455S

Carcinogenesis. 23:529-536.

Nutrition.13:476-478.

1–14.

1638

[25] Owen RW, Spiegelhalder B, Bartsch H (2000). Generation of reactive oxygen species by

[26] Huycke MM, Abrams V, Moore DR (2002). Enterococcus faecalis produces extracellular superoxide and hydrogen peroxide that damages colonic epithelial cell DNA.

[27] Montalto M, D'Onofrio F, Gallo A, Cazzato A, Gasbarrini G. Intestinal microbiota and

[28] Gibson GR, Fuller R (2000). Aspects of in vitro and in vivo research approaches directed toward identifying probiotics and prebiotics for human. J. Nutr.130:S391-S395. [29] Cummings JH, Macfarlane GT (1997). Colonic microflora: nutrition and health.

[30] Whitman W.B., Coleman D.C., Wiebe WJ (1998). Prokaryotes: the unseen majority. Proc.

[31] Frank DN, St Amand AL, Feldman RA, Boedeker EC, Harpaz N, Pace NR (2007). Molecular-phylogenetic characterization of microbial commu- nity imbalances in human inflammatory bowel diseases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 104: 13780 –13785. [32] Mason KL, Huffnagle GB, Noverr MC, Kao JY (2008). Overview of gut immunology. In: GI Microbiota and Regulation of the Immune System, edited by GB Huffnagle and MC Noverr. Austin, TX: Landes Bioscience and Springer Science�Business Media, 2008, p.

[33] Eckburg PB (2005). Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Science. 308:1635–

[34] Tsai F, Coyle WJ. (2009) The microbiome and obesity: is obesity linked to our gut flora?

[35] Metges CC (2000). Contribution of microbial amino acids to amino acid homeostasis of

[36] Cummings JH., Macfarlane GT, Englyst HN (2001). Prebiotic digestion and

[37] Pryde SE, Duncan SH, Hold G.L (2002). The microbiology of butyrate formation in the

[38] Csordas A (1996). Butyrate, aspirin and colorectal cancer. Eur. J. Cancer. Prev. 5:221-231. [39] Wollowski I, Rechkemmer G, Pool-Zobel B(2001). Protective role of probiotics and

[40] Segain JP, Raingeard de la Bletiere D, Bourreille A (2000). Butyrate inhibits inflammatory responses through NFkappaB inhibition: implications for Crohn's

[41] Jones BV, Begley M, Hill C, Gahan CG, Marchesi JR (2008). Functional and comparative metagenomic analysis of bile salt hydrolase activity in the human gut microbiome. Proc

[42] Round JL, Mazmanian SK (2009). The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune

[43] Azcárate-Peril MA, Sikes M, Bruno-Bárcena JM (2011). The intestinal microbiota, gastrointestinal environment and colorectal cancer: a putative role for probiotics in

responses during health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 9: 313–323.

its functions (2009). Digestive and Liver Disease Supplements, 3:30-34.

	- [59] Souliman, S. (2007) Investigation of the biopharmaceutical behavior of theophylline hydrophilic matrix tablets using USP methods and an artificial digestive system. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 33, 475–483.

Probiotics and Intestinal Microbiota: Implications in Colon Cancer Prevention 239

[76] Norat T, Lukanova A, Ferrari P, Riboli E (2002). Meat consumption and colorectal cancer risk: dose-response meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Int. J. Cancer.

[77] Iannitti T, Palmieri B (2010). Therapeutical Use of Probiotic Formulations in Clinical

[78] Shahani KM, Ayebo AD (1980). Role of dietary lactobacilli in gastrointestinal

[79] Savard P, Lamarche B, Paradis M.E, Thiboutot H, Laurin E, Roy D (2011). Impact of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 and, Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 containing yoghurt, on fecal bacterial counts of healthy adults. Int. j. food microbiol.

[80] Bartram HP, Scheppach W, Gerlach S. (1994). Does yoghurt enriched with Bifidobacterium longum affect colonic microbiology and fecal metabolites. Am. J. Clin.

[81] Kopp-Hoolihan L (2001). Prophylactic and therapeutic uses of probiotics: a review. J.

[82] Wollowski I, Rechkemmer G, Pool-Zobel B(2002). Protective role of probiotics and

[83] Zampa A, Silvi S, Fabiani R, (2004). Effects of different digestible carbohydrates on bile acid metabolism and SCFA production by human gut micro-flora grown in an in vitro

[84] Scharlau D, Borowicki A, Habermann N, Hofmann T, Klenow S, Miene C (2009). Mechanisms of primary cancer prevention by butyrate and other products formed

[86] Knasmuller S, Steinkellner H, Hirschl AM. Impact of bacteria in dairy products and of the intestinal microflora on the genotoxic and carcinogenic effects of heterocyclic

[87] Tannock GW, Munro K, Harmsen HJM (2000). Analysis of the fecal microflora of human subjects consuming a probiotic product containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus

[88] Nowak A, Libudzisz Z (2009). Ability of Probiotic Lactobacillus casei DN 114001 to Bind or/and Metabolise Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines In Vitro. Eur. J. nutr. 48:419–427. [89] Zsivkovits M, Fekadu K, Sontag G, Nabinger U, Huber W.W, Kundi M, Chakraborty A, Foissy H, Kasmuller S (2003). Prevention of heterocyclic amine-induced DNA damage in colon and liver of rats by different Lactobacillus strains. Carcinogenesis. 24:1913-

[90] Bolognani F, Rumney C.J, Rowland I.R (1997). Influence of carcinogen binding by lactic acid producing bacteria on tissue distribution and in vivo mutagenicity of dietary

during gut flora-mediated fermentation of dietary fibre. Mutat. Res. 682:39-53. [85] Sengupta S, Muir JG, Gibson PR (2006). Does butyrate protect from colorectal cancer? J

prebiotics in colon cancer. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 73:451S–455S

semi-continuous culture. Anaerobe. 10:19-26.

aromatic amines. Mutat Res 2001;480:129-138.

DR20. Appl Environ Microbiol. 66:2578-2588.

carcinogens. Food Chem. Toxicol. 35: 535-545.

98:241–256.

149:50-57.

1918.

Nutr. 59:428-432.

Am. Diet. Assoc.101:229-241.

Gastroenterol Hepatol; 21:209–18.

Practice. Clin. nutr. 29:701-725.

microecology.Am J Clin Nutr. 33:2448-57.


[76] Norat T, Lukanova A, Ferrari P, Riboli E (2002). Meat consumption and colorectal cancer risk: dose-response meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Int. J. Cancer. 98:241–256.

238 Lactic Acid Bacteria – R & D for Food, Health and Livestock Purposes

Dev. Ind. Pharm. 33, 475–483.

Dig. Liver. Dis. 38: 242 S-247 S.

Gastroenterol. 14:6453-6457.

Microbiology 300:57-62.

859.

[59] Souliman, S. (2007) Investigation of the biopharmaceutical behavior of theophylline hydrophilic matrix tablets using USP methods and an artificial digestive system. Drug

[60] Payne A N , Zihler A, Chassard C, Lacroix C (2012). Advances and perspectives in in

[61] Guiemonde M, Salminen S (2006). New methods for selecting and evaluating probiotics.

[62] Rafter J (2003). Probiotics and colon cancer. Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol. 17:849-

[63] Fotiadis C, Stoidis CN, Spyropoulos BG, Zografos ED (2008). Role of Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics in Chemoprevention for Colorectal Cancer. World J.

[64] Oelschlaeger T (2010). Mechanisms of probiotic actions. International Journal of Medical

[65] Goldin BR, Gorbach SL (1984). Alterations of the intestinal microflora by diet, oral antibiotics and Lactobacillus: decreased production of free amines from aromatic nitro

[66] Spanhaak S, Havenaar R, Schaafsma G (1998). The effect of consumption of milk fermented by Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota on the intestinal microflora and immune

[67] Haberer P, Toit M, Dicks LMT (2003). Effect of potentially probiotic lactobacilli on faecal enzyme activity in minipigs on high-fat, high-cholesterol diet – a preliminary in vivo

[68] Lidbeck A, Nord CE, Gustafsson JA, Rafter J (1992). Lactobacilli, anticarcinogenic

[69] Ling WH, Hänninen O, Mykkänen H, Heikure M (1992). Colonization and fecal enzyme activities after oral Lactobacillus GG administration in eldery nursing home residents.

[70] Mital BK, Garg SK (1995). Anticarcinogenic, hypocholesterolemic, and antagonistic

[71] Burns AJ, Rowland I (2000). Anti-Carcinogenicity of Probiotics and Prebiotics. Curr.

[72] Foulquié Moreno MR, Sarantinopoulos P, Tsakalidou E, De Vuyst L (2006). The role and application of enterococci in food and health. Intern J Food Microbiol. 106:1-24. [73] Benno Y, Mitsuoka T (1992). Impact of Bifidobacterium on human fecal microflora.

[74] Marteau P, Pochart P, Flourié B, Pellier P, Santos L, Desjeux JF, Rambaud JC (1990). Effect of Chronic Ingestion of a Fermented Dairy Product Containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum on Metabolic Activities of the Colonic Flora in

[75] Reddy BS (2000). Novel approaches to the prevention of colon cancer by nutritional manipulation and chemoprevention. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 9:239–247.

compounds, azo dyes and glucuronides. J. Natl. Cancer. Inst. 73:689-695.

activities and human intestinal microflora. Eur. J. Cancer. Prev. 1:341-353.

activities of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 21:175-214.

parameters in humans. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 52:899-907.

trial. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 87:287-291.

Ann. Nutr. Metab. 36:162-166.

Issues Intest. Microbiol. 1: 13-24.

Microbiol. Immunol. 36:683-694.

Humans. Am J. Clin. Nutr. 52:685-688.

vitro human gut fermentation modeling. Trends Biotechnol. 30:17–25


[91] Rowland I, Rumney C, Counts J, (1998). Effects of Bifidobacterium longum and inulin on gut bacterial metabolism and carcinogen induced aberrant crypt foci in rats. Carcinogenesis.19:281-285.

Probiotics and Intestinal Microbiota: Implications in Colon Cancer Prevention 241

[107] Takeuchi H, Maehara Y, Tokunaga E (2001). Prognostic significance of natural killer cell activity in patients with gastric carcinoma: a multivariate analysis. Am. J.

[108] Matsuazaki T, Chin J (2000). Modulating immune responses with probiotic bacteria.

[109] Nagao F, Nakayama M, Muto T (2000). Effects of a fermented milk drink containing Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota on the immune system in healthy human subjects.

[110] Gill HS, Rutherford KJ, Cross ML (2001). Enhancement of immunity in the elderly by dietary supplementation with the probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis HN019. Am J Clin

[111] Takagi A, Matsuzaki T, Sato M (2001). Enhancement of natural killer cell cytotoxicity delayed murine caecinogenesis by a probiotic microorganism. Carcinogenesis;22:599-

[112] Berman SH, Eichelsdoerfer P, Yim D (2006). Daily ingestion of a nutritional probiotic supplement enhances innate immune function in healthy adults. Nutr. Res.26:454-459. [113] Matsuzaki, T (1998). Immunomodulation by treatment with Lactobacillus casei strain

[114] Sekine K, Kawashima T, Hashimoto Y (1994). Comparison of the TNF-α levels induced by human-derived Bifidobacterium longum and rat-derived Bifidobacterium animalis

[115] Takeda K, Suzuki T, Shimada SI, Shida K, Nanno M, Okumura K (2006). Interleukin-12 is involved in the enhancement of human natural killer cell activity by Lactobacillus

[116] Oelschlaeger T (2010) Mechanisms of probiotic actions. International Journal of

[117] Franz CMAP, Huch M, Abriouel H, Holzapfel W, Gálvez A (2011). Enterococci as probiotics and their implications in food safety. Intern. J. Food. Microbiol. 151:125-140. [118] Foulquié-Moreno MR, Sarantinopoulos P, Tsakalidou E, De Vuyst L (2006). The role and application of enterococci in food and health. Int. J. Food Microbiol.106:1–24. [119] AGÊNCIA NACIONAL DE VIGILÂNCIA SANITÁRIA. Alimentos com alegações de propriedades funcionais e ou de saúde, novos alimentos/ingredientes, substâncias bioativas e probióticos. Disponível em: http://www.anvisa.gov. br/alimentos/

[120] Gardiner GE, Ross RP, Wallace JM, Scanlan FD, Jägers PPJM, Fitzgerald GF, Collins K, Stanton C (1999). Influence of a Probiotic Adjunct Culture of Enterococcus faecium on

[121] Saavedra JM (2001). Clinical application of probiotic agents. Am. J Clin. Nutr.

[122] Bedani R, Pauly-Silveira, ND, Roselino, MN, Valdez GF, Rossi EA. Effect of fermented soy product on the fecal microbiota of rats fed on a beef-based animal diet (2010). J Sci

Gastroenterol. 96:574-578.

Nutr 74:833-839.

605.

Immunol. Cell Biol. 78:67-73.

Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 64:2706-2708.

Shirota. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 16:133–140.

in mouse peritoneal cells. Microflora;39:79-89.

casei Shirota. Clin. exp.immunol. 146:109–115.

comissoes/tecno\_lista\_alega.htm. Acesso em: 01 abr. 2012.

the Quality of Cheddar Cheese. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47:4907-4916.

Medical Microbiology 300:57-62.

73:1147S-1151S.

Food Agric. 90:233–238.


[107] Takeuchi H, Maehara Y, Tokunaga E (2001). Prognostic significance of natural killer cell activity in patients with gastric carcinoma: a multivariate analysis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 96:574-578.

240 Lactic Acid Bacteria – R & D for Food, Health and Livestock Purposes

Male Wistar Rats. Appl. biochem. biotechnol 166:620–631.

the host immune system. J Nutr. 137:781S-790S.

the gut Clin Chim Acta 2006;364:1-11.

inhibition.Gatroenterology.127:1474-1487.

and peripheral sites by probiotics. Biologia 61:735-740.

Carcinogenesis.19:281-285.

Microbiology 300:57-62.

723.

126:520-528.

323:86-89.

Res. 53:636-640.

[91] Rowland I, Rumney C, Counts J, (1998). Effects of Bifidobacterium longum and inulin on gut bacterial metabolism and carcinogen induced aberrant crypt foci in rats.

[92] Goldin B, Gualtieri L, Moore R (1996). The effect of Lactobacillus GG on the initiation and promotion of DMH induced intestinal tumours in the rat. Nut. Cancer 25:197-204. [93] Kumar RS, Kanmani P, Yuvaraj N, Paari KA, Pattukumar V, Thirunavukkarasu C, Arul V (2012). Lactobacillus plantarum AS1 Isolated from South Indian Fermented Food Kallappam Suppress 1,2-Dimethyl Hydrazine (DMH)-Induced Colorectal Cancer in

[94] Gallaher DD, Stallings WH, Blessing LL, Busta FF, Brady LJ (1996). Probiotics cecal

[95] Saad SMI, Bedani R, Mamizuka EM. Benefícios à saúde dos probióticos e prebióticos. In: Saad, S.M.I.; Cruz, A.G.; Faria, J.A.F. eds. Probióticos e prebióticos em alimentos:

[97] Corthésy B, Gaskins HR, Mercenier A (2007). Cross-talk between probiotic bacteria and

[98] Britti MS, Roselli M, Finamore A (2006). Regulation of immune response at intestinal

[99] Neuhaus FC, Baddiley J (2003). A continuum of anionic charge: structures and functions of d-alanyl-teichoic acids in gram-positive bacteria. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 67:686-

[100] Chow JC, Young DW, Golenbock DT (1999). Toll-like Receptor-4 Mediates Lipopolysaccharide-induced Signal Transduction. J. Biol. Chem. 274:10689-10692. [101] Rachmilwitz D, Katakura K, Karmeli F, Hayashi T, Reinus C, Rudensky B, Akira S, Takeda K, Lee J, Takabayashi K, Raz E (2004). Toll like receptor 9 signaling mediates the antiinflammatory effects probiotics in murine experimental colitis. Gastroenterology,

[102] Watson JL, Mckay DM. The immunophysiological impact of bacterial CpG DNA on

[103] Veckman, V, Miettinen, M, Siren, J, (2004). Streptococcus pyogenes and Lactobacillus rhamnosus differentially induce maturation and production of Th1-type cytokins and chemokines in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J. Leukoc. Biol.75:764-771. [104] Petroff EO, Kojima K, Ropeleski MJ (2004). Probiotics inhibit nuclear factor-κB and induce heat shock proteins in colonic epithelial cells through proteasome

[105] Philip R, Epstein I(1986). Tumour necrosis factor as immunomodulator and mediator of monocyte citotoxicity induced by itself, -interferon and interleukin-1. Nature.

[106] Raitano A, Kore M (1993). Growth inhibition of a human colorectal carcinoma cell line by interleukin-1 associated with enhanced expression of -interferon receptors. Cancer

fundamentos e aplicações tecnológicas. São Paulo: Livraria Varela, 2011.p.51-84. [96] Oelschlaeger T (2010) Mechanisms of probiotic actions. International Journal of Medical

microflora, and aberrant crypts in the rat colon. J. Nutr. 126: 1362-1371.

	- [123] Sivieri K, SpinardI-Barbisan ALT, Barbisan LF, Bedani R, Pauly ND, Carlos IZ, Benzatti F, Vendramini RC, Rossi EA (2008). Probiotic Enterococcus faecium CRL 183 inhibit chemically induced colon cancer in male Wistar rats. Eur Food Res Technol. 228:231-237.

**Chapter 10** 

© 2013 Kılıç, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

© 2013 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

For centuries, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been used for the preservation of food for human consumption. LAB are a large group of fermentative, anaerobe facultative, aerotolerant microorganisms which are usually present in the gut of humans and other animals, raw vegetables, meat and meat products, and cereals (Carr et al., 2002). In animals, their numbers may vary with the species, the age of the host, or the location within the gut (De Vries et al., 2006). In the food industry, lactic acid bacterial strains are widely employed either as starter cultures or as non-starter lactic acid bacteria. Furthermore, owing to their probiotic properties, several LAB strains are used as adjunctive cultures in foods and feed

The term "probiotic" originated from the Greek word "probios" meaning "for life" (as opposed to "antibiotic," which means "against life") (Longdet et al., 2011). Probiotics are microbial food supplements which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer health benefits to consumers by maintaining or improving their intestinal microbial flora (Salminen et al., 1998; Reid et al., 2003). The US Food and Drug Administration uses other terms for live microbes for regulatory purposes (Sanders, 2008); live microbes used in animal feeds are called "direct-fed microbials" (FDA, 1995), and, when intended for use as human drugs, they are classied as "live biotherapeutics" (Vaillancourt, 2006). Probiotics are mainly members of the genera *Lactobacillus* and *Bifidobacterium* and are normal residents of the

The research of novel probiotic strains is important in order to satisfy the increasing request of the market and to obtain functional products in which the probiotic cultures are more active and with better probiotic characteristics than those already present on the market (Verdenelli, et al., 2009). According to a recent market research report 'Probiotics Market (2009-2014)', the global probiotics market generated US \$15.9 billion in 2008 and is expected to be worth US \$ 32.6 billion by 2014 with a compound annual growth rate of 12.6 percent

**Highlights in Probiotic Research** 

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Gülden Başyiğit Kılıç

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50004

(Sanders, 2000; Leroy & de Vuyst, 2004).

from 2009 to 2014 (FB 1046, 2009).

complex ecosystem of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of humans.

**1. Introduction** 

