**Author details**

Shirin Tarahomjoo

*Department of Biotechnology, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran Food Industries and Biotechnology Research Center, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran* 

### **5. References**


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448 Lactic Acid Bacteria – R & D for Food, Health and Livestock Purposes

adverse gastric conditions.

**4. Conclusion** 

therefore necessary.

**Author details** 

Shirin Tarahomjoo

**5. References** 

2497-2506.

*Iran* 

the starch granules with the aid of CphI-SbD (the aggregation of bacteria with the starch granules) enhanced the protective effect of starch, and the survival percentage was increased to 10.8%. The effect of the amylose coating on the survival of CphI-SbD displaying bacteria was comparable to that of the free cells (6.6 and 7.2% respectively), and the observed difference was not statistically significant. Incorporation of the fusion protein in the protective system composed of the starch and amylose resulted in a 27.6% increase in the cell survival percentage, which showed that the simultaneous application of two protective strategies (the aggregation of bacteria with starch and the amylose coating) resulted in the highest cell survival percentage (63.9%). In conclusion, in this study we showed the potential usefulness of the cell surface display technology for protection of cells under

Surface display is an attractive technology that can be used to confer new functions to LAB. The effectiveness of these systems depends on the appropriate selection of several factors including the anchoring domains, secretion signals, and host strains. Moreover, a proper strategy for the fusion of anchoring domains to target proteins should be determined to protect the functionality of target proteins. So far, a limited number of surface display systems have been developed. The characterization of anchoring, secretion, and regulatory signals from genome sequences can expand the surface display systems. The low transformation efficiency of LAB is a major obstacle for the construction of surface display systems and the establishment of efficient transformation protocols is

*Department of Biotechnology, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran* 

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**Chapter 19** 

© 2013 Takahashi, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2013 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

**Lactic Acid Bacteria and Mitigation** 

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Junichi Takahashi

**1. Introduction** 

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50358

**of GHG Emission from Ruminant Livestock** 

The gases which bring greenhouse effect are water vapor and trace gases in atmosphere, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs). Global warming due to increases in the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG) is an important issue. The worldwide trends of carbon dioxide have shown an increase in the greenhouse effect on global warming (Houghton, 1994). However, CH4 is an important greenhouse gas second only to CO2 in its contribution to global warming due to its high absorption ability of infrared in the radiation from sun (IPCC, 1994). The world population of ruminants is important source of methane, contributing approximately 15-18% of the total atmospheric CH4 flux. The control of CH4 emission is a logical option since atmospheric CH4 concentration is increasing at a faster rate than carbon dioxide (Moss, 1993). CH4 emitted from ruminants is mainly generated in the rumen by hydrogenotrophic methanogens that utilize hydrogen to reduce carbon dioxide, and is a significant electron sink in the rumen ecosystem (Klieve and Hegarty, 1999), although acetotrophic methanogens may play a limited role for rumen methanogenesis (McAllister, 1996). Methane contains 892.6 kJ combustible energy per molecule at 25ºC and 1013hPa, while not contributing to the total supply of metabolic energy to ruminants (Takahashi *et al*., 1997). As reported by Leng (1991), methane production from ruminants in the developing countries may be high since the diets are often deficient in critical nutrients for efficient microbial growth in the rumen. So far, a number of inhibitors of methanogenesis have been developed to improve feed conversion efficiency of ruminant feeds claimed to be effective in suppressing methanogens or overall bacterial activities (Chalupa, 1984). Attempts to reduce methanogenesis by the supplementation of chemicals such as ionophores (monensin and lasalocid), have long been made (Chalupa, 1984; Hopgood and Walker, 1967). However, these ionophores may depress

