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**Chapter 11** 

© 2013 Yuan et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2013 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

**Dose Effects of LAB on Modulation of** 

Lijuan Yuan, Ke Wen, Fangning Liu and Guohua Li

suppression and unleash effector T cell activation (Rowe et al., 2012).

immunostimulatory (adjuvants) versus immunoregulatory agents.

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50379

**1. Introduction** 

**Rotavirus Vaccine Induced Immune Responses** 

Probiotics can influence both mucosal and systemic immune responses and function as adjuvants by promoting proinflammatory cytokine production, enhancing both humoral and cellular immune responses. Adjuvant effects of several probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB), mostly *Lactobacillus* strains, including *L. rhamnosus* GG, *L. acidophilus* NCFM, *L. acidophilus* CRL431, *L. acidophilus* La-14, *L. fermentum* CECT5716, *L. casei* DN-114 001, and *Bifidobacterium lactis* Bl-04 have been reported in studies of influenza, polio, rotavirus and cholera vaccines and rotavirus and Salmonella typhi Ty21a infections (Boge et al., 2009; Davidson et al., 2011; Isolauri et al., 1995; Kaila et al., 1992; Mohamadzadeh et al., 2008; Olivares et al., 2007; Paineau et al., 2008; Winkler et al., 2005; Zhang et al., 2008b). The word adjuvant in the phrase "probiotic adjuvant" is not used in its traditional definition in which adjuvant implies a substance included in the vaccine formulation to aid the immune response to the vaccine antigen. Instead, probiotic adjuvants enhance the immunogenicity of vaccines when orally administered repeatedly around the time of vaccination and separately from the vaccine. By skewing the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory innate immune responses and T helper (Th) 1 and regulatory T (Treg) cell adaptive immune responses in the context of vaccination, probiotic adjuvants act as "signal zero" to reduce Treg cell

Although the strain-specific effects of LAB in up- or down-regulating inflammatory immune responses have been well recognized, dose effects of probiotics on innate and adaptive immune responses are not clearly understood. The same *Lactobacillus* strain is oftentimes reported by different research groups to have opposite immune modulating effects. We hypothesized that the dose effect is at least one of the reasons for the conflicting reports. Understanding dose effects of probiotics has significant implications in their use as

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