**8. References**

52 Textile Dyeing

The present paper has described the results of dyeing behaviour for plasma treated nylon, polyester and cotton fabrics. Mainly air, nitrogen and oxygen gases were used together with vapours of acrylic acid in a low pressure atmosphere. There is substantial enhancement in the dye uptake of nylon fabrics. This result is similar to the observation when plasma processing is done in APGD. In case of polyester and cotton, however, the enhancement in the dye is not substantial. Rather the type of dye (acid, disperse or natural) played an

The survey of literature as well our own work regarding the effect of plasma on dyeing behaviour shows that whereas there is always enhancement in the dye uptake of wool fibers, it is not necessarily so for polyester, cotton and other fibers. Although etching of surface, creation of voids and formation of C=O, COOH, OH groups occurs to facilitate higher dye uptake, there exist competing processes of increased crystallinity and crosslinking on the surface which may not allow the diffusion of the dye molecules. Therefore the selection of the fibre, nature of gas, process time and the type of dye all play a major role. Thus clear understanding of plasma process is of utmost importance to utilize the technology on the industrial scale. Further the type of plasma i.e plasma produced by different power sources like A.C., D.C., low pressure, atmospheric pressure gives more or less similar results as far as dyeing property is concerned, although morphology and

It is necessary to standardize experiments with reference to several process parameters such as pressure, flow rates, power etc for each type of fabrics. Further the type and structure of dye molecule should also be considered. Surface analysis in terms of morphology, radical formation, bond formation and its lifetime need to be understood. This understanding may help in deciding about the importance of plasma process if enhanced dye uptake is the aim.

Fig. 8. Dye uptake of DC plasma treated polyester fabric

**5. Conclusions** 

important role.

structural differences are observed.

**6. Scope for future work** 


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**4** 

 *Croatia* 

**From Murex Purpura to** 

**Sensory Photochromic Textiles** 

*University of Zagreb/Faculty of Textile Technology,* 

Vedran Durasevic, Durdica Parac Osterman and Ana Sutlovic

Throughout history the function and the original role of the textile changed very little. One could only think of only few generations of textiles that would bear significant differences when compared one to another. Textiles were to provide the necessary shielding against climatic conditions and only later on in history the shear design of it became more importance. Nowadays, textile engineers and technologists like to think there is a new generation of textiles emerging. This thinking is supported by new functionalities being added onto textiles in the last few several decades. For this to happen, it was necessary to combine state of the art electronics and newly synthesized organic molecules which would bring the functionality of the textile to another level. Scientists of various research branches working together, looking at issues and solving problems applying multisciplinary approaches was the right angle of looking at things. Results of this can be seen daily, as textiles are emerging into a new era in which "know how" and "state of the art" have to be combined to give products of highly added values. Producing "highly added value" products can give the leverage to companies of the western world in an ongoing "battle"

Although, the way to commercialization of many of the ideas of how to upgrade the functionalities of the textile is long, the results may be far greater than the challenges encountered. Often, the answer on how to do it lies in using technologies and knowledge that have been around for centuries. Therefore, this paper will deal with the phenomenon of photochromics, which has first been noticed in 19th century and so far not exploited nearly enough within the realm of textiles (Hepworth et al., 1999). It will cover the historical overview, division of photochromic systems and their synthesis, principals and triggering mechanisms, various fastness property issues and applicability to fibres of different origin (Shuiping et al., 2010). Application methods and state of the art shall be described thoroughly, providing scientific and technological achievements from the relevant literature

Group of authors addresses the combination of photochromism phenomenon and textile in general as newly derived system, bearing all the qualities of a sensory material. Within it, molecule of photochromic dye may be observed as "smart", as it is triggered by a specific and quantifiable physical value. Properly applied, this "smart dye" and adequate textile fibre form a textile sensor capable of sensing and reacting to a particular impulse in a

against massively produced, low quality textiles of mainly eastern origin.

references (Durr & Bouas-Laurent, 1990).

predictable manner (Czarnik, 1995; Van Langehove, 2007).

**1. Introduction** 

