**4. Ion beam modification of polypropylene fabrics**

The main goal of this work was examination of structural and compositional changes in the polypropylene (PP) fabrics caused by ion irradiation. In this work, the PP fabric has been irradiated with CO2 ions. The implantation conditions (i.e, exposure time, beam current, and discharge power) were changed to control the extent of surface modification. And the effects of irradiation were studied using different instruments. Also dye ability of the untreated sample and treated under different conditions were investigated by using a 3% wt aqueous solution of a basic dyestuff. The obtained data show that, ion beam processing of PP fabrics allows an adjustable modification of their surface properties. The functional groups on the surface of samples were examined using FTIR spectrometer. Moreover, dyeing properties for treated fabrics have been tested. Significant increase in color strength has been achieved. Morphology of samples was examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The PP fabric was mounted on a sample holder and placed inside a vacuum system Fig 10. Carbon dioxide ion beams at energies of 1 and 2 keV were implanted, using an Ion Beam Sputtering system with Kauffman Ion Source, at the Plasma Physics Research Center (Tehran, Iran). Vacuum chamber was evacuated to the base pressure of 9 10-3 torr using rotary pump, and then to pressure of 10-5 torr using turbo pump. After filling the chamber with 10-2 torr of

Effect of Plasma on Dyeability of Fabrics 339

properties unchanged. In this work, plasma was produced by DC glow discharge in a cylindrical glass tube evacuated up to 10-3 torr by mechanical pumps. The surface characterization was performed using XRD, FTIR and SEM imaging, so allowing the selection of treatment parameters for reproducible, efficient and stable surface modification. The absorption time were utilized to analyze the result of the treated samples. The changes in these properties are belived to be related closely to the inter-fiber/ inter-yarn frictional force induced by LTP treatment. For sample preparation, size residue and contamination on the fabrics were removed by conventional scouring processes, which the fabrics were washed with 0.5 gl-1 sodium carbonate and 0.5 gl-1 anionic detergent solution (dilution ratio to water =1:10) at 800C for 80 min and then washing was conducted twice with distilled water at 800C for 20 min and once at ambient temperature for 10 min. The DC magnetron sputtering reactor has been used to treat the wool fabrics, and non-polymerizing reactive gases, such as O2, N2 and Ar were used to modify the wool surface. In the reaction chamber, a sheet of wool fabric was placed on the anode or cathode. Details of samples are shown in Table 1. Before the process started air and old gases had to be pumped out by the vacuum pump, thus almost a vacuum level was created in the reaction chamber. Afterwards, plasma gas was introduced into the reaction chamber. Discharge voltage was 500V, discharge current was 200 mA and the inter-electrode distance was 35 mm. The pressure remained at

0.02 Torr for the entire glow-discharge period.

Table 1. Description of samples.

anti felt.

**Sample Description** 

No1 Sample was placed on the cathode. Ar gas was used for 7 min No2 Sample was placed on the cathode. O2 gas was used for 7 min No3 Sample was placed on the Anode. O2 gas was used for 7 min No4 Sample was placed on the Anode. N2 gas was used for 7 min

The SEM analysis of surface morphology reveals slight changes which occur on the surface of wool fibers as a result of plasma modification. The rising parameters of LTP treatment (time and power) lead to a slight increase in these changes causing a rounding of scales, microcracks, recesses and tiny grooves, all caused by the etching of the material . SEM micrographs of wool fibers after plasma modification are shown in figure 11. As it can be seen in Figure 11, the scale of samples which were put on the cathode was destroyed more than other samples. It showed that by putting samples on the cathode the rate of etching is increased and it can help to anti felting of wool fibers. For N2 and O2 plasma treatment, that, samples that were put on the anode, minimal damage occurs to the scale structure as a result of the glow discharge treatment. The most important effect of LTP treatment of wool is the change in the character of the wool fiber surface from hydrophobic to hydrophilic and

For dyeing process, aqueous solutions, containing 3.0 wt. % of the acid dye were employed for dyeing wool fabrics. The bath ratio was 1:100 (1 g of fiber in 100 ml of dye solution). The following dyeing condition was adopted: Initial temperature 40 0C, followed by a temperature increase of 3 oCmin-1 up to 80 oC, holding for 30 min at 80 oC. 5 g/lit of acetic acid for pH adjustment, were added for anionic dyeing processes. After dyeing, the fabrics were rinsed with cold-hot-cold water and then dried at room temperature. As it can be seen in Figures 12, the reflection factor of dyed LTP treated samples was less than dyed untreated

working gas (CO2), the filament, discharge, accelerator and focusing system were generated , respectively. The ions were produced via a multi-step process: that is, ions are initially formed by stripping electrons from source atoms in plasma. The beam of ions is then accelerated using a potential gradient column. A series of electrostatic lens elements shapes the resulting ion beam and scans it over an area in a work chamber containing the samples to be treated. One side of samples was treated for duration of 3 minutes. The dosage of 1 1011 ions/cm2 was used, and the implantation was done with different beam current below 1mA to avoid excessive heating and thermal degradation.

Fig. 10. Schematic view of Ion Implantation set up.

In this research work, the dye-ability of polypropylene fabrics is improved by using ion implantation treatment. The cationic dye-ability of treated PP fabrics by creating OH and C=O groups on the surface of the fabrics increases noticeably. So we can dyes PP-Ion implanted samples with cationic dyes easily. And we can have new usage of PP fabrics as textile garments. The present examples show that ion implantation technology performed under reduced pressure, leads to variety to processes to modify fiber or textile materials to fulfill additional highly desirable requirements. However it should be mentioned that, the dye ability of PP fabrics using electron beam can be improved significantly in same dosage of energetic particles. Ion implantation is promising for the compatibilization of PP fiber and matrix with various compound in blends and production of multilayered composites for versatile applications such as laminates and supported compound. (Payamara et al, 2008)

### **5. Study of surface modification of wool fabrics using low temperature plasma**

Owing to the selective modification of wool surface, LTP leads to the formation of new surface groups. Plasma treatment of wool is confined to the fabric surface, leaving the bulk

working gas (CO2), the filament, discharge, accelerator and focusing system were generated , respectively. The ions were produced via a multi-step process: that is, ions are initially formed by stripping electrons from source atoms in plasma. The beam of ions is then accelerated using a potential gradient column. A series of electrostatic lens elements shapes the resulting ion beam and scans it over an area in a work chamber containing the samples to be treated. One side of samples was treated for duration of 3 minutes. The dosage of 1 1011 ions/cm2 was used, and the implantation was done with different beam current below

In this research work, the dye-ability of polypropylene fabrics is improved by using ion implantation treatment. The cationic dye-ability of treated PP fabrics by creating OH and C=O groups on the surface of the fabrics increases noticeably. So we can dyes PP-Ion implanted samples with cationic dyes easily. And we can have new usage of PP fabrics as textile garments. The present examples show that ion implantation technology performed under reduced pressure, leads to variety to processes to modify fiber or textile materials to fulfill additional highly desirable requirements. However it should be mentioned that, the dye ability of PP fabrics using electron beam can be improved significantly in same dosage of energetic particles. Ion implantation is promising for the compatibilization of PP fiber and matrix with various compound in blends and production of multilayered composites for versatile applications such as laminates and supported compound. (Payamara et al, 2008)

**5. Study of surface modification of wool fabrics using low temperature** 

Owing to the selective modification of wool surface, LTP leads to the formation of new surface groups. Plasma treatment of wool is confined to the fabric surface, leaving the bulk

1mA to avoid excessive heating and thermal degradation.

Fig. 10. Schematic view of Ion Implantation set up.

**plasma** 

properties unchanged. In this work, plasma was produced by DC glow discharge in a cylindrical glass tube evacuated up to 10-3 torr by mechanical pumps. The surface characterization was performed using XRD, FTIR and SEM imaging, so allowing the selection of treatment parameters for reproducible, efficient and stable surface modification. The absorption time were utilized to analyze the result of the treated samples. The changes in these properties are belived to be related closely to the inter-fiber/ inter-yarn frictional force induced by LTP treatment. For sample preparation, size residue and contamination on the fabrics were removed by conventional scouring processes, which the fabrics were washed with 0.5 gl-1 sodium carbonate and 0.5 gl-1 anionic detergent solution (dilution ratio to water =1:10) at 800C for 80 min and then washing was conducted twice with distilled water at 800C for 20 min and once at ambient temperature for 10 min. The DC magnetron sputtering reactor has been used to treat the wool fabrics, and non-polymerizing reactive gases, such as O2, N2 and Ar were used to modify the wool surface. In the reaction chamber, a sheet of wool fabric was placed on the anode or cathode. Details of samples are shown in Table 1. Before the process started air and old gases had to be pumped out by the vacuum

pump, thus almost a vacuum level was created in the reaction chamber. Afterwards, plasma gas was introduced into the reaction chamber. Discharge voltage was 500V, discharge current was 200 mA and the inter-electrode distance was 35 mm. The pressure remained at 0.02 Torr for the entire glow-discharge period.


Table 1. Description of samples.

The SEM analysis of surface morphology reveals slight changes which occur on the surface of wool fibers as a result of plasma modification. The rising parameters of LTP treatment (time and power) lead to a slight increase in these changes causing a rounding of scales, microcracks, recesses and tiny grooves, all caused by the etching of the material . SEM micrographs of wool fibers after plasma modification are shown in figure 11. As it can be seen in Figure 11, the scale of samples which were put on the cathode was destroyed more than other samples. It showed that by putting samples on the cathode the rate of etching is increased and it can help to anti felting of wool fibers. For N2 and O2 plasma treatment, that, samples that were put on the anode, minimal damage occurs to the scale structure as a result of the glow discharge treatment. The most important effect of LTP treatment of wool is the change in the character of the wool fiber surface from hydrophobic to hydrophilic and anti felt.

For dyeing process, aqueous solutions, containing 3.0 wt. % of the acid dye were employed for dyeing wool fabrics. The bath ratio was 1:100 (1 g of fiber in 100 ml of dye solution). The following dyeing condition was adopted: Initial temperature 40 0C, followed by a temperature increase of 3 oCmin-1 up to 80 oC, holding for 30 min at 80 oC. 5 g/lit of acetic acid for pH adjustment, were added for anionic dyeing processes. After dyeing, the fabrics were rinsed with cold-hot-cold water and then dried at room temperature. As it can be seen in Figures 12, the reflection factor of dyed LTP treated samples was less than dyed untreated

Effect of Plasma on Dyeability of Fabrics 341

The quality of water repellency of the samples were evaluated by water drop test in which drops of controlled size were placed at a constant rate upon the fabric surface and the duration of the time required for them to penetrate to the fabrics have been measured. The results are shown in Table 2 in which the absorption times have been recorded for different treated and original samples. As seen after LTP treatment the water absorption time is much

> **Sample Absorption time**  Untreated 20 min No1 5 sec No2 1 sec No3 2 sec No4 3 sec

In this research work, the surface of wool samples were changed both physically and chemically by using LTP treatment. The situation of wool samples in LTP reactor is very important factor. By putting samples on the cathode and using oxygen as a working gas, the

In this paper, the effect of plasma sputtering treatment on the natural dyeing properties of wool and the possibility of substituting it for mordant treatment have been studied. Madder and weld as natural dyes and copper sulfate (CuSO4) as a metal mordant have been used. Also, copper as the electrode material, in a DC magnetron plasma sputtering device was used. The color strength of samples was analyzed using a reflective spectrophotometer and washing and light fastnesses were investigated according to I.S.O. standard recommendations. The results show that, the color strength and fastness of dyed wool

wet ability and dye ability of wool samples were increased (Shahidi et al, 2010)

**6. Influence of plasma sputtering treatment on natural dyeing and** 

Fig. 12. Reflection spectroscopy of untreated and treated samples.

decreased. However this time is very low for O2 –cathode LTP treatment.

Table 2. Absorption time of treated and untreated samples

**antibacterial activity of wool fabrics** 

sample. The results show that the O2 and Ar-Cathode plasma treatment are more effective in increasing the dye exhaustion of wool with anionic dye. Furthermore, the colors achieved much more brilliant shades with the LTP treatment.

Fig. 11. SEM images of treated and untreated samples.

sample. The results show that the O2 and Ar-Cathode plasma treatment are more effective in increasing the dye exhaustion of wool with anionic dye. Furthermore, the colors achieved

much more brilliant shades with the LTP treatment.

Fig. 11. SEM images of treated and untreated samples.

Fig. 12. Reflection spectroscopy of untreated and treated samples.

The quality of water repellency of the samples were evaluated by water drop test in which drops of controlled size were placed at a constant rate upon the fabric surface and the duration of the time required for them to penetrate to the fabrics have been measured. The results are shown in Table 2 in which the absorption times have been recorded for different treated and original samples. As seen after LTP treatment the water absorption time is much decreased. However this time is very low for O2 –cathode LTP treatment.


Table 2. Absorption time of treated and untreated samples

In this research work, the surface of wool samples were changed both physically and chemically by using LTP treatment. The situation of wool samples in LTP reactor is very important factor. By putting samples on the cathode and using oxygen as a working gas, the wet ability and dye ability of wool samples were increased (Shahidi et al, 2010)
