**5. Acknowledgements**

The authors thank Prof. Jaime Grunlan at Texas AMU for his fruitful discussion of LbL modifications to textiles surfaces. We would also like to thank Prof. Ahmed El-Shafei for his insights on atmospheric plasma polymerization.

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**1. Proteinic fibres** 

**1.1.1 Treatment with metal salts** 

penetration of metal ions into wool macrostructure (3).

wool from damage during the dyeing process (Table 1.2).

**1.1 Wool** 

**14** 

*Egypt* 

**Pretreatment of Proteinic and** 

A. Bendak and W. M. Raslan

**Synthetic Fibres Prior to Dyeing** 

*National Research Centre, Textile Research Division, Cairo,* 

The effect of absorption of some metal ions by wool such as copper, iron, aluminum, cobalt and nickel was thoroughly investigated. The pretreatment of wool with some di- carboxylic acids was studied to present their impact on the amount of metal uptake by wool on its dyeing properties(1-3). Wool fabric was treated with copper sulphate and ferric chloride solutions (1.5% o.w.f.) at 40° and 60° C for 30 min. The effect of starting pH value of the salt solution on the acquired uptake of copper and iron by wool is illustrated in Fig. 1.1. It can be noticed that the metal uptake increases linearly and strongly for both copper and iron in the range of pH value 3-6 and 1.5-3.5 respectively. Increasing the temperature from 40° to 60°C led to an increase in the amount of metal uptake but the rate was considered to be almost the same or slightly changed. The metal uptake by wool fibres could be enhanced by chemically modifying the fibre with chelating agents able to coordinate the metal ions. It was found that treatment of wool with tannic acid and EDTA has increased the metal uptake by wool and consequently increased the weight gain (4, 5). Wool was treated with some organic acids such as oxalic, maleic, succinic and adipic acids at 75°C for 90 min. There was a weight gain in wool accompanied to these di-carboxylic acids treatments. The % increase in weights of wool was 3.6, 3.2, 2.6 and 2.5 for wool pretreated with the aforementioned organic acids respectively. These increases in weight were found to correspond to the increase in the carboxyl content of wool from 421.7 meq/100 g fibres for untreated one to 622.1, 530.5, 457.3 and 425 meq/100 g fibres for the treated wool with the aforementioned acids respectively (6). The metal uptake of treated wool with oxalic acid increases as shown in Table 1.1. Other acids treatment did not enhance the metal uptake property. This may be due to the large molar volume of these acids which might restrict the

The elongation %, tensile strength at break and alkali solubility of the untreated and treated wool with metal salts solution at 60ºC are illustrated in Table 1.2. The results indicated that nearly no changes in the mechanical properties of the treated wool were noticed. It is well known that the tensile properties of wool could be affected negatively during the dyeing process especially at high temperature (7) that might require using of protective agents. This treatment made it possible to dye wool at lower temperature and reflects more protection of

