**1. Introduction**

326 Textile Dyeing

[4] Ibrahim, N. A.; Haggag, K. and Hebeish, A., Angew. Makromol. Chem., 131, 15 (1985).

[10] Kantouch, A.; Bendak, A. and Raslan, W.M., J. Soc. Fibre Sci. and Tec., 57, 39 (2001). [11] Weast, R. "Hand book of Chemistry and Physics", 57th Ed, CRC Press Inc. (1977).

[1] Kantouch, A.; Bendak, A. and Raslan, W.M., Am Dyest. Rep, 83, 54, (1994). [2] Kantouch, A.; Bendak, A. and Raslan, W.M., Sen-i Gakkaishi, 51, 29, (1995). [3] Bendak, A. and Raslan, W.M., Egypt. J. Text Polym. Sci. Tecnol., 1, 193 (1997).

Fibres", Badische Anilin-Soda-Fabrik AG, Germany, (1968).

[9] Cheetham, I. Ger. Offen. 2158315, (1972), cf. Chem. Abstr., 77, 103202 (1972). [10] Cheetham, I. Ger. Offen. 2158316 (1972), cf. Chem. Abstr., 77, 103206 (1972).

2239563 (1974), cf. Chem. Abstr., 80, 122306 (1974). ;

[16] Aggour, Sh.; and Bendak, A. J. Soc. Fibre Sci. & Tech., *42,* T 25 (1986).

[14] Bendak, A. Die Angew, Makromol. Chem., 81*.* 63 (1974). [15] Abdou, L.A.; and Bendak, A. Am. Dyestuff Reptr., 71*,* (1982).

[12] Vilbrandt, F.C. and Dryden, C.E. "Chemical Engineering, Plant Design", 4th Ed.,

[4] Leube, H. "Dyeing and Finishing of Acetate and Triacetate and Their Blends with Other

[5] Sadov, F.; Korchagin, M.; and Matet-skey, A. "Chemical Technology of Fibrous

[11] Birke, W.; McDowell, W.; Schone, F.; Spietsckka, E.; and Weingarten, R. Ger.Often.

[12] Dawson, J.F.; and Martimer, K. Brit. Pat. 1351126, (1974), cf. Chem. Abstr., 81*,* 92922 (1974). [13] Zubuchen, J.; Baumrnao, J.; and Dussy, P. Ger. Often. 2515546 (1975), cf. Chem. Abstr.,

[17] Ono, M.; Ito, T.; Inomoto, M.; and Kan-no, T. Jap. Pat 7684982, (1976), cf. Chem. Abstr.,

[18] Ohira, T.; Takosue, S.; and Kummoto, N. Jap. Pat. 76133589, (1976), cf. Chem. Abstr., 86,

[19] Raslan, W.M.; El Aref, A.T. and Bendak, A., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 112, 3192 (2009). [20] Kamel, M. M., Raslan, W.M, Helmy, H. and El-Ashkar, E, 4th Aachen/Dresden Conf.,

[6] Corbman, B.P. "Textiles Fibres to Fabric", 6th Ed., McGraw-Hill Inc., New York (1985). [7] Kroschwitz, J.I. "Polymers: Fibres and Textiles, A Compendium", John Wiley & Sons Inc.,

[89] Reagan, B. M.; Rolow, A. M. and Urban, J. E., Text. Res. J., 52, 186 (1982). [90] Södergård, A., J. Bioactive and Compatible Polymers, 19, 511 (2004).

[2] Abdel- Fattah, S.; Bendak, A. and Shakra, S., Colour Ert. , 20, 215 (1978).

[3] Bakker, P. and Johnson, J., J. Soc. Dyers Col., 89, 203 (1973).

McGraw-Hill Kogatusha Ltd., Tokyo, 1959

Materials", Mir Publishers, Moscow, (1973).

[5] Ibrahim, N. A. and Haggag, K., Dyes and Pigments, 8, 327 (1987). [6] Muralidharan, B. and Nevaditha, N. T, Colourage, 42, 27 (1995). [7] Flower, J.; Burley, R. and Nobbs, J., J. Soc. Dyers Col., 110, 167 (1994). [8] Raslan, W.M. and Bendak, A., Al-Azhar Bul. Sci., 17, 85 (2006). [9] Aspland, J.R. "Textile Dyeing and Coloration ", AATCC, USA, (1997).

**3.3 References - Polyamide** 

[1] Raslan, W. M., Tinctoria 4, 28 (2003).

**3.4 References - Cellulose acetate** 

New York (1990).

84*,* 61062 (1976).

85, 161807 (1976).

Nov. 2010, Dresden, Germany.

91661 (1977).

[8] Mann, R.J. J. Soc. Dyers Colours, 76 665 (1960).

The unique physical and chemical characteristics of the plasma environment make it attractive for textile processing. Plasma is an ionized gas, i.e. it contains electrons, ions and neutral atoms and/or molecules. However, not all of the ionized gases used in textile processing will exhibit the properties associated with plasmas, mainly because of their low charge state densities compared to the neutral gas density or are produced by transient phenomena.

Plasma activation is being used in several fabric and nonwoven applications in the textile industry. (Pane *et al.*, 2003)

There are many industrial applications of thin film deposition by plasma sputtering or plasma polymerization in the technical textile and nonwoven industry. Roughly, the coatings deposited in those industries can be categorized under either (permanently) hydrophilic coatings or hydrophobic/oleophilic coatings. In most cases, the deposited coatings give rise to unique products that are difficult or even impossible to produce using other technologies.

The textile market is trying to make deep, dark colours and this is not easy to achieve. (Svensson, 2004)

One way to do this is to reduce the specular component of reflection of the fabric surface after dyeing. A plasma etching leads to a controlled nano or micro-roughness, increasing diffuse reflectance and minimizing the specular component. In consequence, the dyed fabric will have an intense darker colour after plasma etching.

In various research programs, it has been shown that pick-up of dyestuff can be strongly improved after plasma pre-treatment of natural and synthetic fibre fabrics.

Polypropylene fibers have such excellent properties as low specific weight (0.91 g/cm3 only), high strength (42-53 CN/ Tex) and good resistance to acids and alkalis, and they also possess good thermal resistance and antibacterial properties. The poor wettability (only 0.05 % at 20 oC) and dyeability have, however, limited the application of these fibers in garments and other industries (Huang et al, 2006). It is of importance to improve the wet ability and dyeability of PP fabrics for many applications. Although chemical modification of the fibers has been somewhat successful in improving hydrophilic and antistatic properties, there are environmental concerns related to the disposal of chemical after

Effect of Plasma on Dyeability of Fabrics 329

Fig. 1. R% and K/S Value of dyed samples with Direct Dyes

Fig. 2. R% and K/S Value of dyed samples with Anionic Dyes

treatment. Plasma treatment, as a clean, dry and environmental friendly physical technique, opens up a new possibility in this field. So in this chapter we focused on investigation about the improving the dye and printability of PP fabrics in section 2 to 4.

In the other point of view, natural dyes are generally understood to be colorants (dyes and pigments) that are obtained from animal or vegetable matter without chemical processing. They are mainly mordant dyes, although some natural vat, solvent, pigment, direct and acid types are known. In recent years, concern for the environment has created an increasing interest in natural dyes. Conventional wisdom leads to the belief that natural dyes are friendlier to the environment than their synthetic counterparts, although the issue is not necessarily quite so straightforward. The natural dyeability of wool fabrics is investigated in section 5-6. In textile processing, the interactions of the plasma generated species with and on the surfaces in contact with the plasma are of great importance and these are discussed in this chapter, respectively.

#### **2. Effect of using cold plasma on dyeing properties of polypropylene fabrics**

The dye-ability of hydrophobic fabrics, such as the PP fabrics is very poor. (Chun Liu et al, 2006) It is known that introducing hydrophilic sites on the hydrophobic fabrics can improve the dyeability of these fibers. Plasma modifications resulting in unsaturated bonds and/ or free radicals on the surface of the fabrics have a significant influence on the overall surface changes and consequently on dyeability (Shahidi et al, 2007). PP fabrics have been treated with Low Temperature Plasma (LTP) of oxygen and nitrogen for different period of times, different condition of power and pressure. The best condition was treatment for 7 min at the power of 120 watt and pressure of 5 × 10−2 torr. As it can be seen in Figures 1 to 4, the reflection factors of dyed LTP treated samples were less than dyed untreated sample. The results show that the O2 and N2 plasma treatments are effective in increasing the dye exhaustion of PP with anionic, cationic, disperse and direct dyes. Furthermore, the colors achieved much more brilliant shades with the LTP treatment. The results show that, the average of K/S between wavelength of 350-500 was first increased with prolonged LTP exposure time, reached a maximum generally at about 7 min, and then decreased since by increasing time of exposure some Al particles are deposited on the surface of the samples. (Shahidi et al, 2007). As it can be seen in Figures, and as is evident from the FTIR measurement, O2 plasma treated PP incorporates oxygen in the form of C-O and O-H (negative sites) in the fiber surface and increases electronegativity. So the dye exhaustion for cationic (basic) dye with positive sites increases considerably. It can be seen that, average K/S value of O2 -7 min sample, which was dyed with this dye, is 3 times more than average K/S value of untreated one. Furthermore, by creating N-H groups (positive sites) on the surface of PP fabrics with N2 LTP treatment, the dye exhaustion for direct and anionic dyes (with negative sites) increases. Note that there were no significant color changes either with repeated washing cycles or with a long period of storage, which indicates that the stability of dye attachment to the fabrics. It can be seen in Figure 4 that the reflection factor of dyed O2 LTP treated sample with disperse dye is less than Dyed N2 LTP treated one. It shows that the disperse dye exhaustion of O2 LTP treated sample is more than N2 LTP treated one. But it is not noticeable because Disperse dyes don't have any positive or negative sites.

treatment. Plasma treatment, as a clean, dry and environmental friendly physical technique, opens up a new possibility in this field. So in this chapter we focused on investigation about

In the other point of view, natural dyes are generally understood to be colorants (dyes and pigments) that are obtained from animal or vegetable matter without chemical processing. They are mainly mordant dyes, although some natural vat, solvent, pigment, direct and acid types are known. In recent years, concern for the environment has created an increasing interest in natural dyes. Conventional wisdom leads to the belief that natural dyes are friendlier to the environment than their synthetic counterparts, although the issue is not necessarily quite so straightforward. The natural dyeability of wool fabrics is investigated in section 5-6. In textile processing, the interactions of the plasma generated species with and on the surfaces in contact with the plasma are of great importance and these are discussed in

**2. Effect of using cold plasma on dyeing properties of polypropylene fabrics**  The dye-ability of hydrophobic fabrics, such as the PP fabrics is very poor. (Chun Liu et al, 2006) It is known that introducing hydrophilic sites on the hydrophobic fabrics can improve the dyeability of these fibers. Plasma modifications resulting in unsaturated bonds and/ or free radicals on the surface of the fabrics have a significant influence on the overall surface changes and consequently on dyeability (Shahidi et al, 2007). PP fabrics have been treated with Low Temperature Plasma (LTP) of oxygen and nitrogen for different period of times, different condition of power and pressure. The best condition was treatment for 7 min at the power of 120 watt and pressure of 5 × 10−2 torr. As it can be seen in Figures 1 to 4, the reflection factors of dyed LTP treated samples were less than dyed untreated sample. The results show that the O2 and N2 plasma treatments are effective in increasing the dye exhaustion of PP with anionic, cationic, disperse and direct dyes. Furthermore, the colors achieved much more brilliant shades with the LTP treatment. The results show that, the average of K/S between wavelength of 350-500 was first increased with prolonged LTP exposure time, reached a maximum generally at about 7 min, and then decreased since by increasing time of exposure some Al particles are deposited on the surface of the samples. (Shahidi et al, 2007). As it can be seen in Figures, and as is evident from the FTIR measurement, O2 plasma treated PP incorporates oxygen in the form of C-O and O-H (negative sites) in the fiber surface and increases electronegativity. So the dye exhaustion for cationic (basic) dye with positive sites increases considerably. It can be seen that, average K/S value of O2 -7 min sample, which was dyed with this dye, is 3 times more than average K/S value of untreated one. Furthermore, by creating N-H groups (positive sites) on the surface of PP fabrics with N2 LTP treatment, the dye exhaustion for direct and anionic dyes (with negative sites) increases. Note that there were no significant color changes either with repeated washing cycles or with a long period of storage, which indicates that the stability of dye attachment to the fabrics. It can be seen in Figure 4 that the reflection factor of dyed O2 LTP treated sample with disperse dye is less than Dyed N2 LTP treated one. It shows that the disperse dye exhaustion of O2 LTP treated sample is more than N2 LTP treated one. But it is not noticeable because Disperse dyes don't have any positive or negative

the improving the dye and printability of PP fabrics in section 2 to 4.

this chapter, respectively.

sites.

Fig. 1. R% and K/S Value of dyed samples with Direct Dyes

Fig. 2. R% and K/S Value of dyed samples with Anionic Dyes

Effect of Plasma on Dyeability of Fabrics 331

SEM micrographs of PP fabric treated, respectively, with the two non-polymerizing plasma gases (O2, N2) are shown in Figure 5, only 3 and 7 min treated samples being presented here. It can be seen that, after prolonged LTP treatment, ripple like patterns oriented in a fiber axis are developed (see Figure 5 (d, e)). O2 plasma gives more distinct

effect than N2 plasma.

Fig. 5. SEM Images of Treated and untreated samples

X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a crystal structure analysis method using the atomic arrays within the crystals as a three dimensional grating to diffract a monochromatic beam of X-rays. The angles at which the beam is diffracted are used to calculate the interplaner atomic spacing (d-spacing) giving information about how the atoms are arranged within the crystalline

Fig. 3. R% and K/S Value of dyed samples with Cationic Dyes

Fig. 4. R% and K/S Value of dyed samples with Disperse Dyes

Fig. 3. R% and K/S Value of dyed samples with Cationic Dyes

Fig. 4. R% and K/S Value of dyed samples with Disperse Dyes

SEM micrographs of PP fabric treated, respectively, with the two non-polymerizing plasma gases (O2, N2) are shown in Figure 5, only 3 and 7 min treated samples being presented here. It can be seen that, after prolonged LTP treatment, ripple like patterns oriented in a fiber axis are developed (see Figure 5 (d, e)). O2 plasma gives more distinct effect than N2 plasma.

Fig. 5. SEM Images of Treated and untreated samples

X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a crystal structure analysis method using the atomic arrays within the crystals as a three dimensional grating to diffract a monochromatic beam of X-rays. The angles at which the beam is diffracted are used to calculate the interplaner atomic spacing (d-spacing) giving information about how the atoms are arranged within the crystalline

Effect of Plasma on Dyeability of Fabrics 333

Textile printing is the area of textile processing used for applying color in a localized design or pattern to textile material, normally fabric. Depending on the fiber composition and the construction of the fabric to be printed, as well as the proper selection of dyes or pigments, the printed patterns can exhibit good to excellent colorfastness. From a practical point of view, textile printing is the process which incorporates artistic design, engineering, and chemical technology to produce unique patterns which can then be accurately repeated on large volumes of the fabric. Textile printing is probably best described as an industrial art, having a long history and an assured future. Printing is actually local dyeing. The dye is a part of a printing paste, which is applied on the textile material by different printing techniques. After printing, it is usual to steam the textile material, to achieve colorfastness

Textile print was created thanks to man's desire to decorate fabrics designated for clothing, and later for home decoration (Petrinic, Andersen, Ostar-Turk, & Le Marechal, 2007). It has logically gone through many development steps. The steps were aimed at improving the mechanization and automation of each printing technology phase. Each printing technique

In traditional textile printing, colored images on the fabrics are produced by using textile print paste which consists of highly concentrated thickened solutions of textile dyes or pigments. Unfortunately, the use of these print pastes can lead to intensely colored waste

Environmental issues are of major concern to most textile printers (Moser, 2003). For many years, improving the quality of prints was the main goal in product development. Lately, economic, environmental, and toxicological considerations have become more important. Using more environmentally friendly print paste preparations and auxiliary products, for example reducing or to eliminating formaldehyde on the fabric, is currently one of the major

In many cases relating to the processing of fibers, powders, and films, the modification of

The development of methods for the controllable modification of polymers in order to adjust their physicochemical, mechanical, optical, and other properties without any chemical processing is one of the most important areas of polymer science and

Accelerated electrons generated by an electron beam (EB) may be considered one of the most important sources of ionizing radiation in the recent years. The effects of ionizing radiation, in general, and accelerated electrons in particular range from the basic phenomena of interaction of radiation with matter, radiation physics and chemistry to industrial applications. Among the different chemical systems, polymeric materials show marked changes when subjected to the action of ionizing radiation. These changes are mainly cross-linking or degradation, which result in the formation of products with

Radiation curing by EB has become a well accepted technology, which has found a large number of industrial applications mainly in the coating and printing fields, in the manufacture of adhesives, and in microelectronics (El-Naggar, Zohdy, Said, El-Din, &

**3. Effect of electron irradiation on printability of polypropylene (PP) fabrics,** 

**(novel method for decoration of PP fabrics)** 

was created and improved step by step (Burton, 2005).

concerns in the textile printing industry (El-Molla & Schneider, 2006).

polymer surface functional groups composition is often required.

modified physical and chemical properties.

(wash, light, and rubbing fastness).

products.

technology.

Noval, 2005).

compounds. X-ray diffraction is also used to measure the nature of polymer and extent of crystallinity present in the polymer sample. The results of XRD analysis are reported in Figure 6. Study of the data of this analysis shows no noticeable changes in the value of d or FWHM (size of crystals) of the PP fibers, but the LTP treatment slightly increased the total crystallinity. This indicates that the treatment has not changed the arrangement or decreased the strength of the fabrics.

Fig. 6. XRD Results of Treated and Untreated Samples

In this research work, the dye-ability of Polypropylene Fabrics was improved by using low temperature plasma treatment. The dye-ability of PP fabrics treated with LTP of N2 is increased with anionic dyes, and by creating OH and C=O groups on the surface of the fabrics with O2 LTP treatment, the dye exhaustion for cationic dye increases noticeably. So we can dye PP-O2 LTP treated sample with cationic dyes easily (Shahidi et al, 2007). And we can have new usage of PP fabrics as textile garments. The present examples show that plasma technology performed under reduced pressure, leads to a variety to processes to modify fiber or textile materials to fulfill additional highly desirable requirements. It is to be expected that, this technology, which has been known for a long time and is being used in different branches of industry, in the near future will conquer textile as well (Errifai et al, 2004; Shahidi et al, 2007).

compounds. X-ray diffraction is also used to measure the nature of polymer and extent of crystallinity present in the polymer sample. The results of XRD analysis are reported in Figure 6. Study of the data of this analysis shows no noticeable changes in the value of d or FWHM (size of crystals) of the PP fibers, but the LTP treatment slightly increased the total crystallinity. This indicates that the treatment has not changed the arrangement or decreased

the strength of the fabrics.

Fig. 6. XRD Results of Treated and Untreated Samples

2004; Shahidi et al, 2007).

In this research work, the dye-ability of Polypropylene Fabrics was improved by using low temperature plasma treatment. The dye-ability of PP fabrics treated with LTP of N2 is increased with anionic dyes, and by creating OH and C=O groups on the surface of the fabrics with O2 LTP treatment, the dye exhaustion for cationic dye increases noticeably. So we can dye PP-O2 LTP treated sample with cationic dyes easily (Shahidi et al, 2007). And we can have new usage of PP fabrics as textile garments. The present examples show that plasma technology performed under reduced pressure, leads to a variety to processes to modify fiber or textile materials to fulfill additional highly desirable requirements. It is to be expected that, this technology, which has been known for a long time and is being used in different branches of industry, in the near future will conquer textile as well (Errifai et al,
