Version Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3 Treatment 4 Treatment 5 Grade Dolphin – medium early Control 0.776 0.806 0.854 0.760 0.836 Variant 2 0.846 0.906 0.917 0.940 0.909 Variant 3 1.351 1.390 1.441 1.387 1.366 Grade Lazurit – early Control 1.358 1.433 1.488 1.505 1.554 Variant 2 1.981 2.031 2.097 2.121 2.073 Variant 3 0.949 0.979 1.003 0.996 0.979

The Plant Nutrition from the Gas Medium in Greenhouses: Multilevel Simulation and Experimental Investigation

101

We studied the effects on the biological properties of nanoaerosol seeds: vegetables – carrots, beets, kale, forage grasses – goat grass, clover, plants in greenhouses: cucumber, sweet pepper, tomato, parsley, lettuce. Work was carried out with seeds of varying quality. Germination of control samples in different batches ranged from 27% to 99%. Some of the seeds before the experiments were struck by bacterial diseases. The results of the studies have shown high efficiency of this method of improving the biological properties of the seeds. In all cultures were obtained by increasing the energy of germination up to 18% and 20% germination. For control group of seed germination was 67% and 71% germination, and in an experimental batch exposed to a special gas environment, these figures were 87% and 93%, respectively. The study of the nanoaerosol treatment on growth and development of salads also confirmed the high efficiency of the proposed technology. Comparison of germination of lettuce seeds

**Table 7.** Change in optical density at *λ* = 492 under the action of peroxidase enzyme spray

**Figure 32.** Germination of lettuce seeds "Gribovsky curly" grade (treatment of "Greenhouse" - a,

It is evident that the seeds after nanoaerosol treatment developed intensively. In addition – treated seeds during storage, preparation for the planting and growing season were significantly more resistant to various fungal diseases. Observations over three years for the treated seeds showed that the rate of germination and vigor are in time at a high level. Reducing of germination does not exceed 1–1.5% per year. Pilot studies according to productivity of potatoes, carrots, a tomato and cucumbers showed that the crop increases

"Greenhouse" in regenerant leaves of potato varieties Dolphin and Lazurit.

"Gribovsky curly" grade is shown in Figure 32.

control - b).

on the average by 20–30% [5].

The systematic study of the change dynamics in the decay rate of variable fluorescence of chlorophyll per day processing plants nanoaerosol was carried out (after 2, 4, and 6 hours after treatment). Analyzing the results, you may notice that the substance treatment of "Greenhouse" vegetative regenerants causes changes in the studied parameters as the Dolphin class and a grade Lasurit. Changes in the direction of activation of photosynthetic activity strongly manifested at the Dolphin class. The second version of the experience with pre-treatment plants before meristem cuttings was more sensitive to changes in photosynthetic activity of plants. The additional introduction of CO2 in the nanoaerosol processing, gives rise to a new round of metabolic processes, especially evident after 16–19 treatments when the plants are in the process of budding and early flowering. The relative values of the parameter Ft/Fm, reflecting the velocity of the electron transport chain of chloroplast membranes is in the range 0.3–0.4, which corresponds to the high photosynthetic activity. In the leaf tissue homogenates regenerantnyh plants varieties Lasurit and Dolphin processed aerosol "Greenhouse", and in the control group the content of peroxidase have been studied, which is an indicator of physiological stress of plants. With an increase in enzyme activity can be stated that the action of a factor caused a chain of physiological and biochemical processes that lead to the response to stress.

Such a reaction may have immune activating effect. As a result of the immune enzyme analysis with antibodies to the enzyme peroxidase, it was found that the drug "Greenhouse" causes a change in the activity of this enzyme. Moreover, there are reliable changes in activity (significance level 0.01), depending on the multiplicity of processing. The results of determination of peroxidase activity are shown in Figure 31.

**Figure 31.** Peroxidase activity in membrane fractions of regenerated potato varieties Dolphin and Lazurit.

As a result of the experiments, significant differences in the value of this indicator depending on the variety were observed. In the variety Dolphin pretreatment before the cuttings a similar reaction regenerates the stress was caused that was manifested in an increase in peroxidase activity. In the grade Lazurit option 3, on the contrary, was the stress is not sensitive (Table 7).


**Table 7.** Change in optical density at *λ* = 492 under the action of peroxidase enzyme spray "Greenhouse" in regenerant leaves of potato varieties Dolphin and Lazurit.

36 Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH

processes determine the rate of decay of variable chlorophyll fluorescence was used, reflecting

The systematic study of the change dynamics in the decay rate of variable fluorescence of chlorophyll per day processing plants nanoaerosol was carried out (after 2, 4, and 6 hours after treatment). Analyzing the results, you may notice that the substance treatment of "Greenhouse" vegetative regenerants causes changes in the studied parameters as the Dolphin class and a grade Lasurit. Changes in the direction of activation of photosynthetic activity strongly manifested at the Dolphin class. The second version of the experience with pre-treatment plants before meristem cuttings was more sensitive to changes in photosynthetic activity of plants. The additional introduction of CO2 in the nanoaerosol processing, gives rise to a new round of metabolic processes, especially evident after 16–19 treatments when the plants are in the process of budding and early flowering. The relative values of the parameter Ft/Fm, reflecting the velocity of the electron transport chain of chloroplast membranes is in the range 0.3–0.4, which corresponds to the high photosynthetic activity. In the leaf tissue homogenates regenerantnyh plants varieties Lasurit and Dolphin processed aerosol "Greenhouse", and in the control group the content of peroxidase have been studied, which is an indicator of physiological stress of plants. With an increase in enzyme activity can be stated that the action of a factor caused a chain of physiological and biochemical

Such a reaction may have immune activating effect. As a result of the immune enzyme analysis with antibodies to the enzyme peroxidase, it was found that the drug "Greenhouse" causes a change in the activity of this enzyme. Moreover, there are reliable changes in activity (significance level 0.01), depending on the multiplicity of processing. The results of

**Figure 31.** Peroxidase activity in membrane fractions of regenerated potato varieties Dolphin and

As a result of the experiments, significant differences in the value of this indicator depending on the variety were observed. In the variety Dolphin pretreatment before the cuttings a similar reaction regenerates the stress was caused that was manifested in an increase in peroxidase activity. In the grade Lazurit option 3, on the contrary, was the stress is not sensitive (Table 7).

the photochemical activity (FHA).

processes that lead to the response to stress.

Lazurit.

determination of peroxidase activity are shown in Figure 31.

We studied the effects on the biological properties of nanoaerosol seeds: vegetables – carrots, beets, kale, forage grasses – goat grass, clover, plants in greenhouses: cucumber, sweet pepper, tomato, parsley, lettuce. Work was carried out with seeds of varying quality. Germination of control samples in different batches ranged from 27% to 99%. Some of the seeds before the experiments were struck by bacterial diseases. The results of the studies have shown high efficiency of this method of improving the biological properties of the seeds. In all cultures were obtained by increasing the energy of germination up to 18% and 20% germination. For control group of seed germination was 67% and 71% germination, and in an experimental batch exposed to a special gas environment, these figures were 87% and 93%, respectively. The study of the nanoaerosol treatment on growth and development of salads also confirmed the high efficiency of the proposed technology. Comparison of germination of lettuce seeds "Gribovsky curly" grade is shown in Figure 32.

**Figure 32.** Germination of lettuce seeds "Gribovsky curly" grade (treatment of "Greenhouse" - a, control - b).

It is evident that the seeds after nanoaerosol treatment developed intensively. In addition – treated seeds during storage, preparation for the planting and growing season were significantly more resistant to various fungal diseases. Observations over three years for the treated seeds showed that the rate of germination and vigor are in time at a high level. Reducing of germination does not exceed 1–1.5% per year. Pilot studies according to productivity of potatoes, carrots, a tomato and cucumbers showed that the crop increases on the average by 20–30% [5].

### **4. Conclusion**

1. In the present paper, the multilevel mathematical model is developed for solving the problem of formation, movement, hashing, and condensation of nanoparticles by methods of quantum mechanics, molecular dynamics and mesodynamics, describing the behavior of nanoaerosols for studying the processes of condensation of nanoaerosols for the nutrition of plants.

Russian Academy of Sciences as part of a research project for young scientists "Investigation of the interaction of nanoparticles with a stream of gas and solid surfaces" (grant 11-1-NP-50) and by the program of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences "Nanosystems: fundamental correlations of nano- and macroparameters". Calculations are executed in Joint

The Plant Nutrition from the Gas Medium in Greenhouses: Multilevel Simulation and Experimental Investigation

103

[1] Alikin V.N, Vakhrouchev A.V, Golubchikov V.B, Lipanov A.M and Serebrennikov S.Y (2010) Development and Investigation of the Aerosol Nanotechnology. Moscow:

[2] Golubchikov V.B, Sibiriakov S.V, Levin D.G, Alikin V.N (2006) The Regulated Gas Medium for Preseeding Processing Seeds of Vegetables. Hothouses of Russia j. 1: 55. [3] Vakhrouchev A.V, Golubchikov V.B (2006) Numerical Investigation of the Dynamics of Nanoparticle Systems in Biological Processes of Plant Nutrition. Abstracts of Conference

[4] Vakhrouchev A.V, Golubchikov V.B (2007) Numerical Investigation of the Dynamics of Nanoparticle Systems in Biological Processes of Plant Nutrition. Journal of Physics,

[5] Vakhrouchev A.V, Golubchikov V.B (2006) The Regulated Gas Medium with a Set of Nanoparticles Generated by the Solid Fuel Composition as a Method for Producing

[6] Chushak Y (2001) Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Freezing of Gold

[7] Vakhrouchev A.V, Fedotov A.Y, Vakhrushev A.A, Golubchikov V.B, Givotkov A.V (2011) Multilevel Simulation of the Processes of Nanoaerosol Formation. Part 1. Theory Foundations. Nanomechanics Science and Technology: An International Journal. Vol. 2,

[8] Cagin T, Che J, Qi Y, Zhou Y, Demiralp E, Gao G, Goddard III W (1999) Computational

[9] Steinhauser O.M (2008) Computational Multiscale Modelling of Fluids and Solids.

[10] Marx D, Hutter J (2008) Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics: Basic Theory and Advanced

[11] Brooks B.R, Bruccoleri R.E, Olafson B.D, States D.J, Swaminathan S and Karplus M (1983) CHARMM: A Program for Macromolecular Energy Minimization, and Dynamics

*Institute of Mechanics, Ural Branch the Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhevsk, Russia*

on Nanoscience and Technology ICN&T. Basel, Switzerland: 209.

Eco-vegetables. NanoBiotech World Congress, Boston, MA, USA: 16–17.

Supercomputer Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

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Golubchikov V.B and Golubchikov E.V. *Join Stocks Company Nord, Perm, Russia*

Mashinostroenie. 196 p.

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Calculations. J. Comput. Chemistry. Vol. 4, issue 2: 187–217.

**Author details**

**5. References**

	- the growth of nanoparticles and their interactions depend on time and on the number of free molecules that actively form nanoparticles;
	- the speed of association of molecules into nanoparticles depends on temperature and pressure and molecules concentration in the gas medium;
	- the molecules of potassium carbonate and water are into nanoparticles and therefore they can be used for the nutrition of plants.
	- Productivity increase to 30%, increase in ovaries of fruits, development of more powerful stalk and leaves and uniformity of maturing of fruits was established.
	- Plants become more resistant to diseases.
	- Early fructification and increase in term of vegetation is observed.
	- Germination of various plants seeds increases to 100%.
	- From treated seeds produced high-quality embryos, superior on all counts of untreated seed embryos.
	- Stability of sprouts to fungous diseases raised.

### **Acknowledgements**

Ltd. Nord supported this work. The work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant 10–01–96044–p\_Ural\_a), by the Presidium of the Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences as part of a research project for young scientists "Investigation of the interaction of nanoparticles with a stream of gas and solid surfaces" (grant 11-1-NP-50) and by the program of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences "Nanosystems: fundamental correlations of nano- and macroparameters". Calculations are executed in Joint Supercomputer Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

## **Author details**

38 Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH

1. In the present paper, the multilevel mathematical model is developed for solving the problem of formation, movement, hashing, and condensation of nanoparticles by methods of quantum mechanics, molecular dynamics and mesodynamics, describing the behavior of nanoaerosols for studying the processes of condensation of nanoaerosols for the

• the growth of nanoparticles and their interactions depend on time and on the number

• the speed of association of molecules into nanoparticles depends on temperature and

• the molecules of potassium carbonate and water are into nanoparticles and therefore

4. In experimental studies influence nano- and the microparticles generated by specially solid propellant composition, on biological objects (plants, fruits and seeds) is established. A number of positive effects which are widely used already today hothouse and the farms

• Productivity increase to 30%, increase in ovaries of fruits, development of more powerful stalk and leaves and uniformity of maturing of fruits was established.

• From treated seeds produced high-quality embryos, superior on all counts of untreated

5. Method of foliar spray fertilizer plant almost does not require any material costs and specialized equipment. This method significantly reduced the complexity of foliar feedings. On average, holding a spray fertilizer on the area of 1000 m<sup>2</sup> spent 0.3 person/hour, and overall costs are reduced by 40% in recalculation per m2, while

6. Technology makes it possible to make fertilizer to the requirements of the manufacturer, to add or to remove from it those nutrients that are necessary to use soil or certain climatic

7. The executed theoretical and experimental studies allowed use this technology for growing various vegetables and crops in greenhouses of Russia, Byelorussia, the Ukraine and

Ltd. Nord supported this work. The work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant 10–01–96044–p\_Ural\_a), by the Presidium of the Ural Branch of

**4. Conclusion**

nutrition of plants.

seed embryos.

regions.

**Acknowledgements**

2. The numerical calculations have showed:

of free molecules that actively form nanoparticles;

they can be used for the nutrition of plants.

working with plants in hothouses were received.

• Stability of sprouts to fungous diseases raised.

increasing the productivity of more than 20%.

• Plants become more resistant to diseases.

pressure and molecules concentration in the gas medium;

3. Experiments have confirmed that in aerosols nanoparticles are formed.

• Early fructification and increase in term of vegetation is observed.

• Germination of various plants seeds increases to 100%.

China. Practical value of the received results is very good.

Vakhrushev A.V., Fedotov A.Yu. and Vakhrushev A.A. *Institute of Mechanics, Ural Branch the Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhevsk, Russia*

Golubchikov V.B and Golubchikov E.V. *Join Stocks Company Nord, Perm, Russia*

## **5. References**



**Plant-Microbe Relation** 


**Plant-Microbe Relation** 

40 Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH

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[17] Burkert U, Allinger N.L (1982) Molecular Mechanics. Washington D.C.: ACS

[20] Fedotov A.Y, Vakhrushev A.V (2011) The Software Package for Multi-level Modeling of the Formation of Heterogeneous Nanoparticles ComplexDyn v.5.0. Certificate of

[21] Golubchikov V.B, Sharupich V.P (2002) Foliar spray plants as a way of saving in

Registration of electronic resource number 17335, Russian Federation: 1–6.

[16] Landau L.D, Lifshits E.M (1972) Quantum Mechanics. Moscow: Science. 368 p.

[18] Imry Y (2002) Introduction to Mesoscopic Physics. Oxford: University Press. 236 p. [19] Vakhrushev A.V, Fedotov A.Y, Vakhrushev A.A (2011) Modeling of Processes of Composite Nanoparticle Formation by the Molecular Dynamics Technique. Part 1. Structure of Composite Nanoparticles. Nanomechanics Science and Technology: An

Chemistry. Proceedings, Second Editions. 3: 541–592.

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greenhouses. Greenhouses of Russia. 2: 15–24.

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**Chapter 4** 

© 2012 Bücking et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 Bücking et al., licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**The Role of the Mycorrhizal Symbiosis in** 

The mycorrhizal symbiosis is arguably the most important symbiosis on earth. Fossil records indicate that arbuscular mycorrhizal interactions evolved 400 to 450 million years ago [1] and that they played a critical role in the colonization of land by plants. Approximately 80 % of all known land plant species form mycorrhizal interactions with ubiquitous soil fungi [2]. The majority of these mycorrhizal interactions is mutually beneficial for both partners and is characterized by a bidirectional exchange of resources across the mycorrhizal interface. The mycorrhizal fungus provides the host plant with nutrients, such as phosphate and nitrogen, and increases the abiotic (drought, salinity, heavy metals) and biotic (root pathogens) stress resistance of the host. In return for their beneficial effect on nutrient uptake, the host plant transfers between 4 and 20% of its photosynthetically fixed carbon to the mycorrhizal fungus [3]. In contrast to mutually beneficial mycorrhizal interactions, some mycoheterotrophic plants (approximately 400 plant species from different plant families, such bryophytes, pteridophytes, and angiosperms) rely on mycorrhizal fungi for their carbon supply. These plants have lost their photosynthetic capabilities and parasitize mycorrhizal fungi that are

Primary focus of this chapter is on mutually beneficial ectotrophic and arbuscular mycorrhizal interactions, because of their high economic and ecological significance and their application potential. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonize the roots of many agriculturally important food and bioenergy crops and could serve as 'biofertilizers and bioprotectors' in environmentally sustainable agriculture. Ectomycorrhizal fungi on the other hand colonize a smaller number of plant species, but play as symbiotic partners of tree

**Nutrient Uptake of Plants and the** 

Heike Bücking, Elliot Liepold and Prashant Ambilwade

**These Transport Processes** 

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

associated with neighbor autotrophic plants.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52570

**1. Introduction** 

**Regulatory Mechanisms Underlying** 
