**Meet the editors**

Dr. Nabin Kumar Dhal, Principal Scientist holds an M.Sc (Botany) and Ph.D degree from Utkal University. For the last twenty two years he has been working in Environment and Sustainability Department, CSIR- Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology (formerly RRL), Bhubaneswar under the umbrella of CSIR, New Delhi and looking for the exploration of natural resources of

Odisha. Dr. Dhal has done outstanding contribution to the field of taxonomy and biodiversity conservation reporting new species from Eastern Ghats, assessment of Rare, Endangered and Threatened taxa, appropriate conservation measures for targeted threatened taxa including vegetation change in relation to the climate, potent actinobacteria and fungi from mangrove ecosystems for antibiotic as well as industrial enzyme production and Phytoremediation as a green technology for sustainable development of mining areas of Odisha.

Dr. Sudam Charan Sahu completed his Ph.D at Utkal University Bhubaneswar in 2011. He published more than 20 research papers in national and international peer-reviewed journals along with 2 book chapters and 3 books. Dr. Sudam Charan Sahu attended and presented more than 20 research papers in different national and international conference. He is a life member in Indi-

an association for Angiosperm Taxonomy and Odisha Botanical Society, and he received a number of fellowships from CSIR, ICAR for his distinguished work in the field of Plant Science. Experienced reviewer in many SCI and Non-SCI peer-reviewed journals. Dr. Sudam Charan Sahu has more than 7 years of research experience at RRL, CSIR, Bhubaneswar, Water Technology Centre for Eastern Region (ICAR), Bhubaneswar, CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology (IMMT), Bhubaneswar. He is presently working as a Post Doctoral Research Associate at Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.

Contents

**Preface IX** 

**Section 1 Plant and Environment 1** 

**Section 2 Plant-Microbe Relation 105** 

Victor Irogue Omorusi

Chapter 6 **Plant Defense Enzymes Activated** 

**in Bean Plants by Aqueous Extract** 

Chapter 1 **Plant Phosphate Nutrition and Environmental Challenges 3** 

Mohammad Sadegh Sabet and Tahmineh Lohrasebi

Piotr Kamiński, Beata Koim-Puchowska, Piotr Puchowski, Leszek Jerzak, Monika Wieloch and Karolina Bombolewska

**Multilevel Simulation and Experimental Investigation 65** 

**in Saline Anthropogenic Environments 35** 

Chapter 3 **The Plant Nutrition from the Gas Medium in Greenhouses:** 

A.V. Vakhrushev, A.Yu. Fedotov, A.A. Vakhrushev,

**Uptake of Plants and the Regulatory Mechanisms Underlying These Transport Processes 107**  Heike Bücking, Elliot Liepold and Prashant Ambilwade

**(Muell. Arg.) – Challenges and Control Approach 139** 

Lindomar Assi, Roberto Luis Portz and Cristiane Cláudia Meinerz

**from** *Pycnoporus sanguineus* **Fruiting Body 153**  José Renato Stangarlin, Clair Aparecida Viecelli, Odair José Kuhn, Kátia Regina Freitas Schwan-Estrada,

V.B. Golubchikov and E.V. Golubchikov

Chapter 4 **The Role of the Mycorrhizal Symbiosis in Nutrient** 

Chapter 5 **Effects of White Root Rot Disease on** *Hevea brasiliensis*

Mohammad Ali Malboobi, Ali Samaeian,

Chapter 2 **Enzymatic Antioxidant Responses of Plants** 

## Contents

#### **Preface XI**

	- Chapter 2 **Enzymatic Antioxidant Responses of Plants in Saline Anthropogenic Environments 35**  Piotr Kamiński, Beata Koim-Puchowska, Piotr Puchowski, Leszek Jerzak, Monika Wieloch and Karolina Bombolewska
	- Chapter 3 **The Plant Nutrition from the Gas Medium in Greenhouses: Multilevel Simulation and Experimental Investigation 65**  A.V. Vakhrushev, A.Yu. Fedotov, A.A. Vakhrushev, V.B. Golubchikov and E.V. Golubchikov

#### **Section 2 Plant-Microbe Relation 105**


#### X Contents

#### **Section 3 Plant Biotechnology 167**


## Preface

Plants are the dominant members of living organisms in the earth, the basis for life providing food to sustain human and animal life as well as being exploited for biologicals and medicines. Plant science covers a wide range of scientific disciplines that study the structure, growth, reproduction, metabolism, development, diseases, ecology, and evolution of plants. In the current research era, it is highly precious to discuss on these aspects viz. plant and environment, plant and microbe and plant biotechnology. This book provides handful information to stimulate research activities in the field of Plant Science. Each chapter provides up-to-date references on the current issues, and summarizes the current understanding while identifying the knowledge gaps for future research.

Taking into consideration the above concerns the book is organized to discuss on Section-I: Plant and Environment, describes the relationship between plants and environment, particularly enumerating species-environment relationship and response of plants to different environmental stress conditions. Section-II: Plant-Microbe relation, embodies broadly on both positive and negative aspects of microbes on plants. Section-III: Plant Biotechnology, shed light on current biotechnological research to develop modern technology for producing biologicals and also increasing plant immunity in the present environmental conditions.

We are extremely thankful to the contributors for sharing their vast research experience by contributing chapters to this book. We express our deep sense of gratitude to Ms Tanjana jevtic, Mr Marijan Polic and other officials for their constant help and cooperation during various phases for publication of the book and thanks for giving us the opportunity to edit the book. We offer our cordial thanks to Kalpana, Nilima and Swati for their constant support, cooperation and help.

We have a strong belief this book will be helpful to a wider group of people; readers, scientists, researchers, conservation biologists and allied professionals.

#### XIV Preface

Last but not least we have a message to all of our beloved readers

*Plants speak to men Only in whispers Their voice can be heard by those Who remain close to them* 

> **Dr Sudam Charan Sahu** Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India

> > **Dr Nabin Kumar Dhal** CSIR-IMMT, Bhubaneswar India

**Section 1** 

**Plant and Environment** 

**Chapter 1** 

© 2012 Malboobi et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 Malboobi et al., licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Plant Phosphate Nutrition and Environmental** 

Since the ancient times, food production was exercised in farms where animals and plants were grown together (Figure 1). However, as a part of Green Revolution, the use of synthetic fertilizers turned out to be an integrated part of industrial agriculture which has progressively encouraged disintegration between cropping and animal husbandry. As a result, the consumptions of fertilizers have remarkably increased since half a century ago [1]. Indeed, disruptions in the cycles of nutrients have brought about environmental challenge that caused irreversible damages to natural ecosystems while reasonably justified by the real needs for food security for growing human population. As one of the main challenges in the world of agriculture, provision of phosphorus (P) for plant nutrition

Mohammad Ali Malboobi, Ali Samaeian, Mohammad

Sadegh Sabet and Tahmineh Lohrasebi

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

requires a closer look from several points of views.

**Figure 1.** Painted grain and livestock growing together in ancient Egypt.

**Challenges** 

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53424

**1. Introduction** 
