**Author details**

Ricardo U. Sorensen, and *Department of Pediatrics, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA* 

Tammy Harvey *Jeffrey Modell Center for Immunodeficiencies, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA* 

Lily E. Leiva *Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA* 

### **12. References**

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Selective Antibody Deficiency with Normal Immunoglobulins 203

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Ricardo U. Sorensen, and

*Department of Pediatrics, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA* 

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*Jeffrey Modell Center for Immunodeficiencies, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA* 

*Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA* 

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**Chapter 9** 

© 2012 Tassone et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

**Emerging Role of MicroRNAs in** 

Marco Rossi, Pierosandro Tagliaferri and

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Pierfrancesco Tassone

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/51543

**1.1. Overview of MiRNA biology** 

30% of all protein-encoding genes [3].

called passenger strand, is degraded.

have shown that miRNA can increase translation [8].

**1. Introduction** 

**the Pathophysiology of Immune System** 

MicroRNAs are small (22 nucleotides), noncoding, double-stranded RNA molecules, that can regulate gene expression primarily by reducing the abilities of specific mRNAs to be transduced to their encoded proteins. The first recognized miRNA found in 1993 is lin-4, that controls the cell fate at larval stages in Caenorhabditis elegans [1, 2]. Bioinformatic approaches suggested that the mammalian miRNA repertoire is involved in regulation of

Human miRNAs are encoded within introns of coding genes and introns and exons of noncoding transcripts [4]. Generation of mature miRNAs is due to a series of endonucleolytic steps starting from long primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs). The primiRNAs are cleaved in the nucleus to a\_70 nt intermediate with the typical stem-loop hairpin structure, precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNAs) by the Drosha- DGCR8 microprocessor complex [5, 6]. The pre-miRNAs are further processed into\_22 nt double-stranded miRNA duplex by the cytoplasmic RNase III enzyme Dicer [7]. One strand of this miRNA duplex (the guide strand) incorporates into a large protein complex, RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), formed by Dicer, TRBP (a dsRNA-binding domain protein) and Ago2 (the Argonaute protein 2), and finally becomes the mature miRNA. The other strand, the so-

Each mature miRNA interacts with a specific mRNA in the mRNA's 3´-untranslated region (3´UTR), leading to translational repression or mRNA degradation. Besides, some evidences

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


**Chapter 9** 
