**17. References**


[9] National Aids Strategy Committee (2008) *HIV and AIDS Prevention Plan 2008-2012 Mid Term Review*.

292 Immunodeficiency

Paul Ryan

Gemma Cox

*Young Ballymun, Dublin, Ireland* 

**Acknowledgement** 

**17. References** 

21.

Stationery Office.

*Department of Sociology, NUI Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland* 

Committee for their permission to use the data.

The authors gratefully acknowledge the courage of the sex workers who participated in the research notwithstanding the stigma attached to sex work and drug use in Irish society.

The opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Advisory Committee on Drugs; appreciation is expressed to the

The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research and/or

[1] Cox, G. and Whitaker, T. (2009) *Drug use, sex work and the risk environment in Dublin*.,

[2] Department of Tourism Sport and Recreation (2000) *Building on Experience*. Dublin:

[3] World Health Organization (2008) *Progress on Implementing the Dublin Declaration on* 

[4] World Health Organization (2001) *STI/HIV Sex Work in Asia*. Regional Office for the Western Pacific.http://www.wpro.who.int/NR/rdonlyres/D01A4265-A142-4E19-99AE-

[5] World Health Organization (2005) *Toolkit for Targeted HIV/AIDS Prevention and Care in* 

[6] UNAIDS (2002) *Sex work and HIV/AIDS UNAIDS Technical Update UNAIDS Best Practice* 

[7] UNAIDS (2010) *Global Report UNAIDS REPORT ON THE GLOBAL AIDS EPIDEMIC 2010*, in *Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)*. 2010,

http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2 011/20111215\_Report-UNAIDS-Advisory-group-HIV-Sex-Work\_en.pdf. Accessed 2012

[8] Department of Health and Children (2010) *Commitment on HIV and AIDS Ireland 2009*. Dublin: Department of Health and Children, Irish Aid, Department of Foreign Affairs.

6CC7E44F995C/0/Sex\_Work\_in\_Asia\_July2001.pdf Accessed 2008 Oct 15.

http://www.euro.who.int/Document/SHA/Dublin\_Dec\_Report.pdf.Accessed 2008 Aug

authorship of this article: The National Advisory Committee on Drugs.

Dublin: National Advisory Committee on Drugs.

*Partnership to fight HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia*.

*Sex Work Settings*. Geneva: World Health Organization.

*Collection*. 2002, Geneva: UNAIDS.

Geneva:United Nations.

Apr 10.

http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/15513/1/HIV\_AIDS\_education\_and\_prevention\_plan\_0 8-12.pdf. Accessed 2012 Apr 9.


Z/HIVSTIs/HIVandAIDS/SurveillanceReports/File,13068,en.pdf. Accessed 2012 Apr 9.


http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/annual-report/2011 Accessed 2012 Apr 9. [21] Health Service Executive (2011) *The introduction of the Opioid Treatment Protocol*.


[25] Smyth, B., Barry, J. and Keenan, E. (2005) *Irish injecting drug users and hepatitis C: the importance of the social context of injecting.* International Journal of Epidemiology, 2005. 90: p. 837-841.

**Chapter 14** 

© 2012 Patel, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

© 2012 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Hodgkin's lymphoma is a lymphoid neoplasm first described by Thomas Hodgkin in 1832 and subsequently by Samuel Wilks in 1865 (1,2). Greenfield (1878), Sternberg (1879) and Reed (1902) are credited with the earliest descriptions of the pathological characteristics of the disease (3,4,5). In has now become clear that the Reed-Sternberg cell is derived from clonal B-cells, more specifically post-germinal center B-cells, giving credence to the malignant nature of the disease, and hence the preferred term of Hodgkin's lymphoma –HL,

Major and striking advances have been made in the biology and management of HL. More than 70% of patients with HL are curable (especially those presenting with early stage disease). Better insight has been gained with regard to the acute and long term toxicities of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Furthermore, the advent of new imaging techniques such as PET (positron emission tomography)-scans are allowing therapy to be individualized and

The incidence of HL varies widely throughout the world (approximately 1-3.5/100 000), based on geographical and ethnic factors. The highest rates of HL are seen in the United States, Canada and Europe, with much lower rates occurring in Japan, Korea and China. HL is more common in males compared to females, with a male to female ratio of 1.5:1. HL occurs most often in young adults, with a peak frequency in the third decade of life. A bimodal age distribution may be seen, with a second age peak noted in the 6th to 8th decades

The exact aetiology of HL is unknown. An increased risk of HL is seen with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection, congenital and acquired immunodeficiency states (such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus – HIV infection/AIDS- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome,

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Hodgkin's Lymphoma and Human** 

**Immunodeficiency Virus Infection** 

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

tailored in a risk adapted and response adapted fashion (7).

Moosa Patel

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/51671

instead of Hodgkin's disease (6).

**1. Introduction** 

(8,9,10,11).


http://www.acpo.police.uk/documents/crime/2011/20111102%20CBA%20Policing%20Pr ostitution%20and%20%20Sexual%20Exploitation%20Strategy\_Website\_October%20201 1.pdf. Accessed 2012 Apr 9.

