**Acknowledgement**

I thank all the medical, nursing and allied healthcare professionals who were involved in the diagnosis, management and follow up of the patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma. In particular, I extend my sincere gratitude to the staff of the Clinical Haematology Unit, Department of Medicine, CHBAH, and all the patients whose data has been used in this study.

#### **5. References**


ongoing challenge.

**Author details** 

**Acknowledgement** 

Moosa Patel

study.

**5. References** 

*Chirug Trans* 17:68, 1832.

*Blood* 95:1443-50, 2000.

remarks. *Guys Hosp Rep* 11:56, 1865.

leucocythemia. *Trans Pathol Soc Lond* 29:272, 1878.

salvage setting, autologous stem cell transplantation in selected patients. In general, the prognosis and overall survival still remains poorer in HIV-HL compared to HIV negative HL. Importantly, the concomitant use of anti-retroviral agents has allowed for the delivery of full-dose and dose-intensive chemotherapy given on schedule, as well as prophylaxis against certain opportunistic infections such as Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, and the liberal use of growth factors (granulocyte colony stimulating factor) and other supportive measures, constitutes an important aspect of supportive therapy and has contributed to an improvement in prognosis. The early recognition and treatment of tuberculosis cannot be overemphasized in settings where tuberculosis is endemic. Newer specific treatment approaches for HL may become necessary in the future to improve survival. However, for the present, HIV-associated HL appears to be on the increase and remains an emerging and

*Clinical Haematology Unit, Department of Medicine, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa* 

I thank all the medical, nursing and allied healthcare professionals who were involved in the diagnosis, management and follow up of the patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma. In particular, I extend my sincere gratitude to the staff of the Clinical Haematology Unit, Department of Medicine, CHBAH, and all the patients whose data has been used in this

[1] Hodgkin T. On some morbid appearances of the absorbent glands and spleen. *Medico-*

[2] Wilks S. Cases of the enlargement of the liver and spleen (or Hodgkin's disease) with

[3] Greenfield WS. Specimens illustrative of the pathology of lymphadenoma and

[4] Sternberg C. Uber eine eigenartige unter dem Bilde der Pseudoleukamie verlaufende

[5] Reed D. On pathological changes in Hodgkin's disease, with special reference to its

[6] Marafioti T, Hummel M, Foss H-D, et al. Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells represent an expansion of a single clone originating from a germinal center B-cell with functional immunoglobulin gene rearrangement but defective immunoglobulin transcription.

Tuberculose des lymphatischen Apparates. *Ztschr Heilk* 19:21, 1879.

relation to tuberculosis. *Johns Hopkins Hosp Rep* 10:133, 1902.


[25] Patel M, Philip V, Turton D, et al. The impact of HIV on Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma at Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital. *Haematologica* 92(s1):273, 2007.

Hodgkin's Lymphoma and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 307

[43] Carbone A, Gloghini A, Larocca LM, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus-associated Hodgkin's disease derives from postgerminal center B cells. *Blood* 93:2319-2326, 1999. [44] Young LS and Rickinson AB. Epstein-Barr virus: 40 years on. *Nat Rev Cancer* 4:757-768,

[45] Carbone A, Gloghini A, Dotti G. EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disorders:

[46] Nakayama T, Hieshima K, Nagakubo D et al. Selective induction of Th2-attracting chemokines CCL17 and CCL22 in human B cells by latent membrane protein1 of

[47] Klein U and Dalla-Favera R. Germinal centres: role in B-cell physiology and

[48] Carbone A, Gloghini A, Larocca LM, et al. Expression profile of MUM1/IRF4, BCL-6, and CD138/syndecan-1 defines novel histogenic subsets of human immunodeficiency

[49] Mancao C and Hammerschmidt W. Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 2A is a B-cell receptor mimic and essential for B-cell survival. *Blood* 109:2597-2603, 2007. [50] Tirelli U, Errante D, Dolcetti R, et al. Hodgkin's disease and human immunodeficiency virus infection: clinicopathologic and virologic features of 114 patients from the Italian

[51] Tirelli U, Vaccher E, Serraino D, et al. Comparison of presenting clinical and laboratory findings of patients with persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL) syndrome and

[52] Andrieu JM, Roithmann S, Tourani JM, et al. Hodgkin's disease during HIV-1 infection:

[53] Rubio R. Hodgkin's disease associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

[54] Garcia-Noblejas A, Nieto S, Liberal R, et al. Intracerebral Hodgkin's lymphoma in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus. *Haematologica* 92:e72-e73, 2007. [55] Vaccher E, Spina M, Talamini R, et al. Improvement of systemic human immunodeficiency virus-related NHL in the era of HAART. *Clin Infect Dis* 37:1556-1564,

[56] Chimienti E, Spina M, Gastaldi R, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcome of 290 patients (pts) with Hodgkin's disease and HIV infection (HD-HIV) in pre and HAART

[58] Fazel FB. Hodgkin's Lymphoma at Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital. A fifteen year

[59] Levine AM, Li P, Cheung T, et al. Chemotherapy consisting of doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine with granulocyte-colony-stimulating-factor GCSF in HIV infected patients with newly diagnosed Hodgkin's disease: a prospective, multi-

(highly active antiretroviral therapy) era (abstract 168). *Ann Oncol* 19:iv136, 2008. [57] Berenguer J, Miralles P, Ribera JM, et al. Characteristics and outcome of AIDS-related Hodgkin's lymphoma before and after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral

Co-operative group on AIDS and Tumors. *J Clin Oncol* 13:1758-1767, 1995.

malignant lymphoma (ML). *Haematologica* 72:563-565, 1987.

the French registry experience. *Ann Oncol* 4:635-641, 1993.

therapy. *J Acquir Immune Defic Syndrome* 47:422-428, 2008.

review. MMed dissertation. University of the Witwatersrand 2012.

A clinical study of 46 cases. *Cancer* 73:2400-2407, 1994.

classification and treatment. *Oncologist* 13:577-585, 2008.

Epstein-Barr Virus. *J Virol* 78:1665-74, 2004.

malignancy. *Nat Rev Immunol* 8:22-33, 2008.

virus-related lymphomas. *Blood* 97:744-751, 2001.

2004.

2003.


[43] Carbone A, Gloghini A, Larocca LM, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus-associated Hodgkin's disease derives from postgerminal center B cells. *Blood* 93:2319-2326, 1999.

306 Immunodeficiency

87, 2003.

study. *AIDS* 23:41-50, 2009.

140:527-536, 2008.

2002.

[25] Patel M, Philip V, Turton D, et al. The impact of HIV on Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma at

[27] Casper C. The increasing burden of HIV-associated malignancies in resource-limited

[28] Clumeck N, Sonnet J and Taelman H. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in African

[29] Parkin DM, Wabinga S, Nambooze S, et al. AIDS-related cancers in Africa: maturation

[30] Adeniji KA and Anjorin AS. Peripheral lymphadenopathy in Nigeria. *African Journal of* 

[31] Sitas F, Bezwoda WR, Levin V, et al. Association between human immunodeficiency type 1 infection and cancer in the black population of Johannesburg and Soweto, South

[32] Sitas F, Pacella-Norman R, Carrara H, et al. The spectrum of HIV-1 related cancers in

[33] Stein L, Urban MI, O'Connell D, et al. The spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus associated cancers in a South African black population: Results from a case-control

[34] Patel M. Haematology. In: Baragwanath Hospital 50 years – A Medical Miscellany. Eds.

[35] Ribera JM, Navarro JT, Oriol A, et al. Prognostic impact of highly active antiretroviral

[36] Gerard L, Galicier L, Boulanger E, et al. Improved survival in HIV-related Hodgkin's lymphoma since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. *AIDS* 17(1):81-

[37] Crum-Cianflone N, Hullsiek KH, Marconi V et al. Trends in the incidence of cancers among HIV-infected persons and the impact of antiretroviral therapy: a 20-year cohort

[38] Takegawa S, Jin S, Nakayama T et al. Expression of CCL17 and CCL22 by latent membrane protein 1-positive tumor cells age-related Epstein-Barr virus-associated B

[39] Niens M, Visser L, Nolte IM et al. Serum chemokine levels in Hodgkin lymphoma patients: highly increased levels of CCL17 and CCL22. *British Journal of Haematology*

[40] Maggio E, van den Berg A, Diepstra A et al. Chemokines, cytokines and their receptors in Hodgkin's lymphoma cell lines and tissues. *Annals of Oncology* 13(Suppl. 1):52-56,

[41] Poppema S, Lai R, Visser L et al. CD45 (leucocyte common antigen) expression in T and

[42] Rezk SA and Weiss LM. Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disorders.

therapy in HIV-related Hodgkin's disease. *AIDS* 16(14):1973-6, 2002.

Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital. *Haematologica* 92(s1):273, 2007. [26] UNAIDS. Report on the global AIDS epidemic. Geneva: UNAIDS, 2008.

regions. *Annual Review of Medicine* 62:157-170, 2011.

of the epidemic in Uganda. *AIDS* 13(18):2563-70, 1999.

*Medicine and Medical Sciences* 29(3-4):233-37, 2000.

study, 1995-2004. *Int J Cancer* 122:2260-2265, 2008.

K Huddle and A Dubb. Ultra Litho. 173-190, 1994.

lymphoproliferative disorder. *Cancer Sci* 99:296-302, 2008.

B lymphocyte subsets. *Leuk Lymphoma* 20:217-222, 1996.

*Human Pathology* 38(9):1293-1304, 2007.

patients. *NEJM* 310(8):492-97, 1984.

Africa. *Br J Cancer* 75:1704-07, 1997.

South Africa. *Int J Cancer* 88,489-92, 2000.


institutional AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study (ACTG 149). *J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr* 24:444-450, 2000.

**Section 4** 

**Immunodeficiency – HIV, Feline Model** 


**Immunodeficiency – HIV, Feline Model** 

308 Immunodeficiency

24:444-450, 2000.

*Annals of Oncology* 17:914-919, 2006.

*Ann Oncol* 19:iv152, 2008.

14:59-66, 2008.

198, 2007.

institutional AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study (ACTG 149). *J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr*

[60] Xicoy B, Ribera JM, Miralles P, et al. Results of treatment with doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine and highly active antiretroviral therapy in advanced stage human immunodeficiency virus-related Hodgkin's lymphoma. *Haematologica* 92:191-

[61] Hentrich M, Maretta L, Chow JR, et al. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) improves survival in HIV-associated Hodgkin's disease: results of a multicentre study.

[62] Spina M, Rossi G, Antinori A, et al. VEBEP regimen and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in patients (pts) with HD and HIV infection (HD-HIV) (abstract 227).

[63] Hartmann P, Rehwald U, Salzberger B, et al. BEACOPP therapeutic regimen for patients with Hodgkin's disease and HIV infection. *Ann Oncol* 14:1562-1569, 2003. [64] Spina M, Gabarre J, Rossi G, et al. Stanford V regimen and concomitant HAART in 59

[65] Krishnan A, Molina A, Zaia J, et al. Durable remission with autologous stem cell transplantation for high-risk HIV-associated lymphomas. *Blood* 105:874-878, 2005. [66] Spitzer TR, Ambinder RF, Lee JY, et al. Dose-reduced busulfan, cyclophosphamide, and autologous stem cell transplantation for human immunodeficiency virus-associated lymphoma: AIDS Malignancy Consortium Study 020. *Biol Blood Marrow Transplant*

patients with Hodgkin disease and HIV infection. *Blood* 100:1984-1988, 2002.

**Chapter 15**

© 2012 Smith et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

NHP challenge model and anti-HIV drug and vaccine development.

**Simian-Human Immunodeficiency** 

Lara E. Pereira, Priya Srinivasan and James M. Smith

**Non-Human Primate Models for AIDS** 

Non-human primates (NHP) have been indispensable to the study of simian immunodeficiency (SIV)/human immunodeficiency (HIV) infection, pathogenesis, and the development of prophylactic and therapeutic interventions to prevent transmission and progression to disease. A number of SIV and chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge stocks have significantly advanced the NHP model, making it possible to identify and better understand factors that influence virus transmission, acute infection, pathogenesis and the eventual progression to AIDS. The development of SHIV recombinant viruses, in particular, has been especially advantageous in that it provides a more relevant research tool for studying properties of HIV-1 infection in a NHP setting. These include HIV-1 envelope characteristics that affect transmission and pathogenesis. SHIV constructs also allow for the evaluation of the efficacy of anti-HIV microbicide formulations and vaccines that are directed against envelope and other critical virus components such as reverse transcriptase. While beneficial, the vast number of virologicallydistinct challenge stocks and the growth of the NHP challenge model repertoire to now include rhesus, pigtail and cynomolgus macaques, have collectively introduced an increased level of complexity with regard to experimental design and data interpretation. Furthermore, some virus stocks have virological properties that limit applications in novel areas of drug discovery, prompting the development of new generation SHIV challenge stocks. The purpose of this chapter is to therefore summarize efforts that have been made to characterize both SIV/SHIV challenge stocks and NHP hosts, to highlight the development of new generation SHIV, and how these novel challenge stocks have advanced the SHIV

**Viruses and Their Impact on** 

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53556

**1. Introduction** 
