**Author details**

Marco Rossi and Pierosandro Tagliaferri

*Translational Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University and Tommaso Campanella Cancer Center, Catanzaro, Italy* 

#### Pierfrancesco Tassone

*Translational Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University and Tommaso Campanella Cancer Center, Catanzaro, Italy Temple University's College of Science & Technology, Philadelphia, PA, USA* 

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Pierfrancesco Tassone

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*Translational Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University and Tommaso Campanella Cancer Center, Catanzaro, Italy* 

*Translational Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University and Tommaso Campanella Cancer Center, Catanzaro, Italy* 

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**Section 3** 

**Immunodeficiency – HIV, Human Model** 

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**Immunodeficiency – HIV, Human Model** 

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patients with rheumatoid arthritis. *Arthritis Res Ther*, 2010, *12*, R81

**Chapter 10** 

© 2012 Álvarez Díaz et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

**HIV-Infected Patients and Potential Impact on** 

There is increasing evidence that infection with HIV may be associated with a

The incidence of thrombotic events in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected patients is rising as suggested in recent retrospective cohort studies (1%- 2%, which is 10 times that expected among people without HIV) [**1**], but the underlying etiology remains uncertain.

Several mechanisms associated with HIV infection that may lead to predispose to a hypercoagulate state, in the absence of classic thrombophilic risk factors [**2**], are emerging.

HIV-infected patients are older than their chronological age, experiencing the so-called "*premature aging* ", with persistent immunological defects and inflammation, even after years of treatment mediated viral suppression (similar to those seen in normal ageing, but they occur at an earlier age than normal): low CD4: CD8 ratio, low *naïve*: memory cell ratio and reduced responsiveness to vaccines. In addition, longevity and life expectancy is increasing due to effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), making HIV infection a chronic

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**2. Procoagulant mechanisms underlying HIV infection** 

More than one "hit" seems to be involved [**3**]:

**Thrombotic Events** 

José Francisco García Rodríguez

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/51590

**1. Introduction** 

hypercoagulate state.

**2.1. Host risk factors** 

*2.1.1. Age* 

disorder.

Hortensia Álvarez Díaz, Ana Mariño Callejo and

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter
