**6. References**


Golneshan A A, M Lahonian (2011a). Diffusion of magnetic nanoparticles in a multi-site injection process within a biological tissue during magnetic fluid hyperthermia using lattice Boltzmann method *Mech Res Commun* 38: 425– 430.

142 Hyperthermia

**5. Conclusion** 

**Author details** 

Mansour Lahonian

**6. References** 

302.

iran.

*Magn Magn Mater* 194:197–203.

the injection, the maximum concentration of ferrofluid happens at the injection sites, decreasing rapidly with increasing the distance from the injection sites. At this stage, nearly clear boundaries are seen between diffused ferrofluid for each injection regions. As ferrofluid diffuses more and more, these boundaries are disappeared. Thirty minutes after the injection, the ferrofluid is spread all over the tomour [Golneshan and Lahonian (2011a)]. Comparison between mono-site and multi-site injections in Figures 15 show that diffusion of ferrofluid in the tissue for a multi-site injection is much more uniform and covers all points inside the tumor 30 minutes after the end of injection process. Furthermore, no substantial concentration gradient is seen between the center and the boundary of the tumor at this time

Results showed and clarified that increasing the magnetic nanofluid injection volume, increases the concentration of MNPs inside the tissue. Also, increasing magnetic nanofluid infusion flow rate increased the concentration of MNPs in the center of the tumor only. For irregular tumors, the effect of multi-site injection was investigated. Results showed that multi-site injection of specific quantity of magnetic nanofluid provided a better distribution

*Mechanical Engineering Department, Engineering School, Kurdistan University, Sanandaj, Iran* 

Andrä W, C G D'Ambly, R Hergt, I Hilger, W A Kaiser (1999). Temperature distribution as function of time around a small spherical heat source of local magnetic hyperthermia. *J* 

Bagaria H G, and D T Johnson (2005). Transient solution to the BHE and optimization for

Bellizzi G, O M Bucci (2010). On the optimal choice of the exposure conditions and the nanoparticle features in magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia *Int J Hyperther* 26:389-403. Brusentsova T N, N A Brusentsov, V D Kuznetsov, V N Nikiforov (2005). Synthesis and investigation of magnetic properties of Gd-substituted Mn–Zn ferrite nanoparticles as a potential low-TC agent for magnetic fluid hyperthermia *J Magn Magn Mater* 293: 298-

Golneshan A A, M Lahonian (2010). Diffusion of magnetic nanoparticles within spherical tissue as a porous media during magnetic fluid hyperthermia using lattice Boltzmann method *International Congress on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology* 9-11 November, shiraz

magnetic fluid hyperthermia treatment *Int J Hyperther* 21(1): 57–75.

for the multi-site injection case [Golneshan and Lahonian (2011a)].

of MNPs inside the tumor, in contrast to mono-site injection.


Nicholson C (2001). Diffusion and related transport mechanism in brain tissue *Rep Prog Phys* 64: 815–884.

**Chapter 5** 

© 2013 Donkol and Al Nammi, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2013 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

**Hyperthermia Tissue Ablation in Radiology** 

Hyperthermia is part of thermal medicine, in which increasing body or tissue temperature used for the treatment of diseases. It can be traced back to the earliest practice of medicine. Cultures from around the world can point to ancient uses of hot therapy for specific medical applications. As mentioned in the foregoing books, cauterization is the first application of hyperthermia in medicine. Cauterization can be done by heat, or by chemicals such as caustics. Al-Zahrawi - an ancient Arabic scientist- generally preferred the former for the use of cauterization in treatment of diseases (1). Depending on the nature of the disease, the patient's temperament and the weather condition, different kinds of metals such as bronze, iron and gold could be used. The important considerations in the procedure include the shape of the cautery, the site of cauterization and the number of exposures. Many of the cauteries were taken from the Greeks, but Al-Zahrawi takes an independent line while describing cauterization for hare-lip, entropion, pulmonary disease, pre-anal fistula, dislocation of femur, back pain, headache, ptosis, perianal fistulae, humeral dislocation,

Modern research in thermal medicine aims to understand molecular, cellular and physiological effects of temperature manipulation and the "stress" response, as well as to develop effective and safe equipment for clinical application and temperature monitoring. As a result, today there are a growing number of clinical applications of thermal therapy that benefit patients with a variety of diseases. Remarkable progress in engineering, radiology and physics over the past decades has led to the implementation of clinical trials that are revealing the true potential of hyperthermia for the treatment of different disease. Hyperthermia ablation (e.g. by radiofrequency electric current, microwaves, laser, or ultrasound), whereby localized heating destroys tissue is now used worldwide for tumors treatment and many other important medical applications. In most circumstances thermal ablation is used under guidance of different radiological modalities such as ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Thermal ablation is a

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Ragab Hani Donkol and Ahmed Al Nammi

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52274

sciatica and face swellings (fig 1).

**1. Introduction** 

