**3.2. Selection by Szent-Gyorgyi's effect (dielectric selection)**

The living material is not an ordered solid. Contrary to the crystals [184], it is hard to introduce the co-operation. The living matter is in aqueous solution, which is mostly well ordered, nearly crystalline (semi-crystalline, [185]) in the living state. This relative order formed the "dilute salted water" into the system having entirely different mechanical, chemical, physical, etc. behaviors from the normal aqueous solutions. Indeed, the important role in the living systems of the so-called ordered water was pointed out in the middle of the sixties, and later it was proven, [186]. At first the ordered water was suggested as much as 50% of the total amount of the water in the living bodies [187]. The systematic investigations showed more ordered water [188], [189] than it was expected before. Probably the ordered water bound to the membrane is oriented (ordered) by the membrane potential, which probably decreases the order of the connected water. Consequently, it increases the electric permeability of the water [190], and so decreases the cell-to-cell adhesion and causing celldivision and proliferation **[**190**]**.

Local Hyperthermia in Oncology – To Choose or not to Choose? 29

work-division was not possible. All the living objects in alpha state are autonomic, they compete with each other and cooperative communication does not exist between them. With the later presence of free oxygen beta-state of life was developed. The oxygen made it possible to exchange higher value of electric charges, the unsaturated protein allowed more complex interactions and started the diversity of life. The cells, in this state, are cooperative, the task from the only multiplication became more complex, including the optimal energyconsumption, the diversity for optimal adjustment to life. This is the phase, which integrated the mitochondria for oxidative ATP production, and so produced the energy in

**Figure 26.** The dielectric (order) differences between healthy and malignant cell-environments

systems. (Further on Greek letters α and β will be used to denote those states.)

The historical development of the life from alpha- to beta-stages has been generalized [190], introducing the same states for the actual stage of the cells in developed complex living

The highly organized living objects are mainly built up from cells in β-state. Their celldivision becomes controlled. This control is mandatory, because the division needs autonomic actions, the cooperative intercellular forces slack, a part of the structure has to be dissolved and rearranged, so the cell in division state is again in non-differentiate state,

The α state is the basic status of life. In this status the highest available entropy is accompanied by the lowest available free-energy. All complex living systems could easily be transformed into this basic state when it becomes instable. Then by the simple physical constrains (seek to low free energy and to high entropy) the cells try (at least partly) realize the α-state again. Once more, the system (or a part of it) contains cells with high autonomy and proliferation-rate. By simple comparison of Szent-Gyorgyi's states and Warburg's metabolic pathways are common: the α- and β-states correspond with the fermentative and oxidative metabolism, respectively. In other words, α-state prefers the host cell ATP production (anaerobic) but when the perfect mitochondria function works, that is β-state.

high efficacy.

similar to the α one.

According to the Warburg's effect the metabolism gradually favors the fermentation in malignancy. The end-products of both the metabolic processes are ions in the aqua-based electrolyte. The oxidative cycle products dissociate like *6CO2+6H2O � 12H+ + 6CO32-* while the lactate produced by fermentation dissociates: *2CH3CHOHCOOH � 2CH3CHOHCOO- + 2H+*. Assuming the equal proton production (by more intensive fermentation energy-flux) the main difference is in the negative ions. The complex lactate-ion concentration grows rapidly and increases its osmotic pressure. Keep the pressure normal, the dissolvent (the monomer water) has to be increased as well, seeking to solvent by non-ordered water. Indeed, it is measured in various malignancies that the water is changed to be disordered, [191], [192], [193], so in these cases the ordered water concentration in cancerous cells is smaller than in their healthy counterpart. Consequently, the hydrogen ionic transmitter becomes weak, the removal of the hydrogen ions becomes less active. This decreases the intracellular pH and the proton gradient in mitochondria, which directly worsens the efficacy of ATP production. To compensate the lowered proton-gradient, the membrane potential of mitochondria grows. This lowers the permeability of the membrane, decreases the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), which have a crucial role in apoptosis, [194], [195]. (The high mitochondrial membrane potential and low K-channel expression were observed in cancerous processes, [196].). These processes lead to apoptosis resistance, and for the cell energizing the ATP production of the host cell (fermentation) becomes supported. The free-ion concentration increases in the cytoplasm, and so the HSP chaperone stress proteins start to be produced. This process needs more ATP as well as it is antiapoptotic agent, so the process could lead to the complete block of apoptosis. Rearranging (disordering) the water structure needs energy [197]. It is similar to the way the ice is melted with latent heat from zero centigrade solid to liquid with unchanged temperature conditions. This drastic change (phase transition) modifies the physical properties (like the dielectric constant) of the material without changing the composition (only the microscopic ordering) of the medium itself.

The decisional role of the two metabolic pathways (the oxidative and the fermentative) was studied by Szent-Gyorgyi [190], having an etiology approach and using additional formulation. His interpretation describes the cellular states by two different stages. The alpha-state of the cell is the fermentative status, (see Figure 26*.).* 

This was general in the early development of life, when free oxygen was not available. The aggressive electron acceptor was not present [198]. In this stage, only simple, primitive life forms could exist. The main task was to maintain life with their unlimited multiplication. This state was only reproduction oriented, to develop complex structures and complicated work-division was not possible. All the living objects in alpha state are autonomic, they compete with each other and cooperative communication does not exist between them. With the later presence of free oxygen beta-state of life was developed. The oxygen made it possible to exchange higher value of electric charges, the unsaturated protein allowed more complex interactions and started the diversity of life. The cells, in this state, are cooperative, the task from the only multiplication became more complex, including the optimal energyconsumption, the diversity for optimal adjustment to life. This is the phase, which integrated the mitochondria for oxidative ATP production, and so produced the energy in high efficacy.

28 Hyperthermia

division and proliferation **[**190**]**.

ordering) of the medium itself.

sixties, and later it was proven, [186]. At first the ordered water was suggested as much as 50% of the total amount of the water in the living bodies [187]. The systematic investigations showed more ordered water [188], [189] than it was expected before. Probably the ordered water bound to the membrane is oriented (ordered) by the membrane potential, which probably decreases the order of the connected water. Consequently, it increases the electric permeability of the water [190], and so decreases the cell-to-cell adhesion and causing cell-

According to the Warburg's effect the metabolism gradually favors the fermentation in malignancy. The end-products of both the metabolic processes are ions in the aqua-based electrolyte. The oxidative cycle products dissociate like *6CO2+6H2O � 12H+ + 6CO32-* while the lactate produced by fermentation dissociates: *2CH3CHOHCOOH � 2CH3CHOHCOO-*

*2H+*. Assuming the equal proton production (by more intensive fermentation energy-flux) the main difference is in the negative ions. The complex lactate-ion concentration grows rapidly and increases its osmotic pressure. Keep the pressure normal, the dissolvent (the monomer water) has to be increased as well, seeking to solvent by non-ordered water. Indeed, it is measured in various malignancies that the water is changed to be disordered, [191], [192], [193], so in these cases the ordered water concentration in cancerous cells is smaller than in their healthy counterpart. Consequently, the hydrogen ionic transmitter becomes weak, the removal of the hydrogen ions becomes less active. This decreases the intracellular pH and the proton gradient in mitochondria, which directly worsens the efficacy of ATP production. To compensate the lowered proton-gradient, the membrane potential of mitochondria grows. This lowers the permeability of the membrane, decreases the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), which have a crucial role in apoptosis, [194], [195]. (The high mitochondrial membrane potential and low K-channel expression were observed in cancerous processes, [196].). These processes lead to apoptosis resistance, and for the cell energizing the ATP production of the host cell (fermentation) becomes supported. The free-ion concentration increases in the cytoplasm, and so the HSP chaperone stress proteins start to be produced. This process needs more ATP as well as it is antiapoptotic agent, so the process could lead to the complete block of apoptosis. Rearranging (disordering) the water structure needs energy [197]. It is similar to the way the ice is melted with latent heat from zero centigrade solid to liquid with unchanged temperature conditions. This drastic change (phase transition) modifies the physical properties (like the dielectric constant) of the material without changing the composition (only the microscopic

The decisional role of the two metabolic pathways (the oxidative and the fermentative) was studied by Szent-Gyorgyi [190], having an etiology approach and using additional formulation. His interpretation describes the cellular states by two different stages. The

This was general in the early development of life, when free oxygen was not available. The aggressive electron acceptor was not present [198]. In this stage, only simple, primitive life forms could exist. The main task was to maintain life with their unlimited multiplication. This state was only reproduction oriented, to develop complex structures and complicated

alpha-state of the cell is the fermentative status, (see Figure 26*.).* 

 *+* 

**Figure 26.** The dielectric (order) differences between healthy and malignant cell-environments

The historical development of the life from alpha- to beta-stages has been generalized [190], introducing the same states for the actual stage of the cells in developed complex living systems. (Further on Greek letters α and β will be used to denote those states.)

The highly organized living objects are mainly built up from cells in β-state. Their celldivision becomes controlled. This control is mandatory, because the division needs autonomic actions, the cooperative intercellular forces slack, a part of the structure has to be dissolved and rearranged, so the cell in division state is again in non-differentiate state, similar to the α one.

The α state is the basic status of life. In this status the highest available entropy is accompanied by the lowest available free-energy. All complex living systems could easily be transformed into this basic state when it becomes instable. Then by the simple physical constrains (seek to low free energy and to high entropy) the cells try (at least partly) realize the α-state again. Once more, the system (or a part of it) contains cells with high autonomy and proliferation-rate. By simple comparison of Szent-Gyorgyi's states and Warburg's metabolic pathways are common: the α- and β-states correspond with the fermentative and oxidative metabolism, respectively. In other words, α-state prefers the host cell ATP production (anaerobic) but when the perfect mitochondria function works, that is β-state.

These states are mixed (the cell works in both metabolic activities) and it is only a question of quantity in their category. In normal homeostasis the β-state characteristics is about 70%. The actual balance fixes the actual status. The balance could be formulated by the cell status of co-operability (*α β*); or formulated by metabolic ways (*fermentation oxidation*) or could be formulated with the acting parts of metabolism: (*host-cell mitochondrion*). The meaning of all the formulations is equal: the actual energetic state is described. Note the interesting relation between the energy flux and co-operability. The high energy-flux makes the cells less cooperative and more primitive, while the low energy-flux makes the cells not only cooperative but also sophisticated, highly effective in energy production and in environmental adaptation as well. (It also has interesting similarity with the organizing of societies [199], but it is outside our present topic.)

Local Hyperthermia in Oncology – To Choose or not to Choose? 31

daughter cells. The "individualism" of the mother-cell is explainable with the extreme high energy demand of the division process. When the daughter cells appear, they must accept the previous order. Their "infancy" is normal, as the "babyhood" is normal after the deliveries. The "babyhood" period has to be limited in time, and the newly born cell has to find its normal collective function. Consequently, the process might go wrong, if after finishing the division, the daughter cells do not find the way of the co-operability and the βstate again. When it is not the case, the cells are blocked in the α-state, their proliferation becomes uncontrolled. This unfortunate case, however, is not a simple process originated from one single defect. It is a disturbance of a complex controlling mechanism **[**190**]**, which well correlates anyway with the single "renegade cell" concept [205], showing a long process to produce "a renegade cell" as the ancestor of the billion-cell group called cancer. According to the epidemiological research, for a complex damage to occur and for the cancer to develop at least five different mutations have to be coincidently present to be

Again we are back to the main question: what is the mechanism to re-establish the β-state after the division of the cell. We think, that the down-regulation of the energy-flux has the same active elements as the up-regulation had at the start of the division. The clue is again the order-disorder transformation in the aqueous solution. As we told, at the beginning of the division, a huge energy has to be ready to supply the process, a large number of proteins and other cellular elements (lipids, enzymes, etc.) have to be produced, and all need ATP desperately. In α-sate the conditions are ready for that. When the division is over, two new daughter cells appear, the energy-consumption drastically drops to the normal level of the two cells. The doubled cytoplasm and all the cellular elements had enough dissolvent capacity even in the ordered water case. The hydrogen-bridge proton bifurcation can be reorganized, there are no opposite environmental driving forces. The sudden doubling of the cellular elments cools down the liquid to solid. It goes through the same phase transition (disorder-order transition) as it was (only the opposite direction) when the division started. This again (like in the liquid phase transitions) lowers the free energy, and in all (together with the environment, where the extra heat is radiated) increases the entropy. Note, the entropy apparently decreases (information build up) in the local cellular level, the overall

As we showed, the metabolic pathways could drastically modify the development of the cell, and it could be the primary source of the malignant deviations. The balance of the oxidative and fermentative metabolism tunes the cellular ability to behave collectively or constrict autonomy, being individual. These conditions of course well depend on the energy (and signaling) exchange of the cell with its actual environment. The intracellular transport properties also have to be different at changing metabolic pathway. The intensive energy flux of the fermentative metabolism increases the liberated heat in the cell, and so the temperature gradient between the extra- and intracellular compartments. The growing temperature difference could reach a critical threshold, when the heat flow turns from conductive to convective [207]. (This phenomenon works like the well-known Benard instability, [208].) The convective way promotes the ionic flows through the cellular

malignant. [206].

conditions have to be considered for the full picture.

Differences of the metabolic processes of vertebrates and invertebrates are (terrestrial, pelagic and benthic) well mirrored in the scaling exponent, [200]. The benthic invertebrates (n=215) have the lowest average scaling exponent (*pmean*=0.63, [near to ⅔], *CImean*=0.18), which metabolizes basically on anaerobic way, [201], while all studied animals (n=496) have (*pmean*=0.74, [near to ¾], *CImean*=0.18), [200]. The scaling of the metabolic activity is also different in mitochondrial or non-mitochondrial metabolism. The mitochondrial metabolism is always aerobic, its scaling exponent is nearly *p*=¾, [202], **[**243**]**, while the nonmitochondrial respiration scaling is near to ⅔ [203].

One question arises immediately: what mechanism makes control on the balance of β-and αstates in the highly developed living objects? The electromagnetic behavior of electrolytes in living systems might give us the answer [204]. The cooperative cells mostly run on oxidative metabolism, and their division is controlled by the cells in their neighborhood. There are two basic reasons for normal cellular division, and it could be a regular division keeping the homeostasis of the given tissue, replacing the elder cells with young daughter cells, or it could be a forced, constrained division (like by wound-healing, reparations, embryonic development, constrained tissue-specific cell-production, etc.). The questions are: which process starts the division and which finishes it?

It is easy to start the division. The cell-division certainly requires extra energy, much larger than it is in normal conditions. This could be a mechanism described above: the changing concentration of one or more components needs more dissolvent, which is provided by the order-disorder transition of the intracellular aqueous electrolyte as well as the osmotic water-flow through the cellular membrane. The concentration misbalance can be created by outside stimuli (like injury currents) or by inside enrichment of a component due to aging or to metabolic misbalance. The order-disorder water transition does not only change the hydrogen-ion diffusion, but it also changes the dielectric constant of the medium **[**204**]**. The more disordered liquid increases the dielectric constant (in other words, the ability of electric isolation increased). This is directly connected with the promoted charge-division and the suppressed polymerization activity in subcellular level, creating positive feedback to the fermentation processes. The balance is broken, and turned to the phase where the αstate is dominant. It is not necessarily a malignant transition. This happens with any regular cell division as well. This is the "motherhood" of the cell, making it possible to "deliver" the daughter cells. The "individualism" of the mother-cell is explainable with the extreme high energy demand of the division process. When the daughter cells appear, they must accept the previous order. Their "infancy" is normal, as the "babyhood" is normal after the deliveries. The "babyhood" period has to be limited in time, and the newly born cell has to find its normal collective function. Consequently, the process might go wrong, if after finishing the division, the daughter cells do not find the way of the co-operability and the βstate again. When it is not the case, the cells are blocked in the α-state, their proliferation becomes uncontrolled. This unfortunate case, however, is not a simple process originated from one single defect. It is a disturbance of a complex controlling mechanism **[**190**]**, which well correlates anyway with the single "renegade cell" concept [205], showing a long process to produce "a renegade cell" as the ancestor of the billion-cell group called cancer. According to the epidemiological research, for a complex damage to occur and for the cancer to develop at least five different mutations have to be coincidently present to be malignant. [206].

30 Hyperthermia

of co-operability (*α*

societies [199], but it is outside our present topic.)

mitochondrial respiration scaling is near to ⅔ [203].

process starts the division and which finishes it?

could be formulated with the acting parts of metabolism: (*host-cell* 

These states are mixed (the cell works in both metabolic activities) and it is only a question of quantity in their category. In normal homeostasis the β-state characteristics is about 70%. The actual balance fixes the actual status. The balance could be formulated by the cell status

meaning of all the formulations is equal: the actual energetic state is described. Note the interesting relation between the energy flux and co-operability. The high energy-flux makes the cells less cooperative and more primitive, while the low energy-flux makes the cells not only cooperative but also sophisticated, highly effective in energy production and in environmental adaptation as well. (It also has interesting similarity with the organizing of

Differences of the metabolic processes of vertebrates and invertebrates are (terrestrial, pelagic and benthic) well mirrored in the scaling exponent, [200]. The benthic invertebrates (n=215) have the lowest average scaling exponent (*pmean*=0.63, [near to ⅔], *CImean*=0.18), which metabolizes basically on anaerobic way, [201], while all studied animals (n=496) have (*pmean*=0.74, [near to ¾], *CImean*=0.18), [200]. The scaling of the metabolic activity is also different in mitochondrial or non-mitochondrial metabolism. The mitochondrial metabolism is always aerobic, its scaling exponent is nearly *p*=¾, [202], **[**243**]**, while the non-

One question arises immediately: what mechanism makes control on the balance of β-and αstates in the highly developed living objects? The electromagnetic behavior of electrolytes in living systems might give us the answer [204]. The cooperative cells mostly run on oxidative metabolism, and their division is controlled by the cells in their neighborhood. There are two basic reasons for normal cellular division, and it could be a regular division keeping the homeostasis of the given tissue, replacing the elder cells with young daughter cells, or it could be a forced, constrained division (like by wound-healing, reparations, embryonic development, constrained tissue-specific cell-production, etc.). The questions are: which

It is easy to start the division. The cell-division certainly requires extra energy, much larger than it is in normal conditions. This could be a mechanism described above: the changing concentration of one or more components needs more dissolvent, which is provided by the order-disorder transition of the intracellular aqueous electrolyte as well as the osmotic water-flow through the cellular membrane. The concentration misbalance can be created by outside stimuli (like injury currents) or by inside enrichment of a component due to aging or to metabolic misbalance. The order-disorder water transition does not only change the hydrogen-ion diffusion, but it also changes the dielectric constant of the medium **[**204**]**. The more disordered liquid increases the dielectric constant (in other words, the ability of electric isolation increased). This is directly connected with the promoted charge-division and the suppressed polymerization activity in subcellular level, creating positive feedback to the fermentation processes. The balance is broken, and turned to the phase where the αstate is dominant. It is not necessarily a malignant transition. This happens with any regular cell division as well. This is the "motherhood" of the cell, making it possible to "deliver" the

*β*); or formulated by metabolic ways (*fermentation* 

 *oxidation*) or

 *mitochondrion*). The

Again we are back to the main question: what is the mechanism to re-establish the β-state after the division of the cell. We think, that the down-regulation of the energy-flux has the same active elements as the up-regulation had at the start of the division. The clue is again the order-disorder transformation in the aqueous solution. As we told, at the beginning of the division, a huge energy has to be ready to supply the process, a large number of proteins and other cellular elements (lipids, enzymes, etc.) have to be produced, and all need ATP desperately. In α-sate the conditions are ready for that. When the division is over, two new daughter cells appear, the energy-consumption drastically drops to the normal level of the two cells. The doubled cytoplasm and all the cellular elements had enough dissolvent capacity even in the ordered water case. The hydrogen-bridge proton bifurcation can be reorganized, there are no opposite environmental driving forces. The sudden doubling of the cellular elments cools down the liquid to solid. It goes through the same phase transition (disorder-order transition) as it was (only the opposite direction) when the division started. This again (like in the liquid phase transitions) lowers the free energy, and in all (together with the environment, where the extra heat is radiated) increases the entropy. Note, the entropy apparently decreases (information build up) in the local cellular level, the overall conditions have to be considered for the full picture.

As we showed, the metabolic pathways could drastically modify the development of the cell, and it could be the primary source of the malignant deviations. The balance of the oxidative and fermentative metabolism tunes the cellular ability to behave collectively or constrict autonomy, being individual. These conditions of course well depend on the energy (and signaling) exchange of the cell with its actual environment. The intracellular transport properties also have to be different at changing metabolic pathway. The intensive energy flux of the fermentative metabolism increases the liberated heat in the cell, and so the temperature gradient between the extra- and intracellular compartments. The growing temperature difference could reach a critical threshold, when the heat flow turns from conductive to convective [207]. (This phenomenon works like the well-known Benard instability, [208].) The convective way promotes the ionic flows through the cellular

membrane increasing the glucose permeability and so supports the fermentation way of metabolism together with the changes of the intracellular circulations, [209], [210]. This complex change could down-regulate the mitochondrial oxidative metabolism.

Local Hyperthermia in Oncology – To Choose or not to Choose? 33

**Figure 27.** The disordered state could absorb more form the applied electric field energy than the

The modern physiology is an essentially interdisciplinary subject, combining the knowledge of various fields, like the electronic structure approach of solid-state physics (e.g. Szent-Gyorgyi, [228], [229]), the superconductivity (e.g. Cope, [230]), the electromagnetism (e.g. Liboff, [231], [232]), the thermodynamics (e.g. Schrodinger, [233], Katchalsky & Curran [234]), etc. Various modern approaches were developed in the last decades based on this complexity, like self-organization ([235], [236],), fractal physiology ([237], [238], [239], [240]),

The healthy cells work collectively, their energy-consumption as well as their life-cycles and the availability of resources are controlled collectively by the various forms of the selforganizing, [244], [245]. The healthy cells are organized this way, their standard cycles, reactions and structures are complexly regulated in both internal and external areas. The healthy cells have special "social" signals [246] commonly regulate and control their life. They are specialized for work-division in the organism and their life-cycle is determined by

What makes the difference in the absorption? It is the missing collective order in malignancy. The cancerous cells behave non-collectively; they are autonomic. They are "individual fighters", having no common control over them, only the available nutrients regulate their life. The order, which characterizes the healthy tissue is lost in their malignant

The malignancy has a special fractal structure, which can be identified by impedance measurements on Erlich solid tumors [248]. This structure (due to its definite percolative

The living matter has a highly self-organized hierarchical structure. It is in non-equilibrium and its processes are non-stationer, [250]. The subsystems of living organisms are multiple, connected with various physical, chemical and physiological processes and the interacting

self-similarity) is a better conductor [249] than the non-fractal healthy tissue.

ordered one

and the bioscaling ([241], [242], [243]).

version, the cellular communications are missing [247].

the collective "decisions".

At the divisional processes the intracellular flows and all pathway activities are probably higher both at regular and at malignant cell-division. Possibly the order-disorder transition of the aqueous solution also has a role in the changes [211].

However, finishing the division, the daughter cells are separated, a higher surface suddenly appears and the separated volumes limit the intracellular flows and change the order of structure as well. It decreases the gradient through the membrane. This regulates the heatflow through the cellular membrane and changes the energy-exchange from convective to the conductive one again **[**207**]**. The conductive heat-exchange does not support the intensive diffusion of the large-molecule glucose, so the oxidative way becomes necessary and regular. The two daughter cells have less than half energy-consumption (each) than it was requested by the mother cell. It is because the mother cell was large (doubled its volume) and was intensively producing various elements to complete the daughter cells. Instead of the division conditions where the high energy-request gained the energy-demand and preferred the high-energy flux fermentative metabolism, the normal homeostatic conditions will dominate again.

The significantly larger permittivity and conductivity in tumor-tissue in vitro is explained on this basis, [212]. Both the conductivity and dielectric differences between the healthy- and tumor-tissues at the applied 13.56 MHz frequency in most cases of the malignancies are over 15% [213], **[**172**]**. It is clinically proven, that the cancerous and healthy tissues of the hepatic tumors are significantly different [214]. Also the VX-2 carcinoma can be measured [215]: rabbit-liver at low frequency in vivo had a conductivity 6-7.5 times higher, permittivity 2-5 times lower than in the healthy parts (impedance difference is about 600%), while for 10 MHz region it is 200%. With impedance tomography we can make a distinction between the living and necrotic malignancy as well, **[**214**]**; both the conductivity and permittivity are higher in the malignant liver, but the frequency dependence of necrotic tissue differs.

The dielectric properties are also distinguishable by the water content of the malignant tissue, which is higher than that of their healthy counterpart. The proliferating cells control their cell-volume by their water content, in the malignant growth [216], and this effect increases the conductivity and generally the dielectric properties in the given tissue.

The high dielectric constant allows the additional selection (focusing): the higher dielectric constant absorbs more from the RF-energy, (see Figure 27*.).* 
