**5. References**


[6] Douglas,A and Nelson,M.D.(1991)Basic Examination of Blood, Haematopoiesis Erythrocytic and Leukocytic Disorders. *In* Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods 18th Edn. HBJ International Edition W. B.Saunders.

240 Blood Cell – An Overview of Studies in Hematology

range tigers.

**Author details** 

A.B. Shrivastav and K.P. Singh *Centre for Wildlife Forensic and Health,* 

**Acknowledgement** 

482001, India.

**5. References** 

2321.

liver dysfunctions. Shrivastav, et. al. (2011) reported 14.4 to 84.0, 57.9 17.27± IU /L in the free

The haemato-biochemical profile of the Bengal tigers reported by Shrivastav et. al. (2011) was compared with the values of captive Bengal tigers (Seal et al. 1987), and no major differences were noticed except in ALT, AST and BUN. The mean values (BUN (27.90 ± 13.77 mg/dl), ALT (67.80 ± 27.84 IU/L) and AST (57.9. ± 17.27 IU/L) in free range tigers (Table1)) are comparatively higher with the values of BUN (23.4 ± 0.70 mg/dl), and AST (26.5 ± 4.7 IU/L) as recorded by Seal et al. (1987).The higher values in free range tigers might be associated with beasts of prey, its variety and intake of flesh in natural habits and habitat

Comprehensive information on haemato-biochemical parameters of free range tigers would be helpful for health monitoring and assessment of health status and prognosis of Bengal

The Authors are highly thankful to Dr. H. S. Pabla, PCCF and Dr. Suhas Kumar APCCF (Wildlife) Govt. of M.P. for their interest and constant inspiration to support wildlife activities organized by the Centre for Wildlife Forensic and Health, MPPCVV, Jabalpur-

[1] Benjamin, M.M. (1979) Outline of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 3rd Edn the state

[2] Chandranaik, B.M. Billarey,S.D. Das D; Renukaprasad, C and Krishnappa G (2006) Studies on haematological values in Tigers (*Panthera tigris*) Zoos Print Journal , 21(7)

[3] Crawford, J. M.; Hauser, S.C and Gollan, J.L. (1988) Formation of hepatic metabolism

[4] Currier, M.J. P. and Russell K.R. 1982. Haematology and Blood Chemistry of the

[5] Davidsohn L. and and Henry, J.B. (1969) Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods

and transport of bile pigment.A status report semin. Liver Disease 8:105.

mountain Lion (*Felis concolor*) Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 18:99.

while zoo tigers are locally dependent on monitored diet in captivity.

Tigers (Panthera *tigris tigris*) during treatment.

*M.P. Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur, India* 

University Press Ames, Iowa, USA., -108-109 pp.

Saunders, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

	- [25] Seal US, Armstrong DL, Simmons LG (1987) Yohimbine hydrochloride reversal of ketamine hydrochloride and xylazine hydrochloride immobilization of Bengal tigers and effects on haematology and serum chemistries. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 23(2):296–300.

**Chapter 13** 

© 2012 Druyan, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

© 2012 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 Druyan, licensee InTech. This is a paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Ascites Syndrome in Broiler Chickens** 

**– A Physiological Syndrome Affected** 

Reduced oxygen availability to the tissues (hypoxia) poses numerous challenges to animal life. Hypoxia occurs as a result of diminished partial pressure of oxygen, such as occurs with increasing altitude, or reduced oxygen percentage in the air capillaries of the lung. The oxygen partial pressure drops by approximately 7 mm Hg, i.e, approximately 2.5% in the case of atmospheric oxygen, for each 1,000 m increase in altitude, and thereby reduces the amount of oxygen available to the hemoglobin in red blood cells as blood passes through

The hypoxia tolerance of birds has been suggested to be greater than that of mammals. Early studies found that lowland house sparrows (*Passer domesticus*) in a wind tunnel at a simulated altitude of 6100 m behaved normally and flew for short periods [1]. Such findings support the anatomical and physiological evidence that the O2 transport pathway of birds has several unique characteristics that help support energetic activity and aerobic

The O2 cascade from inspired air to the tissue mitochondria includes several convective and diffusive steps at which physiological adjustments can preserve the rate of O2 flux in spite of hypoxia, thereby ensuring an uninterrupted supply of O2 to the energy-producing machinery of the cells [2]. These steps include ventilatory convection, diffusion across the blood–gas interface, circulatory convection, diffusion across the blood–tissue interface (including myoglobin-facilitated diffusion), and O2 utilization by the tissue mitochondria.

Breathing (ventilation) is stimulated when a decline in arterial PO2 is sensed by chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies. However, this hypoxic ventilatory response increases respiratory CO2 loss, causing a secondary hypocapnia (low partial pressure of CO2 in the

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**by Red Blood Cells** 

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/48307

metabolism during hypoxia.

**1. Introduction** 

the lung.

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

S. Druyan

