**8. References**


"Quo Vadis?" Deciphering the Code of Nongenomic Action of Thyroid Hormones in Mature Mammalian Brain 31

[6] Bauer M, London ED, Silverman DH, Rasgon N, Kirchheiner J, Whybrow PC (2003) Thyroid, brain and mood modulation in affective disorder: insights from molecular research and functional brain imaging. Pharmacopsychiatry 36: S215-S221.

30 Thyroid Hormone

transmission.

**Author details** 

Pradip K. Sarkar

**8. References** 

**Acknowledgement** 

Indian J. Exp. Biol. 40(8): 865-873.

Endocr. Rev. 31: 139-170.

Rev. Med.46: 37-46.

Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 21:193-208.

*Department of Basic Sciences, Parker University, Dallas, Texas, USA* 

Financial support was provided by Parker University, Dallas, Texas, USA.

[1] Sarkar PK (2002) In quest of thyroid hormone function in mature mammalian brain.

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[4] Davis PJ, Davis FB (1996) Nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone. Thyroid 6: 497-504. [5] Haggerty JJ, Jr., Prange AJ, Jr. (1995) Borderline hypothyroidism and depression. Annu.

**7. Future research direction** 

Recent information regarding nongenomic mechanism of thyroid hormone action in various tissue types including mammalian CNS is interesting. These studies are diligently engaged in decoding the molecular consequences of thyroid hormone action from the specific gene expression to the nongenomic rapid actions of the hormone. Open-minded investigators are desperately searching for the truth and the relationship of thyroid hormone action explicated through its classical well-known doctrine which is mediated via activation of specific nuclear receptors to the newly emerging idea of rapid nongenomic actions of the hormone and an association to enlighten the both. In particular, adult mammalian brain are of best curiosity since clinical observations of numerous thyroid dysfunction related neuropsychological disorders produced during mature conditions in humans can be corrected with the adjustment of the thyroid hormone levels. However the mechanism of action is lacking. Nongenomic rapid events mediated by thyroid hormones could have connection to the long-term genomic actions. Deciphering the nongenomic molecular mechanism of action of thyroid hormones has future prospects to study its importance regulating higher mental functions in humans. This fundamental knowledge could be the basis to find novel strategies to treat adult-onset thyroid dysfunctions including neuropsychological diseases many of which are precisely controlled by demarcated cellular fine-tuning of the protein phosphorylation mechanisms related to neuronal signal


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**Chapter 2** 

© 2012 Ishikawa and Kitano, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Ecological Genetics** 

Asano Ishikawa and Jun Kitano

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/45969

**1. Introduction** 

signaling pathways.

**of Thyroid Hormone Physiology** 

**in Humans and Wild Animals** 

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Hormones are important mediators in the responses of a suite of phenotypic traits to environmental changes. Therefore, populations inhabiting different environments are expected to vary in several hormonal pathways. Such variation results from both plastic response to environments and genetic differences. Therefore, information about the genetic basis of hormonal variation is crucial to better understand the ecological and evolutionary mechanisms of phenotypic diversification in animals. Furthermore, information about the racial and geographical variation in hormone physiology is crucial for better diagnosis of hormone-related diseases in clinical fields. Thyroid hormones play key roles in regulation of many physiological and behavioral traits, such as metabolism, ion homeostasis, basal activity, and longevity. Therefore, thyroid hormone can play important roles in adaptation to external environments. In the present study, we review interspecies, racial, geographical, and interindividual variation in the thyroid hormone pathways in humans and other animals. The present review focuses on natural and subclinical variation in thyroid hormone physiology and will not cover the genetic basis for congenital hypothyroidism [1,2,3,4,5], congenital hyperthyroidism [6,7], autoimmune diseases [8], and thyroid cancers [9], for which a number of good review articles are already available. We also review what is known about the genetic basis for such variation. We found several shared features in the patterns of variation in thyroid hormone physiology in humans and other animals. This review demonstrates the importance of undertaking further integrative studies of human genetics and animal ecology for a better understanding of the ecological and genetic mechanisms of variation in thyroid hormone

