**4.1. Hypothyroidism**

Reduced bone turnover in hypothyroidism impairs bone formation and mineralization (Eriksen et al, 1986). Results of population studies indicate an increased fracture risk in hypothyroid individuals (Ahmed et al, 2006; Vestegaard et al 2002, 2005). The association between subclinical hypothyroidism and decreased BMD with increased fracture risk has also been reported, but has not been confirmed by others (Lee et al, 2006, 2010; Bertoli et al, 2002). Overall, the literature data have so far presented conflicting results. We will review the current literature and discuss changes in the bone metabolism, BMD and fracture risk in adult men and women with overt and subclinical hypothyroidism.
