**8. References**


<sup>\*</sup> Corresponding Authors


**Author details** 

*Botucatu, SP, Brazil* 

**8. References** 

242S-9S

Corresponding Authors

 \*

*Metab* 89 2548-56

Renata de Azevedo Melo Luvizotto\*

tissues including muscle, liver, vasculature, and brain. Obesity cause imbalance in the adipokines production, while the weight loss are able to normalize these changes. In obese, the stabilization of weight loss even in calorie restricted diet has been attributed to the decrease in serum T3 concentrations, leading to a reduction in metabolic rate. Because of this, and despite not being accepted as an obesity treatment, the administration of thyroid hormones, in isolation or in association with hypocaloric diets, is sometimes used illicitly. The thyroid hormones regulate the energetic balance and act on the adipokines, regulating several genes in adipose tissue. However, the available data on the effects of thyroid hormone on adipokines in obesity or weight loss are conflicting. A clear association has not yet been established between in obesity and calorie restriction in obesity and the effect of thyroid hormone on adipokines, requiring further studies. Despite studies of TRβ analogs show good results, the direct influence of these analogues on adipokines levels are scarce. More research is needed to fully elucidate the exact mechanism of thyroid hormone and its

, Sandro José Conde, Miriane de Oliveira,

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Maria Teresa De Sibio, Keize Nagamati Jr and Célia Regina Nogueira

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**Chapter 9** 

© 2012 Weryha et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2012 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

**Thyroid Disorders and Bone Mineral** 

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Eva Feigerlova, Marc Klein, Anna Angelousi, Lelia Groza, Bruno Leheup and

Thyroid hormones play a crucial role in the skeletal growth, peak bone mass acquisition and maintenance of bone mass. Abnormalities in hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis in infancy and childhood have been shown to interfere with a normal linear growth and skeletal maturation. Hypothyroidism compromises normal bone formation and results in slowing of linear growth. Thyrotoxicosis leads to growth acceleration, diminution of bone mass and advance in bone age. Studies in animal models have demonstrated the importance of thyroid hormone signaling in the maintenance of bone mass in adulthood. Increased risk of fracture has been demonstrated in both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. The thyroid hormone, 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), has long been considered to play a primordial role in the skeletal homeostasis. However, recent studies have shown that TSH acts as a direct regulator of bone remodeling, highlighting the importance of integrity of the hypothalamo-

This chapter will review our current understanding regarding the action of thyroid hormones on the bone development and maintenance of bone mass, under normal conditions and as a result of thyroid gland dysfunction. Mechanism of thyroid hormone action will be illustrated in relation to bone with the focus on the genetic regulation and the molecular interactions between thyroid hormones and skeletal cells. Clinical consequences of thyroid dysfunction on the growth and skeletal maturation will be detailed. We will review the published literature regarding BMD in hyperthyroid and hypothyroid patients including patients on medical therapy, as well as the influence of sex and menopause on the maintenance of bone mass. The impact of treatments for thyroid dysfunction on the bone

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Homeostasis** 

Georges Weryha

**1. Introduction** 

pituitary-thyroid axis.

mineral metabolism will be discussed.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/46207

