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**Section 2** 

**Developmental Physiology** 


**Developmental Physiology** 

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**Chapter 5** 

© 2012 Ahmed, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

© 2012 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Maternal-Fetal Thyroid Interactions** 

Life is getting complicated in the world of local thyroid hormones (THs) regulation. On account of TH action can be controlled in individual cells through selective TH uptake and intracellular TH metabolism, the placenta is an important link in the maternal-fetal communication network for THs which are essential for the normal development and differentiation of the fetus [1-3]. Generally, intracellular activation or inactivation of Lthyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) in turn is determined by three types of iodothyronine deiodinases (Ds), namely DI, DII, and DIII [4-7]. The placenta transports and metabolizes maternal THs, and mainly expresses DIII, which inactivates T4 and other iodothyronines and thus limits the transfer of maternal active THs to the fetus in the late pregnancy [8]. DII is also active in the placenta and locally provides active T3 from the maternal prohormone T4 for placental metabolic functions [1,2]. The placental expression of DI, which also activates T4 to T3, is still controversial. Because of the lipophilic nature of THs, it was thought that they traversed the plasma membrane by simple diffusion [9,10]. The transport of T4 and T3 in and out of cells is controlled by several classes of transmembrane TH-transporters (THTs) [11], including members of the organic anion transporter family (OATP), L-type amino acid transporters (LATs), Na+/Taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), and monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) [10,12]. Particularly, monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) has recently been identified as an active and specific TH transporter. Also, placental membranes are also involved in 4'-OH-sulfation reactions of iodothyronines [8]. Sulfation (S) plays a role in TH metabolism by interacting between the deiodination and sulfation pathways of TH [13]. Interestingly, placental cells express high affinity, stereo-specific, energy-dependent uptake systems for T4 and T3. On the other hand, the cellular activity of THs is usually classified as genomic (nuclear) and non-genomic (initiated either at cytoplasm or at membrane TH receptors) [14-21]. Binding of T3 to its nuclear thyroid receptors (TRs) directly affects transcription of many genes that are

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

R.G. Ahmed

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/48076

important in development [22].

**1. Introduction** 
