**Acknowledgement**

This study was supported in part by grants to T.S (Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) Nos. 17570049, 19570057 and from JSPS) and to H.T (JSPS Research Fellowships for Young Scientists Nos. 192156 and 214892).

#### **6. References**


<sup>\*</sup> Corresponding Author

[3] Sakamoto T, McCormick S. Prolactin and Growth Hormone in Fish Osmoregulation. General and Comparative Endocrinology 2006; 147(1):24-30.

30 Prolactin

is also characteristic of other species.

Hiroki Kudose, Chiyo Takagi and Tatsuya Sakamoto

*School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Ofunato, Iwate, Japan* 

**Author details** 

Hideya Takahashi\*

*Okayama, Japan* 

*Okayama , Japan* 

**6. References** 

24.

Corresponding Author

 \*

Shunsuke Moriyama

**Acknowledgement** 

Scientists Nos. 192156 and 214892).

Press: San Diego; 1993. p13-42.

*Japan* 

the freshwater adaptive process. Furthermore, growth hormone directly stimulates the apoptosis for the simple epithelium and seems to be a key factor in seawater acclimation (Fig. 4A). To clarify the mechanism of prolactin/growth hormone actions in osmoregulation, future investigations using molecular tools are required to examine the relationship among the esophageal proliferating/apoptotic cells and important gene/protein expression patterns (e.g. prolactin/ growth hormone receptors, IGF-I and IGF-I receptor as well as transporters/pumps and intercellular junctions such as Na+,K+,ATPase, Na+,K+,2Clcotransporter, aquaporins., tight junctions, gap junctions and claudins. A further study is also required determine if the apoptosis induced by growth hormone in medaka esophagus

*Ushimado Marine Institute, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Ushimado, Setouchi, Japan Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Kitaku Tsushimanaka,* 

*Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Ikarashi, Niigata,* 

*Ushimado Marine Institute, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Ushimado, Setouchi, Japan Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Kitaku Tsushimanaka,* 

This study was supported in part by grants to T.S (Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) Nos. 17570049, 19570057 and from JSPS) and to H.T (JSPS Research Fellowships for Young

[1] Rand-Weaver M, Kawauchi H, Ono M. Evolution of the Structure of the Growth Hormone and Prolactin Family. Schreibman MP, Scanes CG, Pang PKT. (eds.) The Endocrinology of Growth, Development, and Metabolism in Vertebrates. Academic

[2] Kaneko T. Cell Biology of Somatolactin. International Review of Cytology 1996; 169:1-


[16] Kelly SP, Wood CM. Prolactin Effects on Cultured Pavement Cell Epithelia and Pavement Cell Plus Mitochondria-Rich Cell Epithelia from Freshwater Rainbow Trout Gills. General and Comparative Endocrinology 2002; 128(1):44-56.

*In vitro* Effects of the Prolactin, Growth Hormone and Somatolactin on Cell Turnover in Fish Esophagus:

[31] Fukada H, Ozaki Y, Pierce AL, Adachi S, Yamauchi K, Hara A, et al. Salmon Growth Hormone Receptor: Molecular Cloning, Ligand Specificity, and Response to Fasting.

[32] Prunet P, Auperin B. Prolactin Receptors. In: Sher-wood NM and Hew CL. (eds) Molecular Endocrinology of Fish. San Diego: Academic Press; 1994. p 367-391. [33] Takahashi H, Takahashi A, Sakamoto T. In Vivo Effects of Thyroid Hormone, Corticosteroids and Prolactin on Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis in the Anterior ntestine of the Euryhaline Mudskipper (*Periophthalmus Modestus*). Life Sciences 2006;

[34] Planas JV, Swanson P, Rand-Weaver M, Dickhoff WW. Somatolactin Stimulates in Vitro Gonadal Steroidogenesis in Coho Salmon, Oncorhynchus Kisutch. General and

[35] Sakamoto T, Ojima N, Yamashita M. Induction of Mrnas in Response to Acclimation of Trout Cells to Different Osmolalities. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 2000; 22(3):255-262. [36] Chin AC, Lee WD, Murrin KA, Morck DW, Merrill JK, Dick P, et al. Tilmicosin Induces Apoptosis in Bovine Peripheral Neutrophils in the Presence or in the Absence of Pasteurella Haemolytica and Promotes Neutrophil Phagocytosis by Macrophages.

[37] Andreu-Vieyra CV, Buret AG, Habibi HR. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Induction of Apoptosis in the Testes of Goldfish (*Carassius Auratus*). Endocrinology 2005;

[38] Bassing CH, Alt FW. The Cellular Response to General and Programmed DNA Double

[39] Gavrieli Y, Sherman Y, Ben-Sasson SA. Identification of Programmed Cell Death in Situ Via Specific Labeling of Nuclear DNA Fragmentation. Journal of Cell Biology 1992;

[40] Filby AL, Tyler CR. Cloning and Characterization of Cdnas for Hormones and/or Receptors of Growth Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I, Thyroid Hormone, and Corticosteroid and the Gender-, Tissue-, and Developmental-Specific Expression of Their Mrna Transcripts in Fathead Minnow (*Pimephales Promelas*). General and

[41] Pierce AL, Fox BK, Davis LK, Visitacion N, Kitahashi T, Hirano T, et al. Prolactin Receptor, Growth Hormone Receptor, and Putative Somatolactin Receptor in Mozambique Tilapia: Tissue Specific Expression and Differential Regulation by Salinity

[42] Tomy S, Chang YM, Chen YH, Cao JC, Wang TP, Chang CF. Salinity Effects on the Expression of Osmoregulatory Genes in the Euryhaline Black Porgy Acanthopagrus

[43] Zhou B, Kelly SP, Wood CM. Response of Developing Cultured Freshwater Gill Epithelia to Gradual Apical Media Dilution and Hormone Supplementation. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Comparative Experimental Biology 2004; 301(11):867-881. [44] Bujanover Y, Wollman Y, Reif S, Golander A. A Possible Role of Prolactin on Growth and Maturation of the Gut During Development in the Rat. Journal of Pediatric

and Fasting. General and Comparative Endocrinology 2007; 154(1-3):31-40.

Schlegeli. General and Comparative Endocrinology 2009; 161(1):123-132.

General and Comparative Endocrinology 2004; 139(1):61-71.

Comparative Endocrinology 1992; 87(1):1-5.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44(9):2465-2470.

Strand Breaks. DNA Repair (Amst) 2004; 3(8-9):781-796.

Comparative Endocrinology 2007; 150(1):151-163.

Endocrinology & Metabolism 2002; 15(6):789-794.

79(19):1873-1880.

146(3):1588-1596.

119(3):493-501.

Possible Mode of Opposite Osmoregulatory Actions of Prolactin and Growth Hormone 33


[31] Fukada H, Ozaki Y, Pierce AL, Adachi S, Yamauchi K, Hara A, et al. Salmon Growth Hormone Receptor: Molecular Cloning, Ligand Specificity, and Response to Fasting. General and Comparative Endocrinology 2004; 139(1):61-71.

32 Prolactin

[16] Kelly SP, Wood CM. Prolactin Effects on Cultured Pavement Cell Epithelia and Pavement Cell Plus Mitochondria-Rich Cell Epithelia from Freshwater Rainbow Trout

[17] Deane EE, Woo NY. Growth Hormone Attenuates Branchial Hsp70 Expression in Silver

[18] Deane EE, Woo N. Growth Hormone Increases Hsc70/Hsp70 Expression and Protects against Apoptosis in Whole Blood Preparations from Silver Sea Bream. Annals of the

[19] Takahashi H, Sakamoto T, Narita K. Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis in the Anterior ntestine of an Amphibious, Euryhaline Mudskipper (*Periophthalmus Modestus*). Journal

[20] Grosell M. The Role of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Salt and Water Balance. In: Grosell M, Farrell, A., Brauner C. (eds.) The Multifunctional Gut of Fish. San Diego: Academic

[21] Sakamoto T, Oda A, Narita K, Takahashi H, Oda T, Fujiwara J, et al. Prolactin: Fishy Tales of Its Primary Regulator and Function. Annals of the New York Academy of

[22] Tata JR. Amphibian Metamorphosis as a Model for the Developmental Actions of Thyroid Hormone. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 2006; 246(1-2):10-20. [23] Takagi C, Takahashi H, Kudose H, Kato K, Sakamoto T. Dual in Vitro Effects of Cortisol on Cell Turnover in the Medaka Esophagus Via the Glucocorticoid Receptor. Life

[24] Sakamoto T, Kozaka T, Takahashi A, Kawauchi H, Ando M. Medaka (*Oryzias Latipes*) as a Model for Hypoosmoregulation of Euryhaline Fishes. Aquaculture 2001; 193(3-4):347-

[25] Sakai M, Kobayashi M, Kawauchi H. In Vitro Activation of Fish Phagocytic Cells by Gh,

[26] Yada T, Muto K, Azuma T, Ikuta K. Effects of Prolactin and Growth Hormone on Plasma Levels of Lysozyme and Ceruloplasmin in Rainbow Trout. Comp Biochem

[27] Takahashi H, Suzuki N, Takagi C, Ikegame M, Yamamoto T, Takahashi A, et al. Prolactin Inhibits Osteoclastic Activity in the Goldfish Scale: A Novel Direct Action of

[28] Kaneko T, Hirano T. Role of Prolactin and Somatolactin in Calcium Regulation in Fish.

[29] Sakamoto T, Hirano T. Expression of Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Gene in Osmoregulatory Organs During Seawater Adaptation of the Salmonid Fish: Possible Mode of Osmoregulatory Action of Growth Hormone. Proceedings of the National

[30] Breves JP, Hirano T, Grau EG. Ionoregulatory and Endocrine Responses to Disturbed Salt and Water Balance in Mozambique Tilapia Exposed to Confinement and Handling Stress. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology-Part A: Molecular & Integrative

Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1993; 90(5):1912.

Prolactin and Somatolactin. Journal of Endocrinology 1996; 151(1):113-118.

Gills. General and Comparative Endocrinology 2002; 128(1):44-56.

Sea Bream. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 2010; 36(2):135-140.

New York Academy of Sciences 2005; 1040:288-292.

of Comparative Physiology B 2006; 176(5):463-468.

Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2004; 139(1-3):57-63.

ournal of Experimental Biology 1993; 184(2):31-45.

Physiology 2010; 155(3):294-300.

Prolactin in Teleosts. Zoolog Science 2008; 25(7):739-745.

Press; 2012. p136-156.

Sciences 2005; 1040:184-188.

Sciences 2011; 88(5-6):239-245.

354.


[45] Girolomoni G, Phillips JT, Bergstresser PR. Prolactin Stimulates Proliferation of Cultured Human Keratinocytes. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1993; 101(3):275-279.

**Chapter 3** 

© 2013 Lazebnaya et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2013 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

**Use of the Bovine Prolactin Gene (***bPRL***)** 

**for Estimating Genetic Variation and** 

**Milk Production in Aboriginal Russian** 

I.V. Lazebnaya, O.E. Lazebny, S.R. Khatami and G.E. Sulimova

associations of the *PRL* gene polymorphism with milk yield and quality.

Prolactin is a protein hormone mainly, but not exclusively produced by lactotroph cells of the anterior pituitary. Its role in lactogenesis and galactopoiesis (maintenance of milk secretion) is well demonstrated [1, 2]. Therefore, the gene encoding it (*PRL*) is considered to be one of the key links in the gene network constituting the hereditary component of milk productivity. Test systems for cattle breeding have been developed based on the

Inbreeding, which decreases the genetic variation and viability of animals, is a well-known negative consequence of artificial selection. Its impact is further aggravated by the recent trend towards globalization of some cattle breeds [3]. Therefore, conservation of aboriginal breeds adapted to local conditions (which are not infrequently extreme) is necessary in

This is especially important when a breed in question has pronounced adaptive characteristics and its population is small. Yakut cattle represent one of such breeds (Figure 1a); it is unique among Russian breeds in terms of ecological plasticity. These cattle live in the northernmost part of the *Bos taurus* species range, a hardly accessible region of the subarctic zone of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russia, surrounded with mountain ridges. The morphological and physiological characteristics of Yakut cattle and their biochemical and behavioral adaptations allow free grazing almost round the year despite a severe continental climate, with the mean air temperatures usually varying from –43°C in winter to +25°C in summer (the lowest and highest temperatures on record are –65°C and +38°C,

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Breeds of** *Bos taurus* **L.** 

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

countries with wide zonal climatic variations.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54756

**1. Introduction** 


**Chapter 3** 
