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222 The Complex World of Polysaccharides

**6. Conclusion** 

**Author details** 

**7. References** 

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antitumor activity (Nishikawa *et al*., 1974). The active polysaccharide present in *Lasallia pensylvanica,* was the partially O-acetylated (1-6) β-glucan, pustulan while that of *Usnea rubescens,* was identified as a lichenan type polysaccharide. The other 4 polysaccharides were from the *Cladonia* sp*.*; *Cladonia crispata, Cladonia rangiferina* subsp. *grisea, Cladonia mitis*  and *Cladonia squamosa* all of which showed significant antitumor activity. These *Cladonia* polysaccharides which were complex heteroglycans of the galactomannan type were found to exert moderate antitumor activity. However, previous studies have shown that the isolichenin type polysaccharides were not as effective in their antitumour effect. In another study, isolichenin isolated from the lichen *Usnea fasciata* showed moderate activity against Ehrlich tumor cells (Periera *et al*., 1994). In 1989, Hirabayashi *et al*., showed inhibitory effect of a lichen polysaccharide sulfate (GE-3-S), isolated from the lichen *Umbilicaria esculenta* on

Behera *et al*., (2007) showed correlation between lichen protein/polysaccharide ratio and their antioxidant properties. Since cultured lichen extracts were used in the study, the effect of secondary metabolites as well as polyphenols present in the extract have not been evaluated. Thus the antioxidant activity cannot be solely attributed to the polysaccharide specially since polyphenols are known antioxidants. In addition, the mechanism of

Polysaccharides from lichens unlike bacterial polysaccharides do not show a wide range of variation in sugar content. The predominant sugars are limited to glucose, galactose and mannose, with arabinose and xylose present in minor proportions in addition to others such as rhamnose. These polysaccharides however have been useful in chemotaxonomic studies due to this conservation of sugar structures and regular structural patterns. As far as biological activity is concerned, very few studies have been reported and it would be worthwhile further investigating the immunomodulating effects of the polysaccharides.

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