**6. References**


<sup>\*</sup> Corresponding Author


[21] Lin M H, Yang Y L, Chen Y P, Hua K F, Lu C P, Sheu F, Lin G H, Tsay S S, Liang S M and S H Wu (2011) A novel exopolysaccharide from the biofilm of *Thermus aquaticus* YT-1 induces the Immune response through toll-like receptor 2 Journal of Biological Chemistry J Biol Chem. 286(20): 17736-45.

388 The Complex World of Polysaccharides

Mikrobiol Hyg A. 266(3-4), 379-89.

Microbiol. Biotechnol. 29, 361-367.

Microbiology, 123: 109-120.

Microbiology 8(9): 623-633.

sludges. J. Biotechnol. 95, 249-256.

Biofouling 18(1): 73-81.

78(6): 1025-1031.

393.

internal diffusion and structure. Biofouling 7, 67-80.

Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 87-105.

*aeruginosa* Methods in Enzymology 336:302-14.

[5] Kiedrowski M R, Kavanaugh J S, Malone C L, Mootz J M, Voyich J M, Smeltzer M S, Bayles K W, Horswill A R (2011) Nuclease modulates biofilm formation in community-

[7] Wicker-Böckelmann U, Wingender J, Winkler U K (1987) Alginate lyase releases cellbound lipase from mucoid strains of *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*. Zentralbl Bakteriol

[8] Stoodley P, Dodds I, Boyle J D, Lappin-Scott H M (1999) Influence of hydrodynamics

[9] Stoodley P, Cargo R, Rupp C J, Wilson S, Klapper L (2002) Biofilm material properties as related to shear-induced deformation and detachment phenomena. J Industrial

[10] Vieira M J, Melo J F, Pinjeiro M M (1993) Biofilm formation: hydrodynamic effects on

[11] Flemming H C, Wingender J, Mayer C, Koerstgens V, Borchard W (2000) Cohesiveness in biofilm matrix polymers. In: Allison D., Gilbert P., Lappin-Scott H.M., Wilson M. (Eds), Community structure and cooperation in biofilms. SGM Symposium Series 59.

[12] Mangalappalli-Illathu A K, Lawrence J R, Swerhone G D W, Korber D R (2007) Architectural adaptation and protein expression patterns of *Salmonella enterica* serovar enteritidis biofilms under laminar flow conditions. International journal of food

[13] Flemming H C and Wingender J (2010) The biofilm matrix. Nature Reviews

[14] Wingender J, Strathmann M, Rode A, Leis A and Flemming H C (2001) Isolation and biochemical characterization of extracellular polymeric substances from *Pseudomonas* 

[15] Denkhaus E, Meisen S, Telgheder U and Wingender J (2007).Chemical and physical

[16] Liu H, Fang H H P (2002) Extraction of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of

[17] Oliveira R, Marques F and Azeredo J (1999) Purification of polysaccharides from a biofilm matrix by selective precipitation of proteins. Biotechnology Techniques. 13: 391-

[18] Boualam M, Quiles F, Mathieu L, Block J C (2002) Monitoring the effect of organic matter on biofilm growth in low nutritive waters by ATR-FT-IR spectroscopy.

[19] Leathers T D, Bischoff K M (2011) Biofilm formation by strains of *Leuconostoc citreum*

[20] Leathers T D and Cote G L (2008) Biofilm formation by exopolysaccharide mutants of *Leuconostoc mesenteroides* strain NRRL B-1355. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology

methods for characterisation of biofilms. Microchimica Acta. 158: 1-27.

and L. mesenteroides. Biotechnology letters 33(3): 517-523.

associated methicillin-resistant *Staphylococcus aureus*. PLoS One. 6(11), e26714. [6] Jahn A, Griebe T, Nielson P H (2000) Composition of *Pseudomonas putida* biofilms:

accumulation of protein in the biofilm matrix. Biofouling 14, 49–57.

and nutrients on biofilm structure. J. Appl. Microbiol. 85, S19–S28.


[51] Weng L, Zhang L, Ruan D, Shi L, Xu J (2004) Thermal gelation of cellulose in a NaOH/thiourea aqueous solution, Langmuir, 20: 2086-2093.

390 The Complex World of Polysaccharides

[36] Guo Y P, Sagaram U S, Kim J S and Wang N (2010) Requirement of the galU Gene for Polysaccharide Production by and Pathogenicity and Growth In Planta of *Xanthomonas* 

[37] Aires C P, Tenuta L M, Carbonero E R, Sassaki G L, Iacomini M and Cury J A (2011) Structural characterization of exopolysaccharides from biofilm of a cariogenic

[38] Cote G L and Leathers T D (2009) Insoluble glucans from planktonic and biofilm cultures of mutants of *Leuconostoc mesenteroides* NRRL B-1355. Applied Microbiology

[39] Verhoef R, Waard P D, Schols H A, Siika-aho M and Voragen A G J (2003) *Methylobacterium* sp. isolated from a Finnish paper machine produces highly pyruvated

[40] Ras M, Lefebvre D, Derlon N, Paul E, Girbal-Neuhauser E (2011) Extracellular Polymeric Substances diversity of biofilms grown under contrasted environmental

[41] Pierre G, Graber M, Rafiliposon BA, Dupuy C, Orvain F, De Crignis M, Maugard T (2012) Biochemical composition and changes of extracellular polysaccharides (ECPS) produced during microphytobenthic biofilm development (Marennes-Oléron, France).

[42] Hung C C, Santschi P H, Gillow J B (2005) Isolation and characterization of extracellular polysaccharides produced by *Pseudomonas fluorescens* Biovar II, Carbohydrate Polymers,

[43] Al-Halbouni D, Dott W and Hollender J (2009) Occurrence and composition of extracellular lipids and polysaccharides in a full-scale membrane bioreactor. Water

[44] Linker A, Jones R S (1964) A Polysaccharide resembling Alginic Acid from a

[45] Gacesa P (1998) Bacterial alginate biosynthesis-recent progress and future prospects,

[46] Remminghorst U, Rehm B H A (2006) Bacterial alginates: from biosynthesis to

[47] Stokke B T, Draget K I, Smidsrod O, Yuguchi Y, Urakawa H, Kajiwara K (2000) Small-Angle X-ray scattering and rheological characterization of alginate gels.

[48] Doumèche B, Picard J, Larreta-Garde V (2007) Enzyme-catalyzed phase transition of alginate gels and gelatin-alginate interpenetrated networks. Biomacromolecules, 8:

[49] Zogaj X, Nimtz M, Rhode M, Bokranz W, Romling U (2001) The multicellular morphotypes of *Salmonella typhimurium* and *Escherichia coli* produce cellulose as the second component of the extracellular matrix. Molecular Microbiology, 39: 1452-1463. [50] Solano C, Garcia B, Valle J, Berasain C, Ghigo J M, Gamazo C, Lasa I (2002) Genetic analysis of *Salmonella enteritidis* biofilm formation : critical role of cellulose, Molecular

galactan exopolysaccharide. Carbohydrate Research 338(18): 1851-1859.

*citri* subsp *citri*. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76(7): 2234-2242.

*streptococci*. Carbohydrate Polymers 84(4): 1215-1220.

*Pseudomonas* Micro-organism, Nature, 204: 187-188.

applications, Biotechnology letters, 28:1701-1712.

and Biotechnology 82(1): 149-154.

conditions. Water Res. 45 (4), 1529-38.

Microb Ecol. 63(1): 157-69.

Volume 61(2): 141-147.

Research 43(1): 97-106.

Microbiology, 144: 1133-1143.

Macromolecules, 33: 1853-1863.

Microbiology, 43 : 793-808.

3613-3618.


combination of chemical composition analysis and fluorescence microscopy. Water Science & Technology. 55, 219–225.


**Applications in the Food Industry** 

392 The Complex World of Polysaccharides

Science & Technology. 55, 219–225.

Environ. Microbiol., 70, 4326-4339.

Prog Polymer Sci. 23: 533-562.

gelation *Carbohyd Polymers* 35: 1-6.

Biofouling. 26 (1): 15 - 21.

419-424.

production unit. Biofouling. 24(4): 235-240.

combination of chemical composition analysis and fluorescence microscopy. Water

[66] Houari A, Picard J, Habarou H, Galas L, Vaudry H, Heim V, Di Martino P (2008) Rheology of biofilms formed at the surface of NF membranes in a drinking water

[67] Houari A, Seyer D, Couquard F, Kecili K, Démocrate C, Heim V, Di Martino P (2010) Characterization of biofouling and cleaning efficiency of nanofiltration membranes.

[68] Neu T R, Swerhone G D W, Lawrence J R, (2001), Assessment of lectin-binding analysis for in situ detection of glycoconjugates in biofilm systems. Microbiology, 147, 299-313. [69] Lawrence J R, Chenier M R, Roy R, Beaumier D, Fortin N, Swerhone G D W, Neu T R, Greer C W (2004) Microscale and molecular assessment of impacts of nickel, nutrients, and oxygen level on structure and function of river biofilm communities. Appl.

[70] Christensen B E, Characklis W W (1990) Physical and chemical properties of biofilm. In:

[71] de Beer D, and Stoodley P (1995) Relation between the structure of an aerobic biofilm

[72] Towler B W, Rupp C J, Cunningham Al B & Stoodley P (2003) Viscoelastic properties of a mixed culture biofilm from rheometer creep analysis. Biofouling 19: 279-285. [73] Cancela M A, Alvarez E, and Maceiras R (2005) Effects of temperature and concentration on carboxymethylcellulose with sucrose rheology. J Food Engineer 71,

[74] Kavanagh G N, Ross-Murphy S B (1998) Rheologicals characterisation of polymer gels.

[75] Draget KI, Steinsvå K, Onsøyen E, Smidsrød O (1998) Na- and K-alginate; effect on Ca2+-

[76] Vinogradov A M, Winston M, Rupp C J & Stoodley P (2004) Rheology of biofilms

[77] Schürks N, Wingender J, Flemming H C & Mayer C (2002) Monomer composition and sequence of alginates from *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*. Int J Biol Macromol 30: 105-111. [78] Cyna B, Chagneau G, Bablon G and Tanghe N (2002) Two years of nanofiltration at the

formed from dental plaque pathogen *Streptococcus mutans*. Biofilms 1: 49-56.

Characklis W.G., Marshall, K.C., editors. Biofilms. New York: Wiley, 93-130.

and transport phenomena. Water Sci Technol 32(8): 11-18.

Méry-sur-Oise plant, France. Desalination 147: 69-75.

**Chapter 14** 
