**9. References**


<sup>\*</sup> Corresponding Author


[30] Sekine H, Ohonuki N, Sadamasu K, Monma K, Kudoh Y, Nakamura H, Okada Y, Okuyama T (1995) The inhibitory effect of the crude extract from a seaweed of Dygenea simplex C. Agardh on the in vitro cytopathic activity of HIV-1 and it's antigen production. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 43, 1580-1584.

550 The Complex World of Polysaccharides

*Adv* 29, 483-501.

84:14–21.

270.

53-60.

heparan sulfate. Annu Rev Biochem 71, 435-471.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; pp. 221–57.

ingredients from microalgae. J. Agric. Food Chem. 57:7159–70.

review. Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol. 10:31–41.

Energy Convers Manage 52:163–70.

review. J. Appl. Phycol. 16:245–62.

Heterocycl. Chem. 11: 259-281.

[14] Esko J. D, Selleck S. B (2002) Order out of chaos: assembly of ligand binding sites in

[15] Stengel D. B, Connan S, Popper Z. A (2011) Algal chemodiversity and bioactivity: sources of natural variability and implications for commercial application. Biotechnol

[16] Wijesekara I, Pangestuti R, Kim S-K (2011) Biological activities and potential health benefits of sulphated polysaccharides derived from marine algae. Carbohydr Polymers

[17] Craigie J.S (1990) Cell walls. In: Cole KM, Sheath RM, editors. Biology of the red algae.

[18] Demirbas A, Demirbas M.F(2011) Importance of algae oil as a source of biodiesel.

[19] Milledge J.J (2010) Commercial application of microalgae other than as biofuels: a brief

[20] Plaza M, Herrero M, Cifuentes A, Ibanez E (2009) Innovative natural functional

[21] Smit A.J (2004) Medicinal and pharmaceutical uses of seaweed natural products: a

[22] Pujol C.A, Carlucci M.J, Matulewicz M.C, Damonte E.B (2007) Natural sulfated polysaccharides for the prevention and control of viral infections. Spring-Verlag Top

[23] Girond S, Crance J. M, Van Cuyck-Gandre H, Renaudet J, Deloince R (1991) Antiviral activity of carrageenan on hepatitis A virus replication in cell culture. *Res Virol* 142, 261-

[24] Buck C. B, Thompson C. D, Roberts J. N, Muller M, Lowy D. R, Schiller J. T (2006) Carrageenan is a potent inhibitor of papillomavirus infection. *PLoS Pathog* 2, e69. [25] Nakashima H, Kido Y, Kobayashi N, Motoki Y, Neushul M, Yamamoto N (1987) Purification and characterization of an avian myeloblastosis and human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase inhibitor, sulfated polysaccharides

[26] Bourgougnon N, Roussakis C, Kornprobst JM, Lahaye M (1994) Effects in vitro of sulfated polysaccharide from Schizymenia dubyi (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) on a nonsmall-cell bronchopulmonary carcinoma line (NSCLC-N6). Cancer Lett. 85(1):87-92. [27] Kolender A. A, Pujol C. A, Damonte E. B, Matulewicz M. C, Cerezo A. S (1997) The system of sulfated alpha-(1-->3)-linked D-mannans from the red seaweed Nothogenia fastigiata: structures, antiherpetic and anticoagulant properties. Carbohydr. Res. 304,

[28] Damonte E, Neyts J, Pujol CA, Snoeck R, Andrei G, Ikeda S, Witvrouw M, Reymen D, Haines H, Matulewicz MC, et al (1994) Antiviral activity of a sulphated polysaccharide

from the red seaweed Nothogenia fastigiata..Biochem Pharmacol. 47(12):2187-92. [29] De Clercq E (2000) Current lead natural products for the chemotherapy of human

immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Med Res Rev. 20(5):323-49.

extracted from sea algae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 31, 1524-1528.


[61] Villarreal L.P (2005) The dilemma of the transition in Evolution: the Eukaryotes, in: Viruses and the Evolution of life. Washington. American Society for Microbiol. Press, pp.101-142 .

552 The Complex World of Polysaccharides

Pharm. Bull. 21, 730-734.

Methods 50, 189-200.

Med 65, 439-441.

256, 622-627.

11563-11569.

235-253 .

Crit Care Med 28, 3002-3008.

Linn. Soc. 88, 655-672

as antiviral agents. *Curr Med Chem* 11, 2399-2419.

structural studies. Carbohydr. Res. 338, 153-165.

aquatic environments. *Nature* 340, 467-468.

invertebrates. *J Biol Chem* 252, 2254-2261.

[43] Hoshino T, Hayashi T, Hayashi K, Hamada J, Lee J. B, Sankawa U (1998) An antivirally active sulfated polysaccharide from Sargassum horneri (TURNER) C. AGARDH. Biol.

[44] Feldman S. C, Reynaldi S, Stortz C. A, Cerezo A. S, Damonte E. B (1999) Antiviral properties of fucoidan fractions from Leathesia difformis. Phytomedicine 6, 335-340. [45] Ponce N. M, Pujol C. A, Damonte E. B, Flores M. L, Stortz, C. A (2003) Fucoidans from the brown seaweed Adenocystis utricularis: extraction methods, antiviral activity and

[46] Hasui M, Matsuda M, Okutani K, Shigeta S (1995) In vitro antiviral activities of sulfated polysaccharides from a marine microalga (Cochlodinium polykrikoides) against human immunodeficiency virus and other enveloped viruses. Int J Biol Macromol. 17, 293-297. [47] Huheihel M, Ishanu V, Tal J, Arad S. M (2002) Activity of Porphyridium sp. polysaccharide against herpes simplex viruses in vitro and in vivo. J Biochem Biophys.

[48] Lee J. B, Hayashi K, Hayashi T, Sankawa U, Maeda M (1999) Antiviral activities against HSV-1, HCMV, and HIV-1 of rhamnan sulfate from Monostroma latissimum. Planta

[49] Bergh O, Borsheim K. Y, Bratbak G, Heldal M (1989) High abundance of viruse found in

[50] Carlucci M. J, Damonte E B, Scolaro L A (2011) Virus driven evolution: a probable explanation for "Similia Similibus Curantur" philosophy. *Infect Genet Evol* 11, 798-802. [51] Knoll A. H (1992) The early evolution of eukaryotes: a geological perspective. Science

[52] Cassaro C. M, Dietrich C. P (1977) Distribution of sulfated mucopolysaccharides in

[53] Dietrich C. P, Nader H. B, Straus A. H (1983) Structural differences of heparan sulfates according to the tissue and species of origin. *Biochem Biophys Res Commun* 111, 865-871. [54] Ihrcke N. S, Parker W, Reissner K. J, Platt J. L (1998) Regulation of platelet heparanase

[56] Oragui E. E, Nadel S, Kyd P, Levin M (2000) Increased excretion of urinary glycosaminoglycans in meningococcal septicemia and their relationship to proteinuria.

[57] Damonte E. B, Matulewicz M. C, Cerezo A. S (2004) Sulfated seaweed polysaccharides

[58] Witzany G (2006) Natural Genome-Editing competences of viruses. Acta Biotheor. 54,

[60] Ryan F.P (2006) Genomic creativity and natural selection: A modern synthesis. Biol. J.

[59] Villarreal L.P ( 2009) Origin of Group Identity. Springer. New York,USA

during inflammation: role of pH and proteinases. J Cell Physiol 175, 255-267. [55] Kainulainen V, Wang H, Schick C, Bernfield M (1998) Syndecans, heparan sulfate proteoglycans, maintain the proteolytic balance of acute wound fluids. J Biol Chem 273,

