**Abbreviations**

Oxidized phospholipids (OxPL) Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) Serum paraoxonase (PON1) PAF-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH)

9-keto-10-dodecendioic acid ester of 2-lyso-phosphatidyl choline (KOdiA-PC) 15 deoxy-delta 12, 14 prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) 1-palmitoyl-2-(5,6-epoxyisoprostane E2)-*sn*-glycero-3-phosphoryl choline (PEIPC) Reactive oxygen species (ROS) Lipoxygenases (LOXs) Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) Toll-like receptors (TLRs) Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) Lipopolysaccride (LPS) Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) Dendritic cells (DCs) Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) Multiple sclerosis (MS)

#### **Author details**

422 Lipoproteins – Role in Health and Diseases

**6. Medical relevance** 

inflammatory process in MS lesions.

targets for therapeutic intervention.

**7. Conclusions** 

**Abbreviations** 

Oxidized phospholipids (OxPL)

Serum paraoxonase (PON1) PAF-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH)

Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL)

directly by Western blot analyses using the E06 antibody. OxPLs might be promoting the

Increasing number of studies suggest the role of oxidized phospholipids in development of atherosclerosis by interacting with specific receptors as well as through their reactive groups that can bind covalently to proteins, forming lipid-protein adducts that become dysfunctional. It is a challenge to determine if therapeutic inhibition of the OxPLs interaction with vessel wall cells can inhibit atherosclerosis. Also it will be interesting to identify the lipid oxidation products that activate each response in the various cell types and the receptors or

Pro-inflammatory oxidized phospholipids are significant predictors of the presence of carotid and femoral atherosclerosis, development of new lesions and increased risk of cardiovascular events (Ashraf et al 2009). Hence oxidized phospholipids could serve as biomarker for diagnosis of coronary artery disease and they could also be used as potential

The inflammatory profile of OxPLs combines both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. OxPLs may show detrimental as well as beneficial cellular effects. OxPLs exert pro-inflammatory effects on different cell types such as endothelium where they induce a shift from antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory state to procoagulant and inflammatory phenotype of EC. Although OxPLs stimulate a number of classical inflammation mechanisms, they are not capable of activating many signaling and adhesion events characteristic of acute inflammation, such as activation of the NFκB pathway, expression of ICAM-1 and E-selectin or adhesion of granulocytes. Several studies have provided evidence that OxPLs play an important role in atherosclerosis. In addition, OxPLs also up-regulate monocytes-specific chemokines and stimulate EC to bind monocytes, thus initiating monocytic inflammation. Thus it can be concluded that OxPLs can stimulate and inhibit inflammation depending upon the biological situation. Advancement in this field can be expected from studies that are based on well defined synthetic and labeled OxPLs species and the modern techniques of system biology. Also advances in the knowledge of signaling pathways and the interaction partners of oxidized phospholipid will increase our understanding of inflammatory processes and molecular mechanisms of various diseases such as atherosclerosis. These

studies may also help in playing important role in future therapeutic diagnostics.

binding molecules and signal transduction pathways activated by these lipids.

Mohammad Z. Ashraf and Swati Srivastava *Genomics Group, Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences, India* 

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**Chapter 18** 
