**5. Conclusions**

CsA-induced hyperlipidemia is well established and remains a significant clinical issue. CsA potentially affects many aspects of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism and the precise underlying mechanism(s) causing dyslipidemia are still unclear. Further mechanistic studies may lead to the generation immunosuppressants that do not cause hyperlipidemia or may help to develop strategies to effectively target CsA-induced hyperlipidemia.
