**1. Introduction**

302 Lipoproteins – Role in Health and Diseases

Relat Dis. 2008;4(1):55–9.

Ther. 2009;11 (11):725–32.

Ann Surg. 2010;251(2):236–43

model. SurG Endosc. 2008;22(4):1023–8.

type 2 diabetes. Surg Endosc. 2008;22(3):772–6.

[28] Tarnoff M, Shikora S, Lembo A, et al. Chronic in-vivo experience with an endoscopically delivered and retrieved duodenal–jejunal bypass sleeve in a porcine

[29] Tarnoff M, Shikora S, Lembo A. Acute technical feasibility of an endoscopic duodenal– jejunal bypass sleeve in a porcine model: a potentially novel treatment for obesity and

[30] Tarnoff M, Rodriguez L, Escalona A, et al. Open label, prospective, randomized controlled trial of an endoscopic duodenal–jejunal bypass sleeve versus low calorie diet

[32] Rodriguez L, Reyes E, Fagalde P, et al. Pilot clinical study of an endoscopic, removable duodenal–jejunal bypass liner for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Technol

[33] Schouten R, Rijs CS, Bouvy ND, et al. A multicenter, randomized efficacy study of the EndoBarrier Gastrointestinal Liner for presurgical weight loss prior to bariatric surgery.

[34] Moura EGH, Orso IR, Martins BC, Lopes GS, Oliveira SL, et al. Improvement of Insulin Resistance and Reduction of Cardiovascular Risk Among Obese Patients with Type 2

Diabetes with the Duodenojejunal Bypass Liner. Obes Surg (2011) 21:941–947

for pre-operative weight loss in bariatric surgery. Surg Endosc. 2009;23(3):650–6. [31] Rodriguez-Grunert L, Galvao Neto MP, Alamo M, et al. First human experience with endoscopically delivered and retrieved duodenal– jejunal bypass sleeve. Surg Obes

> Atherogenic dyslipidemia includes increase in blood concentrations of LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides and decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, both of which are frequently associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) [1,2] .Treatment of dyslipidemia can reduce the risk of CVDs [3]. In both industrialized and nonindustrialized countries, the prevalence of dyslipidemia is increasing (4-7), therefore management of dyslipidemia has become a mainstay of routine clinical practice for both public health and clinicians. Although the benefits of lipid-lowering therapy have been demonstrated most conclusively, the role of diet determinants in dyslipidemia needs to be further considered [8]. Diet plays an important role in the concentrations of lipoprotein and is the primary intervention for patients with dyslipidemia. Understanding the relationships between dietary determinants and dyslipidemia and the effect of diet on lipoprotein concentrations may help to identify the dietary changes needed to reduce health risks [2]. Dietary changes, including reduced intakes of saturated fat and cholesterol, increased intakes of polyunsaturated fatty acids, fish, fruits and vegetables, and reduced energy intakes may have beneficial effects on lipoprotein concentrations [9-12]. One important aspect of diet is dietary patterns that address the effect of the diet as a whole and thus may provide insight beyond the effects described for single nutrients or foods [13]. The effects of some dietary patterns including the Mediterranean diet, the dietary stop to hypertension (DASH) and traditional dietary patterns, on lipoprotein particles need to be discussed [14, 15, 16]. In addition, other aspects of diet, including herbal, phytochemical, and dietary supplement (plant stanols and sterols) also play important roles in the prevention and treatment of dyslipidemia and may improve lipoprotein concentrations [17]. We searched the medical literature for studies of the effects of diet and its component including macronutrient, dietary food groups, dietary patterns and herbal on disturbances of lipoprotein concentrations. The purpose of this chapter is to update current knowledge on

© 2012 Mirmiran et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2012 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

the role of the following dietary determinants in lipoprotein concentrations and dyslipidemia: including 1) macronutrients (total fat, saturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, dietary cholesterol, carbohydrate and protein), 2) food groups (grains and cereal, fruit and vegetables, dairy products, nuts, beans and legumes, and meat, fish, poultry and eggs), 3) dietary patterns (Mediterranean diet, Dietary to Stop Hypertension, western **diet** and healthy diet), and therapeutic life style change (TLC), 4) dietary **supplements**, (plant stanols and sterols), herbal and phytochemicals.
