**7. Conclusions**

The inflammatory profile of OxPLs combines both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. OxPLs may show detrimental as well as beneficial cellular effects. OxPLs exert pro-inflammatory effects on different cell types such as endothelium where they induce a shift from antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory state to procoagulant and inflammatory phenotype of EC. Although OxPLs stimulate a number of classical inflammation mechanisms, they are not capable of activating many signaling and adhesion events characteristic of acute inflammation, such as activation of the NFκB pathway, expression of ICAM-1 and E-selectin or adhesion of granulocytes. Several studies have provided evidence that OxPLs play an important role in atherosclerosis. In addition, OxPLs also up-regulate monocytes-specific chemokines and stimulate EC to bind monocytes, thus initiating monocytic inflammation. Thus it can be concluded that OxPLs can stimulate and inhibit inflammation depending upon the biological situation. Advancement in this field can be expected from studies that are based on well defined synthetic and labeled OxPLs species and the modern techniques of system biology. Also advances in the knowledge of signaling pathways and the interaction partners of oxidized phospholipid will increase our understanding of inflammatory processes and molecular mechanisms of various diseases such as atherosclerosis. These studies may also help in playing important role in future therapeutic diagnostics.
