**Author details**

Ivana Pejin-Grubiša *Department of Human Genetics and Prenatal Diagnostics, Zvezdara University Medical Center, Belgrade, Serbia* 

#### **4. References**

[1] Mazur A (1946) An Enzyme in Animal Tissue Capable of Hydrolyzing the Phosphorusfluorine Bond of Alkyl Fluorophosphates. J. Biol. Chem. 164:271–289.


[18] Teiber JF, Draganov DI, La Du BN (2003) Lactonase and Lactonizing Activities of Human Serum Paraoxonase (PON1) and Rabbit Serum PON3. Biochem. Pharmacol. 66:887–896.

438 Lipoproteins – Role in Health and Diseases

Biochem. J. 53:110–117.

Biochem. J. 53:117–124.

Genomics 33:498–507.

10149.

39.

[2] Aldridge WN (1953a) Serum Esterases I. Two Types of Esterase (A and B) Hydrolysing p-nitrophenyl Acetate, Propionate and Butyrate and a Method for Their Determination.

[3] Aldridge WN (1953b) Serum Esterases II. An Enzyme Hydrolysing Diethyl pnitrophenyl Acetate (E600) and Its Identity With the A-esterase of Mammalian Sera.

[4] Mackness M, Arrol S, Durrington PN (1991) Paraoxonase Prevents Accumulation of

[5] Draganov DI, La Du BN (2004) Pharmacogenetics of Paraoxonses, a Brief Review.

[6] Ng CJ, Shih DM, Hama SY, Villa B, Navab M, Reddy ST (2005) The Paraoxonase Gene

[7] Ng CJ, Wadleigh DJ, Gangopadhyay A, Hama S, Grijalva VR, Navab M, Fogelman AM, Reddy ST (2001) Paraoxonase-2 is a Ubiquitously Expressed Protein With Antioxidant Properties and is Capable of Preventing Cell-mediated Oxidative Modification of Low

[8] Primo-Parmo SL, Sorenson RC, Teiber J, La Du BN, (1996) The Human Serum Paraoxonase/Arylesterase Gene (PON1) is One Member of a Multigene Family.

[9] Furlong CE, Richter RJ, Seidel SL, Costa LG, Motulsky AG (1989) Spectrophotometric Assays for the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of the Active Metabolites of Chlorpyrifos and

[11] Kuo CL, La Du BN (1998) Calcium Binding by Human and Rabbit Serum Paraoxonases. Structural Stability and Enzymatic Activity. Drug Metab. Dispos. 26:653–660. [12] Billecke S, Draganov D, Counsell R, Stetson P, Watson C, Hsu C, La Du BN (2000) Human Serum Paraoxonase (PON1) Isozymes Q and R Hydrolyze Lactones and Cyclic

[13] Davies HG, Richter RJ, Keifer M, Broomfield CA, Sowalla J, and Furlong CE (1996) The Effect of the Human Serum Paraoxonase Polymorphism is Reversed With Diazoxon,

[14] Furlong CE, Li WF, Brophy VH, Jarvik GP, Richter RJ, Shih DM, Lusis AJ, Costa LG

[15] Jakubowski H, Ambrosius WT, Pratt JH (2001) Genetic Determinants of Homocysteine Thiolactonase Activity in Humans: Implications for Atherosclerosis. FEBS Lett. 491:35–

[16] Khersonsky O, Tawfik DS (2005) Structure-Reactivity Studies of Serum Paraoxonase PON1 Suggest That its Native Activity is Lactonase. Biochemistry 44:6371–6382. [17] Rodrigo L, Mackness B, Durrington PN, Hernandez A, Mackness MI (2001) Hydrolysis of Platelet-Activating Factor by Human Serum Paraoxonase. Biochem. J. 354:1–7.

(2000) The PON1 Gene and Detoxication. Neurotoxicology 21:581–587.

Parathion by Plasma Paraoxonase/Arylesterase. Anal. Biochem. 180: 242–247. [10] Hassett C, Richter RJ, Humbert R, Chapline C, Crabb JW, Omiecinski CJ, Furlong CE (1991) Characterization of cDNA Clones Encoding Rabbit and Human Serum Paraoxonase: the Mature Protein Retains its Signal Sequence. Biochemistry 30:10141–

Lipoperoxides in Low-Density Lipoprotein. FEBS Lett. 286:152–154.

Family and Atherosclerosis. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 38:153–163.

Density Lipoprotein. J. Biol. Chem. 276(48): 44444–44449.

Carbonate Esters. Drug Metab. Dispos. 28:1335–1342.

Soman and Sarin. Nat. Genet. 14:334–336.

Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 369:78–88.


[46] Jakubowski H, Zhang L, Bardeguez A, Aviv A (2000) Homocysteine Thiolactone and Protein Homocysteinylation in Human Endothelial Cells: Implications for Atherosclerosis. Circ. Res. 87: 45–51.

440 Lipoproteins – Role in Health and Diseases

FEBS Letts. 423:57–60.

Clin. Sci 109:189–197.

Metabolism 53:297–302.

28:1769–1778.

Diabetes. Diabet. Med. 21:318–323.

Homocysteine Levels. J. Biol. Chem. 272:1935–1942.

Mice. Circulation 106:484–490.

[32] Shih DM, Gu L, Xia YR, Navab M, Li WF, Hama S, Castellani LW, Furlong CE, Costa LG, Fogelman AM, Lusis AJ (1998) Mice Lacking Serum Paraoxonase are Susceptible to

[33] Mackness B, Mackness M.I, Arrol S, Turkie W, Durrington PN (1998). Effect of the Human Serum Paraoxonase 55 and 192 Genetic Polymorphisms on the Protection by High Density Lipoprotein Against Low Density Lipoprotein Oxidative Modification.

[34] Tward A, Xia YR, Wang XP, Shi YS, Park C, Castellani LW, Lusis A, Shih DH (2002) Decreased Atherosclerotic Lesion Formation in Human Serum Paraoxonase Transgenic

[35] Sampson MJ, Braschi S, Willis G, Astley SB (2005) Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) Genotype and Activity and *in vivo* Oxidised, Plasma Low-Density Lipoprotein in Type II Diabetes.

[36] Tsuzura S, Ikeda Y, Suehiro T, Ota K, Osaki F, Arii K, Kumon Y, Hashimoto K (2004) Correlation of Plasma Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Levels to Vascular Complications and Human Serum Paraoxonase in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.

[37] World Health Organization (WHO) (2011) Noncommunicable Diseases Country Profiles 2011. Available: http://www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd\_profiles2011/en/ [38] Futterman LG, Lemberg L (1998) Fifty Percent of Patients With Coronary Artery Disease Do Not Have Any of the Conventional Risk Factors. Am J Crit Care. 7:240-4. [39] Incidence and Mortality of Diabetes in Serbia 2010. Serbian Diabetes Registry. Report

[40] Ford ES (2005) Risks for All-Cause Mortality, Cardiovascular Disease, and Diabetes Associated With the Metabolic Syndrome: a Summary of the Evidence. Diabet. Care

[41] McEwan P, Williams JE, Griffiths Bagust A, Peters JR, Hopkinson P, Currie CJ (2004) Evaluating the Performance of the Framingham Risk Equations in a Population With

[42] Aviram M, Billecke S, Sorenson R, Bisgaier C, Newton R, Rosenblat M, Erogul J, Hsu C, Dunlop C, La Du BN (1998) Paraoxonase Active Site Required for Protection Against LDL Oxidation Involves its Free Sulphydryl Group and is Different From That Required for its Arylesterase/Paraoxonase Activities: Selective Action of Human Paraoxonase Alloenzymes Q and R. Arterioscl. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 10:1617–1624. [43] Mackness B, Durrington PN, Mackness MI (1999) Polymorphisms of Paraoxonase Genes and Low-Density Lipoprotein Lipid Peroxidation: Lancet 353:468–469. [44] Gaidukov L, Tawfik DS (2005) High Affinity, Stability, and Lactonase Activity of Serum Paraoxonase PON1 Anchored on HDL With ApoA-I. Biochemistry 44:11843–11854. [45] Jakubowski H (1997) Metabolism of Homocysteine Thiolactone in Human Cell Cultures. Possible Mechanism for Pathological Consequences of Elevated

No5. Institute of Public Health of Serbia "Dr Milan Jovanović Batut" 2011.

Organophosphate Toxicity and Atherosclerosis. Nature. 394:284–287.


[72] Shiner M, Fuhrman B, Aviram M (2006) A Biphasic U-shape Effect of Cellular Oxidative Stress on the Macrophage Anti-oxidant Paraoxonase 2 (PON2) Enzymatic Activity. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 349:1094–1099.

442 Lipoproteins – Role in Health and Diseases

Redox Signal. 14:341-351.

474.

Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1725:213–221.

Metabolism. Dordrecht:Springer.pp 61-73.

Innate Immunity. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 20: 288–292.

for Paraoxonase-2. J. Biol. Chem. 281:29491–29500.

[60] Karabina SA, Lehner AN, Frank E, Parthasarathy S, Santanam N(2005) Oxidative Inactivation of Paraoxonase-Implications in Diabetes Mellitus and Atherosclerosis.

[61] Sozmen EY, Sagin FG, Kayikcioglu M, Sozmen B (2008) Oxidative Stress & Antioxidants and PON1 in Health and Disease. In: Mackness B, Mackness M, Aviram M, Paragh G, editors. The Paraoxonases: Their Role in Disease Development and Xenobiotic

[62] Camps J, Marsillach J, Joven J (2009) The Paraoxonases: Role in Human Diseases and Methodological Difficulties in Measurement.Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. 46:83–106. [63] Shih DM, Lusis AJ (2009) The Roles of PON1 and PON2 in Cardiovascular Disease and

[64] Ng CJ, N. Bourquard N, Grijalva V, Hama S, Shih DM, Navab M, Fogelman AM, Lusis AJ, Young S, Reddy ST (2006) Paraoxonase-2 Deficiency Aggravates Atherosclerosis in Mice Despite Lower Apolipoprotein-B-containing Lipoproteins: Anti-atherogenic Role

[65] Ng CJ, Hama SY, Bourquard N, Navab M, Reddy ST (2006) Adenovirus Mediated Expression of Human Paraoxonase 2 Protects Against the Development of Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Mol. Genet. Metab. 89:368–373. [66] Fortunato G, Di Taranto MD, Bracale UM, Del Guercio L, Carbone F, Mazzaccara C, Morgante A, D'Armiento FP, D'Armiento M, Porcellini M, sacchetti L, Bracale G, Salvatore F (2008) Decreased Paraoxonase-2 Expression in Human Carotids During the

[68] Devarajan A, Bourquard N, Hama S, Navab M, grijalva VR, Morvardi S, Clarke CF, Vergnes L, Reue K, Teiber JF, Reddy ST (2011) Paraoxonase 2 Deficiency Alters Mitochondrial Function and Exacerbates the Development of Atherosclerosis. Antioxid.

[69] Altenhöfer S, Witte I, Teiber JF, Wilgenbus P, Pautz A, Li H, Daiber A, Witan H, Clement AM, Förstermann U, Horke S (2010) One Enzyme, Two Functions: PON2 Prevents Mitochondrial Superoxide Formation and Apoptosis Indenpendent From its

[70] Rosenblat M, Draganov D, Watson CE, Bisgaier CL, La Du BN, Aviram M (2003) Mouse Macrophage Paraoxonase 2 Activity is Increased Whereas Cellular Paraoxonase 3 Activity is Decreased Under Oxidative Stress. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 23:468–

[71] Shiner M., B. Fuhrman B, Aviram M (2004) Paraoxonase 2 (PON2) Expression is Upregulated via a Reduced-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-dependent Mechanism During Monocytes Differentiation Into Macrophages.

Progression of Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 28:594–600. [67] Horke S, Witte I, Wilgenbus P, Kruger M, Strand D, Forstermann U (2007) Paraoxonase-2 Reduces Oxidative Stress in Vascular Cells and Decreases Endoplasmic Reticulum

Stress-induced Caspase Activation. Circulation. 115:2055–2064.

Lactonase Activity. J. Biol. Chem. 285:24398-24403.

Free Radic. Biol. Med. 37: 2052–2063.


[85] Gupta N, Singh S, Maturu N, Sharma YP, Gill KD (2011) Paraoxonase 1 Polymorphisms, Haplotypes and Activity in Predicting CAD Risk in North-West Indian Punjabis. PloS One 6(5).

Available:http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0017 805. Accessed 2011 May 24

