**1. Introduction**

662 Lipoproteins – Role in Health and Diseases

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Self-assembled proteinaceous complexes with oleic acid (OA) acquire distinct properties that are not characteristic of the native protein. Most notably, the newly obtained features include the ability to specifically kill tumor cells while sparing the healthy, normally functioning ones, as it is the case with human or bovine α-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells (HAMLET or BAMLET) [1,2] or to indiscriminately induce cell death in all tested cell lines, as it is the case with equine lysozyme (EL) complex with oleic acid (ELOA) [3,4]. While extensive information has been accumulated on the structural, functional and therapeutic properties of protein complexes with OA, many questions remain still unanswered, such as what is the structural origin of their toxicity, what are the specific targets at the cell surface and/or the cellular interior, what are the mechanisms of cellular uptake?

In this chapter, we summarize our current understanding of the structure and function of HAMLET-type protein complexes with oleic acid, using ELOA as an example.
