**Acknowledgement**

We would like to thank Ramona Berberich, Linda Fineder, Michael E. Frischmann, Tatsuo Hosoya, Katsunori Ikewaki, Paul König, Florian Kronenberg, Seibu Mochizuki, Yoshinobu Nakada, Ulrich Neyer, Keio Okubo, Hermann Salmhofer Jürgen R. Schäfer, Johannes P. Schwaiger, Horst Schweer, Alex Starke, Evi Trenkwalder and Emanuel Zitt for invaluable contributions over many years within the various projects covered in this chapter. Funding support from the Austrian Science Fund (P10090-MED, P12358-MED), the Austrian National Bank (6721/4, 9331) and Pfizer-Austria (ATV-A-02-007G) is greatly appreciated.

### **5. References**


<sup>\*</sup> benjamin.dieplinger@bs-lab.at

<sup>\*\*</sup> Corresponding Author, hans.dieplinger@i-med.ac.at

[4] Boren J, Taskinen MR, Adiels M. Kinetic studies to investigate lipoprotein metabolism. J Intern Med 2012;271:166-173.

36 Lipoproteins – Role in Health and Diseases

previous investigations and object of this review.

*Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria* 

HD patients.

**4. Conclusion** 

**Author details** 

Hans Dieplinger\*\*

**5. References** 

benjamin.dieplinger@bs-lab.at

 \*

Benjamin Dieplinger\*

**Acknowledgement** 

ameliorate only some but no all of those conditions (see review [130]). Taken together, statin therapy in CKD maybe recommended based on our kinetic studies on apoB-containing lipoproteins, optimally combined with medication to treat atherogenic non-lipid factors in

Kinetic in vivo studies in human subjects are superior to many methodological approaches including animal and cell culture models and thus represent the ultimate approach to understand basic metabolic pathways in humans. They have clearly revolutionized human lipoprotein research and have particularly resulted in novel insights into the metabolism of atherogenic apoB-containing lipoproteins some of which have been the subject of our

*Department of Laboratory Medicine, Konventhospital Barmherzige Brüder Linz, Austria* 

Bank (6721/4, 9331) and Pfizer-Austria (ATV-A-02-007G) is greatly appreciated.

Apolipoprotein structure and function. J Lipid Res 1984;25:1277-1294.

Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995;15:551-561.

\*\* Corresponding Author, hans.dieplinger@i-med.ac.at

*Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Pharmacology,* 

We would like to thank Ramona Berberich, Linda Fineder, Michael E. Frischmann, Tatsuo Hosoya, Katsunori Ikewaki, Paul König, Florian Kronenberg, Seibu Mochizuki, Yoshinobu Nakada, Ulrich Neyer, Keio Okubo, Hermann Salmhofer Jürgen R. Schäfer, Johannes P. Schwaiger, Horst Schweer, Alex Starke, Evi Trenkwalder and Emanuel Zitt for invaluable contributions over many years within the various projects covered in this chapter. Funding support from the Austrian Science Fund (P10090-MED, P12358-MED), the Austrian National

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[24] Brunner C, Kraft HG, Utermann G, Müller HJ. Cys4057 of apolipoprotein(a) is essential

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[26] McCormick SP, Ng JK, Taylor S, Flynn LM, Hammer RE, Young SG. Mutagenesis of the human apolipoprotein B gene in a yeast artificial chromosome reveals the site of

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[31] White AL, Lanford RE. Biosynthesis and metabolism of lipoprotein(a). Curr Opin

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[35] Bonen DK, Hausman AML, Hadjiagapiou C, Skarosi SF, Davidson NO. Expression of a recombinant apolipoprotein(a) in HepG2 cells. Evidence for intracellular assembly of

[36] Dashti N, Alaupovic P, Knight-Gibson C, Koren E. Identification and partial characterization of discrete Apolipoprotein B containing lipoprotein particles produced

[37] Krempler F, Kostner GM, Bolzano K, Sandhofer F. Lipoprotein(a) is not a metabolic product of other lipoproteins containing apolipoprotein B. Biochim Biophys Acta

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by human hepatoma cell line HepG2. Biochemistry 1987;26:4837-4846.

attachment for apolipoprotein(a). Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A. 1995;92:10147-10151. [27] Becker L, Cook PM, Koschinsky ML. Identification of sequences in apolipoprotein(a) that maintain its closed conformation: a novel role for apo(a) isoform size in determining the efficiency of covalent Lp(a) formation. Biochemistry 2004;43:9978-9988. [28] Becker L, Nesheim ME, Koschinsky ML. Catalysis of covalent Lp(a) assembly: evidence for an extracellular enzyme activity that enhances disulfide bond formation.

[29] Gething MJ, Sambrook J. Protein folding in the cell. Nature 1992;355:33-45.

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ever after 50 years. Curr Opin Lipidol 2012;23:133-140.

assembled? Curr Opin Lipidol 1999;10:275-283.


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**Diagnosis of Lipoprotein Disorders** 

44 Lipoproteins – Role in Health and Diseases

[119] Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994;344:1383-1389. [120] Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2004;350:1495-1504. [121] Fried LF, Orchard TJ, Kasiske BL. Effect of lipid reduction on the progression of renal

[122] Nishizawa Y, Shoji T, Tabata T, Inoue T, Morii H. Effects of lipid-lowering drugs on intermediate-density lipoprotein in uremic patients. Kidney Int Suppl 1999;71:S134-136. [123] Seliger SL, Weiss NS, Gillen DL, et al. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors are associated

[124] Fellstrom BC, Jardine AG, Schmieder RE, et al. Rosuvastatin and cardiovascular events

[125] Holdaas H, Holme I, Schmieder RE, et al. Rosuvastatin in diabetic hemodialysis

[126] Wanner C, Krane V, Marz W, et al. Atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes

[127] Chan KE, Thadhani R, Lazarus JM, Hakim RM. Modeling the 4D Study: statins and cardiovascular outcomes in long-term hemodialysis patients with diabetes. Clin J Am

[128] Krane V, Wanner C. Statins, inflammation and kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol

[129] Baigent C, Landray MJ, Reith C, et al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2011;377:2181-2192. [130] Epstein M, Vaziri ND. Statins in the management of dyslipidemia associated with

with reduced mortality in ESRD patients. Kidney Int 2002;61:297-304.

in patients undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 2009;360:1395-1407.

mellitus undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 2005;353:238-248.

chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2012;8:214-223.

disease: a meta-analysis. Kidney Int 2001;59:260-269.

patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;22:1335-1341.

Soc Nephrol 2010;5:856-866.

2011;7:385-397.

**Chapter 3** 
