**Author details**

Bożena Waszkiewicz-Robak

*Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Department of Functional Foods and Commodity, Warsaw, Poland* 

### **8. References**


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286 Lipid Metabolism

**Author details** 

**8. References** 

851-61.

Bożena Waszkiewicz-Robak

*Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences,* 

prevention of chronic disease.

Pharm Technol Res. 2011;2(2) 94-103.

*Department of Functional Foods and Commodity, Warsaw, Poland* 

yeast was as efficient. Final effect correcting lipid metabolism, particularly various fractions

Health advantages contributing to significant cholesterol reduction in blood obtained in experiments on animals, might constitute the basis for assuming that similar influence will be observed in case of a human body. Therefore, it would be recommended to supplement human diet with β-glucans, particularly for people whose diet is abundant in fat and cholesterol. Spent brewer's yeast constituting a serious problem for brewing plants (waste material), can be used successfully as a valuable source of beta glucans, which can be used as diet supplements or as food additives, e.g. in yoghurts, breakfast desserts or snacks.

Currently conducted research is the continuation of a presented experiment. It shows that atherogenic diet supplementation with beta-glucans or spent brewer's yeast contributed to simultaneous obtaining more advantageous content of testine microflara in relation to control group, connected with the increased number of lactid acid bacteria *Bifidobacterium*  and *Lactobacillus* and limited growth frequency of disadvantageous yeast fungi *Candida albicans*. Conducted research on functional properties and biological experiment proves the complexity of β-glucan and other fibre preparation influence on experimental animals.

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**Chapter 13** 

© 2013 Sobrino et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2013 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

**Lipid Involvement in Viral Infections:** 

Viruses constitute important pathogens that can infect animals, including humans and plants. Despite their great diversity, viruses share as a common feature the dependence on host cell factors to complete their replicative cycle. Among the cellular factors required by viruses, lipids play an important role on viral infections [1-4]. The involvement of lipids in the infectious cycle is shared by enveloped viruses (those viruses whose infectious particle is wrapped by one or more lipid membranes) and non-enveloped viruses [1-4]. Apart from taking advantage on cellular lipids that are usually located inside cells, viruses induce global metabolic changes on infected cells, leading to the rearrangement of the lipid metabolism to facilitate viral multiplication [1,5-11]. In some cases, these alterations produce the reorganization of intracellular membranes of the host cell, building the adequate microenvironment for viral replication [12,13]. All these findings highlight the intimate connections between viruses and lipid metabolism. Along this line, modulation of cellular lipid metabolism to interfere with virus multiplication is currently raising as a feasible

Inherent to their condition of obligate intracellular parasites, viruses have to invade a cell to complete their replicative cycle. During this step, viruses express their own proteins and also co-opt host cell factors for multiplication, including lipids [15]. A schematic view of a virus replication cycle is shown in Figure 1. Initial steps of viral infection include the attachment of the virus particle to a specific receptor located on the cell surface, in some

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Present and Future Perspectives for** 

**the Design of Antiviral Strategies** 

Miguel A. Martín-Acebes, Ángela Vázquez-Calvo, Flavia Caridi, Juan-Carlos Saiz and Francisco Sobrino

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

**2. A lipid perspective of the virus life cycle** 

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/51068

**1. Introduction** 

antiviral approach [6,14].

